2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第6期

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1、2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Much of the American anxiety about old age is a flight from the reality of death. One of the striking qualities of the American character is the unwillingness to face either the fact or meaning of death, in the more somber tradition of American literaturefr

2、om Hawthorne and Melville and Poe to Faulknar and Hemingway?one finds a tragic depth that belies the surface thinness of the ordinary American death attitudes. By an effort of the imagination, the great writers faced problems which the culture in action is reluctant to face the fact of death, its my

3、stery, and its place in the back-and-forth shuttling of the eternal recurrence. The unblinking confrontation of death in Greek times, the elaborate theological patterns woven around it in the Middle Ages, the ritual celebration of it in the rich, peasant cultures of Latin and Slavic Europe and in pr

4、imitive cultures; these are difficult to find in American life.Whether through fear of the emotional depths, or because of a drying up of the sluices of religious intensity, the American avoids dwelling on death or even coming to terms with it; he finds it morbid and reedits from it, surrounding it

5、with word avoidance ( Americans never die; they pass away) and various taboos of speech and practice. A Funeral parlor is decorated to look like a bank; everything in a funeral ceremony is done in hushed tones, as if it were something furtive, to be concealed from the world; there is so much emphasi

6、s on being dignified that the ceremony often loses its quality of dignity. In some of the primitive cultures, there is difficulty in understanding the causes of death; it seems puzzling and even unintelligible. Living is a scientific culture. Americans have already enough explanation of how it comes

7、, yet they show little capacity to come to terms with the fact of death itself and with the grief that accompanies it. We jubilate over birth and dance at weddings, writes Margaret Mead, but more and more hustle the dead off the scene without ceremony, without an opportunity for young and old to rea

8、lize that death is as much a fact of life as is birth. And, one may add, even in its hurry and brevity, the last stage of an Americans life the last occasion of his relation to his society is as standardized as the rest.1.In the novels of Hawthorne and Melville, one will find（ ） .2.The words pass aw

9、ay suggest the （ ） .3.Unlike American society, some primitive cultures （ ） .4.Margaret Mead suggests that （ ） .5.The word it in line 2 of paragraph 2 refers to （ ） .6.We can infer from the passage that in some primitive cultures, （ ） .7.From the passage, we team that Americans（ ） .问题1选项A.ordinary Am

10、erican death attitudesB.a willingness to accept death as a fact of lifeC.a superficial attitude toward deathD.a morbid attitude to the death theme问题2选项A.religious overtones of deathB.indifference with which most Americans regard deathC.American reluctant to face the reality of deathD.average America

11、n belief in immortality问题3选项A.do not understand the causes of deathB.understand the causes of deathC.are unable to come to terms with deathD.have a morbid attitude toward death问题4选项A.we should sot rejoice at a birthB.we should cry at a birth and rejoice at a funeralC.a wedding should be solemn affai

12、rD.we should accept both death mid marriage and birth as a fact of life问题5选项A.fearB.religious integrityC.dwelling on deathD.death问题6选项A.death is accepted happilyB.death has been treated as a mysteryC.death has been bestowed with rich cultural implicationsD.mentioning of death is avoided in American

13、culture问题7选项A.know scientifically how death comes aboutB.treat death as a mysteryC.accept death squarelyD.know more about death than people in other countries【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D第6题:B第7题:A【解析】1.根据关键词“Hawthorne and Melville”定位到第一段二三句“from Hawthorne and Melville. one finds a tragic depth that

14、 belies the surface thinness of the ordinary American death attitudes.”可知, 选项A符合原文。2.根据第二段的一二句可知, 美国人避免纠缠于死亡, 甚至避免接受死亡。用回避的字眼代替死亡, 比如美国人永远不死, 他们是“去世”。说明美国人不愿面对死亡的现实。选项C符合原文。3.根据第二段中“In some of the primitive cultures, there is difficulty in understanding the causes of death;”可知, 选项A与原文描述一致。4.根据关键词“Ma

15、rgaret Mead”定位到第二段的倒数第二句“.death is as much a fact of life as is birth.”Margaret Mead认为死亡和出生一样, 都是生命的事实。选项D符合原文。5.根据原文“the American avoids dwelling on death or even coming to terms with it.”美国人避免对死亡念念不忘, 甚至不愿接受它。由此可知, 这里的“it”指的是死亡, 选项D正确。6.根据第二段“In some of the primitive cultures, there is difficulty

16、in understanding the causes of death; it seems puzzling and even unintelligible.”在一些原始文化中, 人们很难理解死亡的原因；死亡似乎令人费解, 甚至难以理解。由此可知, 原始文化中, 死亡一直被视为一个谜。选项B符合原文。7.根据第二段“Americans have already enough explanation of how it comes,.”美国人对死亡的原因已经有了足够的了解, 选项A符合原文。.2. 单选题Of all figures from Americas past, Abraham Li

17、ncoln is dearest to the hearts of the American people. In fact, the admiration they have for him borders on worship. Writers note that the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC is not unlike the temples that ancient Greeks built in honor of their goods, and that annual ceremonies of celebrating Lincoln

18、s birthday in schools and public places have sometimes had characteristics of religious services. Certainly Lincoln is Americas ideal of a great leader. He had many of the quality of leadership that Americans admire.First of all, Lincolns career fits popular American belief that every child can drea

19、m of becoming president. Americans admire the personthe one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top. Lincoln was bom of poor parents. His mother died when he was young. He had little opportunity for schooling. His early study was done alone at night by the ligh

20、t of a fireplace. He did hard manual labor through the daysplitting rails for fences, taking care of livestock, working on riverboator in store. But as he grew older he studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally m

21、ade a name for him and eventually he became president of the United States.Lincoln is also admired because of his leadership during the difficult period of the Civil War. He dared to do what he thought was right at a time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people. He, in a sense, represents t

22、he spirit of union among the states. Before the Civil war, the economy of the South depended on an agricultural system which made use of slave labor. When reformers in the northern states, put pressure on Congress not to permit to secede or withdraw, from the United States, they argued that the ques

23、tion of slavery was a matter for the individual states to decide rather than the federal government, and they did not want to accept its decision. The national government said that no state had the right to secede, and the Civil War was the result. If the south had won the war, what is the Unites St

24、ates might well have been divided into several countries. Lincoln worked hard to preserve the union, and the northern states were victorious.Furthermore, Lincoln had many personal qualities that made him dear to the hearts of his country man. He had infinite patience and tolerance for those who disa

25、greed with him. As president, he appointed men to high government positions whom he considered most capable, even though some of them openly scorned him. He was generous to his opponents. There are many stories about his thoughtful treatment of southern leaders. When the war was over, he showed the

26、South no hatred. Since generosity toward a defeated opponent is admired by Americans, Lincoln fitted the national idea of what is right.Shortly after the Civil War ended, Lincoln, was shot while attending a play in Washington Theater. He died within a few hours. The uncontrolled emotional reaction o

27、f the nation to his death was almost unbelievable and demonstrated the deep esteem in which he was held. Newspapers were edged with black; religious leaders gave praise of Lincoln instead of their prepared sermons. His funeral procession in Washington was miles long. Lincolns body was taken by train

28、 back to his former home in Springfield, Illinois, but in all the major cities through which the train passed, the coffin was paraded through streets lined with sorrowful thousands. In the small towns through which the train passed bells rang in honor of the dead president. Citizens lit torches alon

29、g the railroad track to show their last respects.The circumstances of his death set Lincoln apart from other American leaders. Had Lincoln lived, it might well be that his postwar policies would have brought criticisms upon him that would have tarnished his popularity. Instead, an assassins bullet e

30、rased in the minds of Americans any faults he had and emphasized his virtues.1.What are the aspects that made Lincoln ideal of a great leader?2.Lincolns beliefs used to be（ ） .3.From the last paragraph it could be inferred that（ ） .4.From the second paragraph we learn that （ ） .5.Lincoln came from a

31、 city named （ ） .6.How many personal qualities are mentioned in paragraph 4?7.The word “assassin” means （ ） .问题1选项A.Lincolns career and familyB.Lincoln was self-made personC.Lincolns leadership during the difficult period of the Civil WarD.His career, leadership, generosity and right time of death问题

32、2选项A.unpopular with many people during the period of the Civil WarB.a self-made personC.worshippedD.popular with the American people问题3选项A.American people like those who are generous to their opponentsB.A president must be like a presidentC.Lincolns death was at a right time to himD.Lincoln is still

33、 popular with the American people问题4选项A.a person who fights his or her way to the top will be presidentB.Americans believe that everyone can be president if he has abilityC.a self-made person will succeedD.its a piece of cake to be president of the United States问题5选项A.WashingtonB.SpringfieldC.Illino

34、isD.not mentioned问题6选项A.3B.4C.5D.6问题7选项A.helperB.assistantC.soldierD.killer【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B第6题:A第7题:D【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 本文从多个方面讲述了林肯受人们爱戴的原因, 选项D最能全面概括, 其他选项都只是一个方面。2.根据第三段的第二句“He dared to do what he thought was right at a time when his beliefs were unpopular with many people.”可知, 林肯的信仰过去在

35、内战期间并不受大多数人的欢迎, 选项A符合原文。3.根据最后一段可知, 如果林肯还活着, 很可能他的战后政策会给他带来批评, 损害他的声望。相反, 暗杀者的子弹抹去了美国人心中他的所有缺点, 并强调了他的美德。由此可知, 客观上来说, 林肯的死亡是在一个恰当的时机, 选项C正确。4.根据第二段的第二句“Americans admire the personthe one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top.”美国人欣赏那些, 既没有金钱也没有家庭影响, 却能通过奋斗达到顶峰

36、的人。也就是说, 美国人相信只要有能力, 每个人都能成为总统。选项B正确。5.根据第五段倒数第二句“Lincolns body was taken by train back to his former home in Springfield, Illinois,.”林肯的遗体被火车运回了他在伊利诺斯州斯普林菲尔德的老家。由此可知, 林肯来自于Springfield这个城市, Illinois是州, 所以选项B正确。6.根据第四段“He had infinite patience and tolerance for those who disagreed with him.”“He was g

37、enerous to his opponents.”可知, 本段提到了林肯的3个个人品质, 选项A正确。7.根据原文可知, 这里指林肯遭到暗杀, 所以选项D正确。3. 单选题Many farms in the Southern United States（ ） hay and tobacco and export them to other parts of the country.问题1选项A.storeB.fertilizeC.sowD.yield【答案】D【解析】fertilize使肥沃；sow播种；yield出产。句意：美国南部的许多农场生产干草和烟草, 并出口到美国其他地区。选项D最

38、符合语境。4. 写作题For this part you are required to write a composition of no less than 150 words according to the following topic. Please write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet provided.TOPIC: In China, many companies, organizations, even universities, refuse to employ female school graduates.

39、 During economic recession, female employees are frequently the first to be laid off. Is it fair? Please write an essay to explain your position. Please use adequate material to support your position. 【答案】Unfair to Woman5. 单选题Mens and womens brains are not only different, but the way we use them dif

40、fers too. Women have larger connections and more frequent interaction between their brains left and right hemispheres. This accounts for womens ability to have better verbal skills and intuition. Men, on the other hand, have greater brain hemisphere separation, which explains their skills for abstra

41、ct reasoning and visual-spatial intelligence.Both men and women tend to follow their biological programs. Men tend to retain a firm sense of direction: they need to trace the game, catch it, and find the way home, while women have a better peripheral vision that helps them to see whats happening aro

42、und the house, to spot all approaching danger, to notice changes in the childrens behavior and appearance. Mens brains are programmed to hunting, which explains their narrow range of vision, while womens brains are able to decipher a wider range of information.When entering a room, men look for exit

43、s, estimating a possible threat, and ways of escape, while women pay attention to the guests 9faces to find out who they are and how they feel. Men are able to sort out information and archive it in their head. Women tend to “rewind” the information over and over again. The only way to stop thinking

44、 of the problems is to talk it over.When a woman shares her problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions: she needs someone to listen to her.Men prefer strident noises, hard handshakes, and red color. They are better at solving technical problems. Women have a sharper ear; they use more wor

45、ds while talking, and are better at completing tasks independently.Based on these biologically explained differences, some psychological distinctions between men and women can be established; Men grasp a situation as a whole and think globally, while women think locally, relying on details and nuanc

46、es; men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by others. Women tend to criticize themselves, while men are more satisfied with their own performance. Mens satisfaction come from career and prosperity, while women value family a

47、nd kids; men have a pronounced need to fulfill their goals, and women rank relationships with others first. Women endue pain and monotonous work better than men.All the above gets even more confusing, if we take into account that 15 to 20 % of men happen to have a female type of brains, and about 10

48、%of women have a male type of brains, which means that some percentage of men and women no matter how small it seems, are partially programmed to the behavior and way of thinking of the opposite gender.“Okay, I understand the problem” you are saying to yourself, but “whats the solution”？ That depend

49、s on whether you are a woman or a man.1.This passage mainly describes the differences between men and women in（ ） .2.When a woman narrates her problems to a man, she wants（ ）.3.Which of the following may reflect the Chinese saying “女人心, 海底针”？4.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.5.When a man has a

50、 sharper natural ability of intuition than other men, we would say that he（ ）.6.When we say “women think locally” it means that（ ）.问题1选项A.physiologyB.sociologyC.psychologyD.all of the above问题2选项A.a helperB.a listenerC.all analyzerD.problem-solver问题3选项A.Womens brains are able to decipher a wider rang

51、e of information.B.Women have larger connections and more frequent interaction between their brains left and right hemispheres.C.women are better at completing tasks independently.D.woman attach greater importance to relationships.问题4选项A.men are more dependent emotionallyB.women are less dependent e

52、motionallyC.men are less dependent in making decisionsD.women are less confident than men问题5选项A.is a woman as a matter of factB.is born to be a womanC.has a female type of brainsD.has a male type of brains问题6选项A.women are attracted more by local affairsB.women notice only the local affairsC.women pa

53、y more attention to detailsD.women dont care about the international affairs【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C第6题:C【解析】1.结合全文内容可知, 第一二段主要是生理学的角度讲述讲述男女差异, 第三四五段是社会学的角度, 第六段是心理学的角度, 所以选项D正确。2.根据第四段“When a woman shares her problems with a man, she is not looking for solutions: she needs someone to listen to

54、 her.”可知, 当女人在倾诉的时候, 她需要的不是解决方案, 而是一个倾听者, 所以选项B正确。3.“女人心, 海底针”指女人想得比较多, 心思难以琢磨。选项A“女性的大脑能够解读更广泛的信息”说明女性心思细腻, 想法多。所以选项A符合题意。其他选项都不是讲女性心思细腻, 想法多, 所以排除。4.根据原文可知, 选项A和B在文中没有提及, 根据第六段“men are more independent in their thoughts and actions, while women are more willing to follow the ideas suggested by oth

55、ers.”男人在思想和行动上更独立, 而女人更愿意听从别人的建议。说明男性在做决定时更独立, 选项C正确；第六段提及女人喜欢批评自己, 而男人对自己的表现更满意, 并不能说明女人不如男人自信, 所以排除。5.根据倒数第二段的内容可知, 15-20%的男性有着女性思维方式的大脑, 而10%的女性有着男性思维方式的大脑, 他们的思维方式和行为与异性一致。根据题意, 当一个男人比其他男人有更敏锐的直觉能力, 我们说她有着女性思维方式的大脑, 因为一般女性比男性的直觉要更加敏锐, 所以选项C正确。6.根据第六段“Men grasp a situation as a whole and think gl

56、obally, while women think locally, relying on details and nuance.”男性从整体上把握形势, 放眼全球；而女性则从局部出发, 依靠细节和细微差别进行思考。选项C符合原文。6. 单选题There are three important causes of inflation. The first and most important cause may be excessive government spending. For example, in order to （1 ） a war or （2 ） social program

57、s, the government may spend more money than it has received through taxes and other revenue, thus creating a deficit. In order to （3 ） this deficit, the Treasury Department can simply （4 ） the money supply by issuing more paper money to return the debts of the government. This increase in the money

58、supply will cause the value of the dollar to （5 ） decrease. The second cause of inflation will occur when the money supply increases faster than the supply of goods. If people have more money, they will run out to buy popular goods like television and computers, for example, and a shortage will be t

59、he result, industry will then produce more, at higher prices, to （6 ） the demand, （7 ） if people think that the prices of popular goods are going up, they will buy and even borrow money at high （8 ） rates to pay for them. Finally, if labor unions demand that workers wages （9 ） to suit the high cost

60、of living, industry will meet this demand and add other costs of production on the （10 ） . Of these three causes, excessive government spending may be the most important.问题1选项A.payB.financeC.rouseD.provide问题2选项A.carry offB.carry awayC.carry outD.carry, over问题3选项A.accomplishB.offsetC.compensateD.achi

61、eve问题4选项A.expandB.extendC.expendD.offend问题5选项A.excessivelyB.automaticallyC.approximatelyD.appropriately问题6选项A.supplyB.implyC.occupyD.meet问题7选项A.OtherwiseB.HenceC.HoweverD.Moreover问题8选项A.interestsB.interestedC.interestingD.interest问题9选项A.should increaseB.be increasedC.are increasedD.will be increased

62、问题10选项A.employerB.managerC.employeeD.consumer【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B第6题:D第7题:D第8题:D第9题:B第10题:D【解析】（1）根据句意可知, 这里指资助战争, 只有选项B能与之搭配。（2）carry off夺去, 使丧命；carry away运走, 使失去自制力；carry out 实施, 执行；carry over留到以后处理, 继续存在。能与社会项目搭配的只有选项C。（3）offset the deficit为固定搭配, 指“弥补财政赤字”, 选项B正确。（4）根据句意：财政部可以通过发行更多的纸币, 简单地扩大货币供应, 以此来偿还政府的债务来。只有选项A符合句意。（5）excessively过分地, 极度；automatically自动地；approximately大约, 近似地；appropriately适当地, 相称地”。句意：货币供应量的增加将使美元随之贬值。这种变化是无意识的, 所以选项B更恰当。（6）meet the demand为固定搭配, 指“满足需求”, 选项D正确。（7）结