考研考博-考博英语-广西大学模拟考试题含答案5

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1、考研考博-考博英语-广西大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题You cannot imagine how（ ）I feel with my duties sometimes.问题1选项A.overflowedB.overthrownC.overwhelmedD.overturned【答案】C【解析】句意:你无法想象有时我对自己的职责感到多么不安。考查动词辨析。overflow使溢出，使泛滥；overthrow 推翻，打倒，废除；overwhelm 制服，压倒，使不知所措；overturn 倾覆，废除。因此C项符合句意，在此处表示“使不安”。2. 单选题The average number of a

2、uthors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing. Thats partly because labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But its also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote team science. As physics developed in the post-world War I era, feder

3、al funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally.Yet multiple authorship- however good it may be in other ways- presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long li

4、sts of author are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors? If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but no

5、t in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review?Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that authors particular contribution to the w

6、ork. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I hav

7、e watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidates work or a coauthors, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility.Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting th

8、e case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to it

9、s conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.1. According to the passage, there is a tendency that scientific papers（ ）.2. One of the problems with multiple authorship is that it is hard（ ）.3. According to the passa

10、ge, authorship is important when（ ）.4. According to the passage, whether multiple authors of a paper should be taken collectively orindividually depends（ ）.5. The best title for the passage can be（ ）.问题1选项A.are getting more complicatedB.are dealing with bigger problemsC.are more of a product of team

11、 workD.are focusing more on natural than on social sciences问题2选项A.to allocate the responsibility if the paper goes wrongB.to decide on how much contribution each reviewer has madeC.to assign the roles that the different authors are to playD.to correspond with the authors when the readers feel the ne

12、ed to问题3选项A.practical or impractical suggestions of the authors are consideredB.appointments and promotions of the authors are involvedC.evaluators need to review the publication of the authorsD.the publication of the authors has become much-cited问题4选项A.whether judgments are made about the paper or

13、its authorsB.whether it is the credit or the blame that the authors need to shareC.how many authors are involved in the paperD.where the paper has been published问题5选项A.Writing Scientific Papers: Publish or PerishB.Collaboration and Responsibility in Writing Scientific PapersC.Advantages and Disadvan

14、tages of Team ScienceD.Multiple Authors, Multiple Problems【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一句指出了趋势:The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing (科学论文上发表论文的作者的平均数量急剧上升)。后面又指出: But its also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote team science (但是，这也是因

15、为美国政府机构已经开始推动团队科学)。由此可知，C项“更多的是团队合作的产物”正确。2.细节事实题。第二段指出: But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper (但是，当论文出现问题的时候，这些长名单会导致更严重的问题)。由此可知，多个作者共同执笔，很难找出负责人，故选A项。3.细节事实题。第三段指出: .as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which

16、 is where the authorship rubber really meets the road (当涉及作者的任命和晋升时， 著作权就发挥作用了)，因此B项“涉及作者的任命和晋升”正确。4.判断推理题。最后一段给出了答案: After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about

17、 the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame (毕竟，如果要根据个人的贡献对个人做出高质量的判断，那么法官们就能更清楚知道他们做了什么。但是，如果对整个工作的有效性产生疑问，无论是作为对其行为的挑战，还是作为对其在该领域影响的评估，一个团队就是一个团队，成

18、员们应该共同承担责任)，因此A项“评判是针对论文本身还是其作者”正确。5.主旨大意题。文章开头提出现象: 科学论文上发表论文的作者的平均数量急剧上升，然后指出此现象带来的社会问题，最后提供了解决办法。因此，D项“多个作者，多个问题”最适合做文章标题。3. 单选题Once（ ）, this power station will supply all the neighboring towns and villages with electricity.问题1选项A.it being completedB.completedC.completedD.it completes【答案】C【解析】句意:

19、这座电站一建成竣工，就将向周围城乡供电。语法题。考查非谓语动词。逗号后面句子已经完整，因此逗号前面是动词的非谓语形式。整个句子主语是“this power station”，因此其与待选的动词之间是被动关系。当once是做副词吋，后面接过去分词表被动， 且因主语一致则省略主语，once后应该为“completed”。4. 单选题What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poet

20、ry, art, or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother wil

21、l affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the mothers blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we cannot see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar likin

22、g or genius in the child.In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, th

23、at children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study.As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a

24、 peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician. The same f

25、actors, in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love of it, but a certain bodi

26、ly structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.1. Which of the following statements is not true?2. A mot

27、her will affect her unborn baby on the condition that（ ）.3. According to the passage, a child may inherit（ ）.4. If a child inherits something from his mother, such as an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or of the vocal organs, he will（ ）.5. Which of the following is the be

28、st title for the passage?问题1选项A.Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects during their pregnancy.B.It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development.C.The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.D.There are no con

29、nection between mothers nervous systems and her unborn childs.问题2选项A.she is emotionally shockedB.she has a good knowledge of inheritanceC.she takes part in all kind of activitiesD.she sticks to studying问题3选项A.everything from his motherB.a knowledge of mathematicsC.a rather general ability that we ca

30、ll intelligenceD.her mothers musical ability问题4选项A.surely become musicianB.mostly become a poetC.possibly become a teacherD.become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music问题5选项A.Role of Inheritance.B.An Unborn Child.C.Function of instincts.D.Inherited Talents【答案】

31、第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。题干意为:以下哪项不正确？A:孕期妈妈通过学习诗歌、艺术或者数学，以影响宝宝的某种品质。B:完全不能从产前发育中学到什么。C:母亲的血管和孩子没有直接连接。D:母亲和宝宝之间的神经系统没有连接。文章第一句指出: What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art, or mathematic

32、s during pregnancy seem utterly impossible (孕期妈妈通过学习诗歌、艺术或者数学，以影响宝宝的某种品质，以期获得众所周知的“产前发展”，但是，这似乎是不可能的)。因此A项正确,B项错误。第一段还指出:There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly (母亲和宝宝之间的神经系统没有连接。甚至，母亲的血管和孩子没有直接连接),因此C和D项正确。答案选B。2.细节事实题。题干

33、意为:在什么情况下，母亲影响未出生的宝宝？第一段指出:An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the mothers blood will affect the child for better or worse (妈妈情绪上的波动会影响到宝宝，因为这能改变她腺体的活性和血液中的化学成分。妈妈血液中化学成分的任何改变都会或好

34、或坏的影响到宝宝)。因此，A项“她的情绪波动”正确。3.细节事实题。题干意为:根据文章，孩子会遗传什么？根据题干关键词child和inherit定位至第二段: It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence (然而，可能是孩子或多或少遗传了相当普通的能力, 我们把它称之为智力)。因此，C项“我们称之为智力的一种相当普通的能力”正确。4.细节事实题。题干意为:如果孩子从母亲那遗传了一些东西，如特别灵敏的耳朵、构造独特的双

35、手和特别的发音器官，那么，他会怎么样？第三段指出: As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particul

36、arly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician (对于音乐才能，宝宝可能遗传 的可能是特别灵敏的耳朵、构造独特的双手、由神经和肌肉相互连接的发音器官，而上述条件能让一个人相对容易地习得音乐家的动作和特别饱满的感情。 如果这些因素都围绕音乐而被组织起来，那么，孩子可能成为音乐家)。因此选D项“在所有因素都围绕着音乐而组织的时候，他会成为音乐家”。5.主旨大意题。题干意为:最适合文章的标题是文章主要是通过介绍孕期妈妈与未出生的宝宝相关品质

37、的关系，进而分析 在宝宝的天赋形成过程中，遗传起到什么样的作用。因此A项“遗传的角色”比较适合做文章标题。5. 单选题A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in Criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a p

38、attern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity（父亲的身份）where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However,

39、 it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just es

40、tablish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.T

41、he controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass, and Daniel L. Hartl of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo. Lewontin and Hartl called into question the methods to cal

42、culate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method can not properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different

43、 individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns.In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that

44、 enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to re

45、solve some of these questions. And, in April, the National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation（鉴定合格）for DNA testing laboratories.1. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects（ ）.2. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when（ ）.3. To geneticists like Lewontin a

46、nd Hartl, the current method（ ）.4. The attitude of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shows that（ ）.5. National Academy of Sciences holds the stand that（ ）.问题1选项A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB.would have to submit evidence for their innocenceC.could easily escap

47、e conviction of guiltD.could be convicted of guilt as well问题2选项A.the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurateB.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting patternC.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two di

48、fferent individualsD.two different individuals leave two DNA samples.问题3选项A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individualsB.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA patternC.is not based o

49、n adequate scientific theory of geneticsD.is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying问题4选项A.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual membersB.enough data of DNA samples should he collec

50、ted to confirm that only DNA samples from the same person can matchC.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming from the same personD.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected Io determine tha

51、t two DNA sample are unlikely to come from the same person问题5选项A.DNA testing should be systematizedB.Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testingC.The academy only is authorized to work our standards for testingD.The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing【答案】第1题:C第2题:

52、C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。题干意为:在DNA指纹识别使用之前，嫌疑犯。第二段指出:DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence (指纹和其他 DNA 分析技术已经彻底改变了刑事调查，给调查人员提供了强大的新工具，以证

53、明有罪，而不仅仅是确立无罪)。后面还指出: When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime (在刑事调查时，嫌疑犯的DNA指纹图案与从犯罪现场发现的毛发或血液等材料中获得的DNA指纹图案进行比较)。由此可以推测，如果没有DNA指纹识别技术,嫌疑犯不会那

54、么容易定罪。因此选C项“可能轻易逃脱罪责”。2.细节事实题。题干意为:在什么时候，DNA指纹识别可能不可靠？第三段指出: In particular, they argued that the current method can not properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of th

55、e same ethnic group (他们特别指出，目前的方法尚不能完全确定，两个 可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人，而不是出自同族成员中的两个人)。因此可知,当 “偶然匹配的蒽碰巧属于两个不同的人”的时候,DNA指纹可能不可靠。3.判断推理题。题干意为: 对于Levvontin和Hard这样的遗传学者而言，目前的方法如何？第三段指出:Levvontin and Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints migh

56、t occur by chance alone (Lewontin和Hartl对偶然发生的两个 DNA抬纹吻合的可能性的计算方法提出质疑)。In particular, they argued that the current method can not properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are memb

57、ers of the same ethnic group (他们特别指出,目前的方法尚不能完全确定两个可能吻合的DNA样本是出自一个人， 而不是出自同族成员中的两个人。即他们认为目前的方法不能确定吻合的DNA 不是来自同族的两个人) 。因此，A项“排除两个DNA样本决不会来自两个人的可能性，目前的方法还不能那么令人信服”符合两人观点的表述。4.判断推理题。题干意为:联邦调查局的态度表明最后一段指出: enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate (足够的数

58、据可以利用，以表明目前正在使用的方法是合适的)。In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau of investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions (然而，1998年一月，联邦调査局和做DNA实验的实验室宣布，他们会从各种各样的种

59、族那里收集额外的DNA样本，以求解决一些问题)。所以，联邦调查局的行为是想证明是否有足够的数据可以表明目前正在使用的方法是正确的，即想证明上句中所支持的观点DNA的吻合准确性。因此选B项“应该收集足够的DNA样本数据以证 明只有同一人的DNA样本才能吻合”。5.判断推理题。题干意为:国家科学院持什么观点？根据题干关键词National Academy of Sciences 定位至最后一句话: And, in April, the National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditati

60、on for DNA testing laboratories (四月，对于 DNA 捡测实验室，国家科学院要求对其有严格的鉴定合格的标准和制度), 也就是通过严格审核标准，DNA监测实验室才符合要求。因此选B项“只有权威认可/审定的实验室可 以进行DNA测试”。6. 单选题International Vaccination: A .jab in timeSome Western countries have lower vaccination rates than poor parts of Africa. Anti-vaxxers are not the main culprits.Era

61、dicating a disease is the sort of aim that rich countries come up with, and poor ones struggle to reach. But for some diseases, the pattern is reversed. These are the ailments for which vaccinations exist. Many poor countries run highly effective vaccination programmers. But as memories of the toll

62、from infectious diseases fades across the rich world, in some places they are making a comeback. The World Health Organization (WHO) reckons that vaccines save 2.5m lives a year. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 with the help of a vaccine; polio should soon follow. In both cases, rich countries led t

63、he way. The new pattern looks very different.The trend is most evident for measles, which is highly contagious. At least 95% of people must vaccinate to stop its spread (a threshold known as herd immunity). Although usually mild, it can lead to pneumonia and cause brain damage or blindness the count

64、ries with the lowest vaccination rates are all very poor, but many developing countries run excellent programmes (see chart). Eritrea. Rwanda and Sri Lanka manage to vaccinate nearly everyone. By contrast, several rich countries, including America, Britain. France and Italy, are below herd immunity. Last year Europe missed the deadline it had set itself in 2010 to eradicate measles- and had almost 4,000 Cases. America was declared measles-free