中国历史History of China

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1、目录1 先秦時期 Ancient China o 1.1 夏朝 Xia Dynasty (2100 BC 1600 BC) o 1.2 商朝 Shang Dynasty (2033 BC 1562 BC) o 1.3 周朝 Zhou Dynasty (前9至10世紀末 - 前256年; late 10th/9th century BC - 256 BC) 1.3.1 西周 Western Zhou (前9至10世紀末 - 前771年; late 10th/9th century BC - 771 BC) 1.3.2 東周 Eastern Zhou (770 - 221 BC) 1.3.2.1

2、春秋時代 Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 481 BC) 1.3.2.2 戰國時代 Warring States Period (5th century BC - 221 BC) 2 帝制時期 Imperial China o 2.1 秦朝 Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 207 BC) o 2.2 漢朝和新朝 Han and Xin Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) 2.2.1 西漢 Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - AD 9) 2.2.2 新朝 Xin Dynasty (9 - 23) 2.2.3

3、 東漢 Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220) o 2.3 三國 Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280) o 2.4 晉朝 Jin Dynasty (265 - 420) 2.4.1 西晉 Western Jin Dynasty (265 - 316) 2.4.2 東晉 Eastern Jin Dynasty (南方; Southern China, 317 - 420) 2.4.3 十六國 Sixteen Kingdoms (北方; Northern China, 304 - 439) o 2.5 南北朝 Southern and North

4、ern Dynasties(420 - 589) o 2.6 隋朝 Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) o 2.7 唐朝 Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) 2.7.1 武周 Wu-Zhou Dynasty (690 - 705) o 2.8 五代十國 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 - 960) o 2.9 宋朝 Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) 2.9.1 北宋 Northern Song(960 - 1127) 2.9.2 南宋 Southern Song(1127 - 1279) 2.9

5、.3 遼朝 Liao Dynasty 2.9.4 金朝 Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) 2.9.5 西夏 Xi Xia o 2.10 元朝 Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) o 2.11 明朝 Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) o 2.12 清朝 Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) 3 中華民國 Republic of China 4 中華人民共和國 Peoples Republic of China History of ChinaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to

6、: navigation, search Territories occupied by different dynasties as well as modern political states throughout the history of ChinaHistory of ChinaANCIENT3 Sovereigns and 5 EmperorsXia Dynasty 21001600 BCShang Dynasty 16001046 BCZhou Dynasty 1045256 BCWestern ZhouEastern ZhouSpring and Autumn Period

7、Warring States PeriodIMPERIALQin Dynasty 221 BC206 BCHan Dynasty 206 BC220 AD Western Han Xin Dynasty Eastern HanThree Kingdoms 220280 Wei, Shu & WuJin Dynasty 265420 Western Jin16 Kingdoms304439 Eastern JinSouthern & Northern Dynasties420589Sui Dynasty 581618Tang Dynasty 618907 ( Second Zhou 690705

8、 )5 Dynasties &10 Kingdoms907960Liao Dynasty9071125Song Dynasty9601279 Northern SongW. Xia Southern SongJinYuan Dynasty 12711368Ming Dynasty 13681644Qing Dynasty 16441911MODERNRepublic of China 19121949Peoples Republicof China1949presentRepublicof China(Taiwan)1945presentRelated articlesshowChinese

9、historiographyTimeline of Chinese historyDynasties in Chinese historyLinguistic historyArt historyEconomic historyEducation historyScience and technology historyLegal historyMedia historyMilitary historyNaval historyThis box: viewtalkeditChinese civilization originated in various regional centers al

10、ong both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era, but the Yellow River is said to be the Cradle of Chinese Civilization. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700 BC ca. 1046 BC).1 Oracle bones with ancient Chinese writing from the

11、Shang Dynasty have been radiocarbon dated to as early as 1500 BC.2 The origins of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy developed during the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BC-256 BC).The Zhou Dynasty began to bow to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC. The ability of the Zhou to control i

12、ts regional lords lessened, and the kingdom eventually broke apart into smaller states, beginning in the Spring and Autumn Period and reaching full expression in the Warring States period. In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang united the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. Successive d

13、ynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to directly control vast territories.The conventional view of Chinese history is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by Inner Asian peoples, m

14、ost of whom were in turn assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of immigration, expansion, and cultural assimilation, are part of the modern culture of China.Contentshide 1 Prehistory o 1.1 Paleolithic o 1.2

15、 Neolithic 2 Ancient era o 2.1 Xia Dynasty (ca. 2100-ca. 1600 BC) o 2.2 Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700-1046 BC) o 2.3 Zhou Dynasty (1066-256 BC) o 2.4 Spring and Autumn Period (722-476 BC) o 2.5 Warring States Period (476-221 BC) 3 Imperial era o 3.1 Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) o 3.2 Han Dynasty (202 BCAD 220

16、) o 3.3 Wei and Jin Period (AD 265420) o 3.4 Wu Hu Period (AD 304439) o 3.5 Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420589) o 3.6 Sui Dynasty (AD 589618) o 3.7 Tang Dynasty (AD 618907) o 3.8 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907960) o 3.9 Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia Dynasties (AD 9601234) o 3.10

17、Yuan Dynasty (AD 12711368) o 3.11 Ming Dynasty (AD 13681644) o 3.12 Qing Dynasty (AD 16441911) 4 Modern era o 4.1 Republic of China o 4.2 1949 to Present 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Bibliography o 7.1 Surveys o 7.2 Prehistory o 7.3 Shang Dynasty o 7.4 Han Dynasty o 7.5 Jin, the Sixteen Kingdoms, and the No

18、rthern and Southern Dynasties o 7.6 Sui Dynasty o 7.7 Tang Dynasty o 7.8 Song Dynasty o 7.9 Ming Dynasty o 7.10 Qing Dynasty o 7.11 Republican era o 7.12 Communist era, 1949- present 7.12.1 Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 o 7.13 Economy and environment o 7.14 Women and gender 8 Further reading 9 Extern

19、al links PrehistoryPaleolithicSee also: List of Paleolithic sites in ChinaWhat is now China was inhabited by Homo erectus more than a million years ago.3 Recent study shows that the stone tools found at Xiaochangliang site are magnetostratigraphically dated to 1.36 million years ago.4 The archaeolog

20、ical site of Xihoudu in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded use of fire by Homo erectus, which is dated 1.27 million years ago.3 The excavations at Yuanmou and later Lantian show early habitation. Perhaps the most famous specimen of Homo erectus found in China is the so-called Peking Man discov

21、ered in 1923-27.Three pottery pieces were unearthed at Liyuzui Cave in Liuzhou, Guangxi Province dated 16,500 and 19,000 BC.5NeolithicSee also: List of Neolithic cultures of ChinaThe Neolithic age in China can be traced back to between 12,000 and 10,000 BC.6 Early evidence for proto-Chinese millet a

22、griculture is radiocarbon-dated to about 7000 BC.7 The Peiligang culture of Xinzheng county, Henan was excavated in 1977.8 With agriculture came increased population, the ability to store and redistribute crops, and the potential to support specialist craftsmen and administrators.9 In late Neolithic

23、 times, the Yellow River valley began to establish itself as a cultural center, where the first villages were founded; the most archaeologically significant of those was found at Banpo, Xian.10 The Yellow River was so named because of loess forming its banks gave a yellowish tint to the water.11The

24、early history of China is made obscure by the lack of written documents from this period, coupled with the existence of accounts written during later time periods that attempted to describe events that had occurred several centuries previously. In a sense, the problem stems from centuries of introsp

25、ection on the part of the Chinese people, which has blurred the distinction between fact and fiction in regards to this early history.By 7000 BC, the Chinese were farming millet, giving rise to the Jiahu culture. At Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 cliff carvings dating to 6000-5000 BC have been discovered

26、 featuring 8,453 individual characters such as the sun, moon, stars, gods and scenes of hunting or grazing. These pictographs are reputed to be similar to the earliest characters confirmed to be written Chinese.1213 Later Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture around 2500 BC.Ancient

27、 eraSee also: Xia Shang Zhou Chronology ProjectXia Dynasty (ca. 2100-ca. 1600 BC)Main article: Xia DynastyThe Xia Dynasty of China (from ca. 2100 BC to 1600 BC) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as Records of the Grand Historian and Bamboo Annals.114Although the

28、re is disagreement as to whether the dynasty actually existed, there is some archaeological evidence pointing to its possible existence. The historian Sima Qian (145-90 BC), who wrote the Shiji or Records of the Grand Historian, and the so-called Bamboo Annals date the founding of the Xia Dynasty to

29、 4,200 years ago, but this date has not been corroborated. Most archaeologists now connect the Xia to excavations at Erlitou in central Henan province,15 where a bronze smelter from around 2000 BC was unearthed. Early markings from this period found on pottery and shells are thought to be ancestral

30、to modern Chinese characters.16 With few clear records matching the Shang oracle bones or the Zhou bronze vessel writings, the Xia era remains poorly understood.According to mythology, the dynasty ended around 1600 BC as a consequence of the Battle of Mingtiao.Shang Dynasty (ca. 1700-1046 BC)Main ar

31、ticle: Shang DynastyRemnants of advanced, stratified societies dating back to the Shang found primarily in the Yellow River ValleyThe earliest written record of Chinese past so far discovered dates from the Shang Dynasty in perhaps the 13th century BC and takes the form of inscriptions of divination

32、 records on the bones or shells of animalsthe so-called oracle bones. Archaeological findings providing evidence for the existence of the Shang Dynasty, ca. 1600-1046 BC, are divided into two sets. The first set, from the earlier Shang period comes from sources at Erligang, Zhengzhou and Shangcheng.

33、 The second set, from the later Shang or Yin (殷) period, consists of a large body of oracle bone writings. Anyang, in modern-day Henan, has been confirmed as the last of the Shangs nine capitals (ca. 1300-1046 BC). The Shang Dynasty featured 31 kings, from Tang of Shang to King Zhou of Shang. In thi

34、s period, the Chinese worshipped many different gods - weather gods and sky gods - and also a supreme god, named Shangdi, who ruled over the other gods. Those who lived during the Shang Dynasty also believed that their ancestors - their parents and grandparents - became like gods when they died, and

35、 that their ancestors wanted to be worshipped too, like gods. Each family worshipped its own ancestors.Around 1500 BC, the Chinese began to use written oracle bones to predict the future. By the time of the Zhou Dynasty (about 1100 BC), the Chinese were also worshipping a natural force called tian,

36、which is usually translated as Heaven. Like Shangdi, Heaven ruled over all the other gods, and it decided who would rule China, under the Mandate of Heaven. The ruler could rule as long as he or she had the Mandate of Heaven. It was believed that the emperor or empress had lost the Mandate of Heaven

37、 when natural disasters occurred in great number, and when, more realistically, the sovereign had apparently lost his concern for the people. In response, the royal house would be overthrown, and a new house would rule, having been granted the Mandate of Heaven.The Records of the Grand Historian sta

38、tes that the Shang Dynasty moved its capital six times. The final (and most important) move to Yin in 1350 BC led to the dynastys golden age. The term Yin Dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang dynasty in history, although it has lately been used to specifically refer to the latter half of the S

39、hang Dynasty.Chinese historians living in later periods were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, but the actual political situation in early China is known to have been much more complicated. Hence, as some scholars of China suggest, the Xia and the Shang can possibly refer t

40、o political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.Written records found at Anyang confirm the existence of the Shang dynasty. However, Western scholars are often hesitant to associate settlements that are contemporaneous wit

41、h the Anyang settlement with the Shang dynasty. For example, archaeological findings at Sanxingdui suggest a technologically advanced civilization culturally unlike Anyang. The evidence is inconclusive in proving how far the Shang realm extended from Anyang. The leading hypothesis is that Anyang, ru

42、led by the same Shang in the official history, coexisted and traded with numerous other culturally diverse settlements in the area that is now referred to as China proper.Zhou Dynasty (1066-256 BC)Bronze ritual vessel (You), Western Zhou DynastyMain article: Zhou DynastyThe Zhou Dynasty was the long

43、est-lasting dynasty in Chinese history, from 1066 BC to approximately 256 BC. By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou Dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley, overrunning the territory of the Shang. The Zhou appeared to have begun their rule under a semi-feudal system. The Zhou were

44、 a people who lived west of the Shang, and the Zhou leader had been appointed Western Protector by the Shang. The ruler of the Zhou, King Wu, with the assistance of his brother, the Duke of Zhou, as regent, managed to defeat the Shang at the Battle of Muye. The king of Zhou at this time invoked the

45、concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every succeeding dynasty. The Zhou initially moved their capital west to an area near modern Xian, on the Wei River, a tributary of the Yellow River, but they would preside over a series of expans

46、ions into the Yangtze River valley. This would be the first of many population migrations from north to south in Chinese history.Spring and Autumn Period (722-476 BC)Main article: Spring and Autumn PeriodChinese pu vessel with interlaced dragon design, Spring and Autumn Period.In the 8th century BC,

47、 power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn Period, named after the influential Spring and Autumn Annals. In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony. The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples from the nort

48、hwest, such as the Qin, forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to Luoyang. This marks the second major phase of the Zhou dynasty: the Eastern Zhou. In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose, local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Z

49、hou kings in name only. For instance, local leaders started using royal titles for themselves. The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response

50、to the changing political world. The Spring and Autumn Period is marked by a falling apart of the central Zhou power. China now consists of hundreds of states, some of them only as large as a village with a fort.Warring States Period (476-221 BC)Main article: Warring States PeriodAfter further polit

51、ical consolidation, seven prominent states remained by the end of 5th century BC, and the years in which these few states battled each other are known as the Warring States Period. Though there remained a nominal Zhou king until 256 BC, he was largely a figurehead and held little real power. As neig

52、hboring territories of these warring states, including areas of modern Sichuan and Liaoning, were annexed, they were governed under the new local administrative system of commandery and prefecture (郡縣/郡县). This system had been in use since the Spring and Autumn Period, and parts can still be seen in

53、 the modern system of Sheng & Xian (province and county, 省縣/省县). The final expansion in this period began during the reign of Ying Zheng, the king of Qin. His unification of the other six powers, and further annexations in the modern regions of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi in 214 BC, enab

54、led him to proclaim himself the First Emperor (Qin Shi Huang).Imperial eraQin Dynasty (221-206 BC)Qin Shi HuangMain article: Qin DynastyHistorians often refer to the period from Qin Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty as Imperial China. Though the unified reign of the Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years

55、, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang (close to modern Xian). The doctrine of Legalism that guided the Qin emphasized strict adherence to a legal code and the ab

56、solute power of the emperor. This philosophy, while effective for expanding the empire in a military fashion, proved unworkable for governing it in peacetime. The Qin Emperor presided over the brutal silencing of political opposition, including the event known as the burning of books and burying of

57、scholars. This would be the impetus behind the later Han synthesis incorporating the more moderate schools of political governance.The Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang.The Qin Dynasty is well known for beginning the Great Wall of China, which was later augmented and enhanced during the Ming Dynasty.

58、 The other major contributions of the Qin include the concept of a centralized government, the unification of the legal code, development of the written language, measurement, and currency of China after the tribulations of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods. Even something as basic as

59、 the length of axles for carts had to be made uniform to ensure a viable trading system throughout the empire.17Han Dynasty (202 BCAD 220)Main article: Han DynastyFurther information: History of the Han DynastyA Han Dynasty oil lamp with a sliding shutter, in the shape of a kneeling female servant,

60、2nd century BCThe Han Dynasty (202 BC AD 220) emerged in 206 BC, with its founder Liu Bang proclaimed emperor in 202 BC. It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China. Under the Han Dynasty

61、, China made great advances in many areas of the arts and sciences. Emperor Wu consolidated and extended the Chinese empire by pushing back the Xiongnu (identified with the Huns) into the steppes of modern Inner Mongolia, wresting from them the modern areas of Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai. This enable

62、d the first opening of trading connections between China and the West, along the Silk Road. Han Dynasty general Ban Chao expanded his conquests across the Pamirs to the shores of the Caspian Sea.18 The first of several Roman embassies to China is recorded in Chinese sources, coming from the sea rout

63、e in AD 166, and a second one in AD 284.Nevertheless, land acquisitions by elite families gradually drained the tax base. In AD 9, the usurper Wang Mang founded the short-lived Xin (New) Dynasty and started an extensive program of land and other economic reforms. These programs, however, were never

64、supported by the landholding families, because they favored the peasants. The instability brought about chaos and uprisings.Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han Dynasty with the support of landholding and merchant families at Luoyang, east of Xian. This new era would be termed the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han power declined again amidst land acquisitions, invasions, and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs. T