四驱越野汽车变速器及操纵系统的设计[三轴五档]
四驱越野汽车变速器及操纵系统的设计三轴五档,三轴五档,越野,汽车,变速器,操纵,系统,设计,五档
编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计(论文)相关资料题目: 四驱越野汽车变速器 及操纵系统的设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号: 0923069学生姓名: 柴亦浩 指导教师: 过金超 (职称:副教授) (职称: )2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计(论文)开题报告二、毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文(论文)计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计(论文)开题报告题目: 四驱越野汽车变速器 及操纵系统的设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号: 0923069 学生姓名: 柴亦浩 指导教师: 过金超(职称: ) (职称: )2013年5月25日 课题来源实验室课题。科学依据随着经济和科学技术的不断的发展,汽车工业也渐渐成为我国支柱产业,汽车的使用已经遍布全国。而随着我国加入WTO,人民生活水平的不断提高,微型客货两用车、轿车等高级消费品已进入平常家庭。在我国,汽车工业起步较晚。入世后,我国的汽车工业面临的是机遇和挑战。随着我国汽车工业不断的壮大,以及汽车行业持续快速的发展,如何设计出经济实惠,工作可靠,性能优良,且符合中国国情的汽车已经是当前汽车设计者的紧迫问题。在面临着前所未有的机遇同时,不得不承认在许多技术上,我国与发达国家还一定的差距,所以我们要努力为我国的汽车工业做出应有的贡献。而在本课题的学习中,我将重点研究汽车的变速器部分。变速器是汽车传动系统中关键的零部件,它用来改变发动机传到驱动轮上的转矩和转速,目的是在原地起步,爬坡,转弯,加速等各种行驶工况下使汽车获得不同的牵引力和速度,同时使发动机在最有利的工况范围内工作。由于变速器在汽车的运行中扮演着非常重要的角色。所以很多汽车常见的故障也来源于此。而技术先进的变速箱不仅能够降低汽车的故障而且还能够降低动力损失,减少燃油消耗。正因为如此,现在不少的客车用户在选择车辆的时候,变速箱都是一项重要的指标。 目前在汽车上使用的变速箱大致可以分为两类:手动变速箱和自动变速箱。其中,自动变速箱由于驾驶员操作简便,从而装备这种变速箱的车辆能够大大提高驾乘舒适性。但是自动变速箱的结构比较复杂,对技术要求和制造工艺都有较高的要求,而且造价和使用维修费用昂贵。对于手动档来说,其优点主要有:1.结构简单,制造成本低;2.易于安装,维修方便;3.传动效率高,经济节油,能延长车辆的使用寿命。据Global insight公司亚洲区技术分析师分析称目前在中国,短期内,自动档变速器的市场是十分乐观的。但同时手动档变速器的节能型,经济性以及驾驶娱乐性也决定了其不可替代性。手动档变速器仍然占据主要份额。所以对于手动变速器的研究和设计依然十分重要。而本课题就是要求设计出一款四驱越野车变速器,本设计可以通过对汽车构造、汽车理论、汽车设计、机械设计、液压传动等课程知识的综合运用完成设计,达到综合训练的效果,并且为以后的相关工作和学习积累宝贵的经验。研究内容1、基本内容(1)变速器的概述及其方案的确定变速器的功用和要求;变速器结构方案的确定;变速器主要零件结构的方案分析。(2) 变速器主要参数的选择与主要零件的设计变速器主要参数的选择(档数和传动比、中心距、轴向尺寸、齿轮参数);各档传动比及其齿轮齿数的确定;齿轮变位系数的选择。(3) 变速器齿轮的强度计算与材料的选择齿轮的损坏原因及形式;齿轮的强度计算与校核。(4) 变速器轴的强度计算与校核变速器轴的结构和尺寸; 轴的校核.。(5)变速器同步器的设计及操纵机构同步器的结构;同步环主要参数的确定;变速器的操纵机构。(6)变速器箱体设计箱体材料与毛坯种类;箱体主要结构尺寸与计算。2、拟解决的主要问题:(1)完成变速器的结构分析与型式选择;(2)计算变速器的基本参数,完成变速器齿轮的设计计算; (3)完成变速器轴与轴承的结构形式选择、强度校核计算; (4)完成同步器的结构型式选择; (5)绘制总装配图及零件图。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析变速器设计是一个重要的课题,因此要充分利用现有参考文献,资料进行认识,不断地分析增进对变速器的了解。在对变速器有了较深刻的理解后开始对变速器的各个部分进行分布设计。本设计按以下方案依次进行:调查分析,收集资料 变速器总体方案选择及设计变速器的结构设计与计算确定变速器的主要参数变速器的校核,确定最终准确的设计参数运用Pro/e进行三维建模运用Ansys软件进行校核是 否运用CAD软件绘出变速器装配及零件图研究计划及预期成果研究计划:2012年10月12日-2012年12月25日:按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料,填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日:填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日:按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日:学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日:CAD程序设计。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日: 论文定向设计。2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日:毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果:在国内,仍然以手动变速器为主,自动变速器比例很低,并且主要来自进口。中国乘用车用手动档变速器生产企业分为两类,一类是像一汽、东风、上汽等整车生产集团,集团内自产变速器为其整车配套;另外一类是独立的变速器生产企业,专门为各整车厂配套。其中以一汽集团作为代表,一汽集团除了主要研究手动变速器以外,更以6AT、AMT和7DCT作为开发重点。其发展趋势为:a.以手动变速器开发为基础,以自动变速器开发为重点b.重点提升制造能力和水平c.重点发展DCT、AMT,适时发展AT。d.产品平台系列化,适用面更广。目前虽然我国手动变速器技术发展已日益成熟,但相对发达国家水平依然存在一定的差距,因此对于手动变速器的研究依然十分重要。对汽车变速器有一个系统性的理解,在CAD制图方面知识得到了完善。特色或创新之处在手动变速器方面,一方面是系统集成性,安装性还有发展空间,另外就是新的材料、工艺,比如冲压零件,注塑零件替代产品的加工工艺。 变速器发展总体趋势主要体现以下6个方面:产品系列化;结构紧凑化、轻量化、多档化;高度集成化;更加智能化;信息网络化;节能环保化。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 由于机械部分设计、工艺已经相当成熟,在要有突破性的发展空间已经非常小了,因为整车开发的需要,降低排放,油耗是目前发展方向,所以有更多的厂商也将当前的目标瞄准了DCT。指导教师意见 指导教师签名:年 月 日教研室(学科组、研究所)意见 教研室主任签名: 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名: 年 月 日英文原文AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONThe modern automatic transmission is by far,the most complicated mechanical component in todays automobile.It is a type of transmission that sifts itself.A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine.There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive.On a rear wheel drive car,the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position.A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels.Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine,through the torque converter,then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission.On a front wheel drive car,the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle.The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car.Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels.In this example,power floes from the engine,through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine.From there,the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles. There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular.A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine.This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling.Another rear drive system mounts everything,the engine,transmission and final drive in the rear.This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche。 The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets,the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets,the torque converter,the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from.Here try to used simple,generic explanation where possible to describe these systems.1)Planetary gear sets Automatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations.In a manual transmission,gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another,engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio.In an automatic transmission,how ever,the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears.This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets.The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear,a ring and two or more planet gears,all remaining in constant mesh.The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier.One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine,connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft,and locking the sun gear so that it cant move.In this scenario,when we turn the ring gear,the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ).If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together,this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed as the input shaft.This is like a car that is third or high gear.Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving,then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear.The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission.The input shaft is connected to the ring gear,the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack.The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack.Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning.The clutch pack is used,in this instance,to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed.If both the clutch pack and the band were released,the system would be in neutral.Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear,but since noting is holding the sun gear,it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft.To place the unit in first gear,the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving.To shift from first to high gear,the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft. Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission. 2)Clutch pack A clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum.Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum.The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub.There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one. 3)One-way Clutch A one-way clutch ( also known as a “sprag” clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other.This effect is just like that bicycle,where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward,but will spin free when pedaling backward. A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position.When you begin to accelerate from a stop,the transmission starts out in first gear.But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral.Now,shift into Low gear instead of Drive.When you let go of the gas in this case,you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car.The reason for this is that in Drive,one-way clutch is used whereas in Low,a clutch pack or a band is used.4)Torque Converter On automatic transmission,the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles.It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop.The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged.If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan,you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go,it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan.The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid,to be more precise. A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission.It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission.The three elements of the torque converter are the pump,the Turbine,and the Stator.The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engines crankshaft and turns at engine speed.The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle.The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other.Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter. With the engine running,transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running.The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator.If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump,the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning.With the stator stopped,the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase.As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump,the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine.As the speed increase,all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed.Sine the 80s,in order to improve fuel economy,torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph.This lockup is controlled by computer and usually wont engage unless the transmission is in 3 or 4 gear.5)Hydraulic System The hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and.Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling。Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure.In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature,a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator.Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube.A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission,torque converter,and cooler tank,In fact,most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands.The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil.6)Oil Pump The transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission.The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to a flange on the engine crankshaft,the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available.The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump.The oil is then sent,under pressure to the pressure regulator,the valve body and the rest of the components,as required. 7)Valve Body The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission.It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation.Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function.For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur. The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in.When you place the gear shift in Drive,for instance,the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1st gear.It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift.On computer controlled transmission,you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points.8)Seals and Gaskets An automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out.There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal.The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case.This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out.The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft.A seal is usually made of rubber ( similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade ) and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft.In some cases,the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft.A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together.Some common gasket materials are : paper,cork,rubber,silicone and soft metal.Aside from the main seals,there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission.A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever.This is the shaft that you move when you manipulate the gear shifter.Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket.In fact,seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks.9)Computer Controls The computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position,vehicle speed,engine speed,engine load,stop light switch position,etc.to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be.Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it.Because of computer controls,sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate,then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will.The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it.Another advantage to these “ smart” transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash.A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is.中文译文自动变速器对于现代的汽车,自动变速器是一个复杂的组件,这种传递动力的方式,是液力变矩器充当离合器来连接发动机和变速器。 两个基本类型的自动变速器基于该车辆是否是前驱动或后驱动。对发动机前置后驱动的汽车,变速器通常安装在发动机后底盘中心与油门配合。变速器输出轴连接到后桥,把发动机的动力传递到后轮,动力传输系统是直线的,从发动机,通过液力变矩器、变速器、传动轴、最后直接到到达车轮。 对于发动机前置前轮驱动的汽车,变速器通常和差速器装在一起。对于前驱动的汽车,变速器安装在发动机一侧,前车轴直接连接到差速器上,把动力传递给前轮。在这个布置中,动力
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