WATER CONSERVATION AND DEMAND ….docx

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1、WATER SERVICES REGULATORY BOARDWater Conservation andWater Demand Management GuidelinesFinal ReportWater Services Regulatory Board9lh Floor, NHIF Building, Ngong, RoadP.O. Box 42621 Nairobi - Kenya,Tel: 245 - 020 2733559/61Fax: 254 - 020 2733558E-mail: infbwasrcb.go.kcWebsite: www.wasreb.go.keJULY 2

2、009The Ministry of Agriculture will therefore play a big role while instituting WC/WDM in agriculture. These notwithstanding WSBs and WSPs have a role to monitor efficient water usage especially fbr customers who may be using some of the water fbr irrigation. Existing irrigators should be made to im

3、plement water conservation measures and new entrants should develop appropriate and efficient irrigation infrastructure and practices before claiming their water allocations.The agriculture sector has the potential to make use of partially treated effluent water from urban areas. This re-use of wate

4、r is a contribution to water conservation that should be fully encouraged.1.4.3 Industrial UseThere is considerable scope to implement WC/WDM in the industrial sector, particularly fbr those industries that have not yet implemented water-saving technologies and systems. Though WSBs and WSPs may not

5、have exclusive control over industrial process, they however have opportunities in influencing industries to put in place WC/WDM practices that conserve water. This can be done by: offering incentives and disincentives to trigger WDM, water auditing as well as awareness creation.To meet the growing

6、industrial water demands, industries must be encouraged to recycle water within the industrial facility, use of lower quality water wherever possible, reuse of treated wastewater in the industrial process wherever possible and adopt technology that uses less quantities of water fbr the same industri

7、al product. Economic instruments fbr pollution control arc also important in this regard.2.0LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKThe Water Act 2002Section 47 of the Water Act 2002 outlines the powers and functions of the Water Services Regulatory Board among which the following are particularly relevant in

8、 this document on standards.The Water Act 2002 section 47 (h) and (m) requires the Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) to publish guidelines for use by Water Service Boards (WSBs) in preparing a water conservation plan. At their discretion, WSBs may require Water Service Providers (WSPs) to pre

9、pare a plan consistent with the requirements in the Services Provision Agreement (SPA).Guidelines issued by the WASREB set rules as provided fbr in the Water Act 2002 and are therefore binding fbr the actors in the sector.Therefore, WASREB has taken the responsibility to develop appropriate policies

10、 and strategies that will result in the efficient utilization of water by all water consumers. Some of the specific functions include the following: Ensure the development of guidelines, standards and tools to support the implementation of WCAVDM within Water Institutions, Promote and encourage the

11、implementation of WC/WDM to Water Institutions,Monitor, regulate and establish adequate governance to ensure the implementation of WC/WDM,. Co-ordinate the development of a WC ethic throughout Kenya, andCo-ordinate and cooperate with other government departments to facilitate the implementation of W

12、C/WDM.Compliance with this Guideline is a condition of the License fbr Provision of Water Services granted to the WSBs by the Water Services Regulatory Board. Therefore, the guideline has been developed to be consistent with the Licenses and the model Service Provision Agreements developed by the Re

13、gulatory Board.The Water Act 2002 requires Water Service Providers to ensure efficient, economical, affordable and sustainable water supply and sanitation services within their service areas described in the service provision agreement (SPA). This implies that the providers must guarantee a certain

14、and defined level of service (Refer to WASREB Guidelines on Minimum Service Level) to the customer fbr a specified price ensuring therefore value fbr money”.Therefore, there is need to balance the interests of water service providers and consumers in a market that is basically monopolistic. Some of

15、the key regulatory instalments required to achieve this are: Price of water aiming at full cost reflective of water tarifls and social feasibility; and standards fbr a minimum service level.a) The Act allows Water Boards to Derfbrm water conservation functions under other activities.b) The Act requi

16、res Water Boards to set conditions fbr the Drovision of services relating to water conservation and the prevention of wasteful or unlawful use of waterprovided.c) The Act requires that a Water Boards in performing its activities and duties must exercise a balance between: Striving to provide efficie

17、nt, reliable and sustainable water services. Optimally using available resources. Promoting the efficiency of water services authorities. Taking reasonable measures to promote Water Conscrvation/Dcmand Manogcmcnt, including promoting public awareness of these matters.2.1 The National Water Services

18、StrategyTo facilitate achieving the WC/DM objectives, the current National Water Services strategy (2007-15) has the following ingredients: The National Water Services Strategy aims at enhancement of the management of the water services in order to achieve sustainable, efficient and affordable servi

19、ces to all consumers. The National strategy requires WSBs to develop their detailed WC/DM strategies which should identify appropriate actions and business plans to meet the stated objectives and goals and submit them as part of their business plans.Among the goals of the National Water Services Str

20、ategy, WC/WDM is addressed as: To reduce UFW fbr water due to both economical and technical losses from the current average of 60% to 30% by 2015.The NWSS document sets further the key principles that include WCAVDM as follows: “Principle 7: Demand management has priority over supply management”.The

21、 strategy gives specific principles in urban setting that states that: All consumption is metered to reduce UFW, curb wastages and provide justified bills. Demand management (efficient water use, water metering, billing, effective collection, network repair, etc) is given priority over supply manage

22、ment (tapping new water sources, extending treatment and storage capacity, etc).On the timeline requirements, both urban and rural settings have been given the following indicators fbr achievement:(a) Urban setting: Medium term indicators for achievement include: All WSPs and WSBs carry out an infbn

23、nation campaign about water use at least once every 3 years. Increasing pcrfbnnancc of service provision: All consumers shall be billed according to consumption, made regularly aware of the need to preserve water resources (water use) and all outlets and household connection shall be metered in orde

24、r to justify billing to consumers and reduce UFW.(b) Rural setting: Medium term indicators fbr achievement include: Inventory, protection and conservation plan fbr water points available by 2008.2.2 Other Relevant GuidelinesWater Tariff guidelinesAmong the key functions of the WASREB is to develop g

25、uidelines fbr the fixing of tariffs fbr the provision of water services. The objective is to establish tariffs that balance commercial, social and ecological interests by ensuring access to all while allowing Water Service Boards (WSBs) and their agents (WSPs) to recover justified costs.In the Tarif

26、f guidelines, the following information relevant to this guideline is noted in the objectives: Efficiency: The Water Act requires that WSBs ensure that water services are provided efficiently and that service levels are improved over time. Tariffs will be linked to the achievement of key performance

27、 indicators and service levels such as water quality, security of supply, reductions of Unaccounted for Water (UfW), Collection efficiency, etc. Conservation: Tariffs should reflect the true cost of water and send the correct signals to consumer about the volume of water they can consume (progressiv

28、e tariffs). When tariffs arc below costs, consumers over-utilize water resources rathcr than conserving water. By reflecting the economic value of raw water and costs of abstraction, treatment and distribution, tariffs can encourage conservation. Flat rates do not provide incentives for conservation

29、. In order to achieve conservation and reduce UFW, the guidelines recommend that all water consumers should be metered.In the Tariff Guidelines, the Regulatory Board will verify the WSPs and WSBs progress against Minimum Service Levels, agreed performance indicators in the SPA, targets agreed in the

30、 last Tariff Approval and other agreements. The following indicators relevant to WC/DM guideline as minimum requirements will be taken into account in the performance analysis of WSPs:J/ lz 712 3 4 5Metering RatioWater QualityExtraordinary efforts and initiatives to improve efficiency, service or ac

31、cess Unaccounted fbr Water (UfW)Collection efficiency2.3.1 Business Plan GuidelineIn the Business Plan Guidelines for the WSB, it is stated that demand management obliges the WSBs to plan fbr an extension of supply facilities only if the water losses are reduced to an acceptable level at the same ti

32、me.In order to fulfill its obligation given by the Water Act 2002, WASREB will have to closely monitor the planning and implementation of investment activities undertaken by the WSBs. Thereby, the WASREB will fbcus on the following relevant elements to this guideline as stipulated in the Business Pl

33、an Guidelines fbr the WSB: How the WSBs and their agents (WSPs) intend to meet the growing demand first, by investments for demand management and second, by improving the existing infrastructure. What kind of investments the WSP is planning to improve its performance such as metering program in orde

34、r to reduce UFW fbr instance. How the WSBs and WSPs address the issue of the least cost solution in their investment planning.3.0 WATER CONSERVATION AND WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURESThis section outlines the WC/WDM measures to be carried out by the WSBs working with the WSPs. The measures are cat

35、egorized into Level 1, 2 & 3. Level 1 constitute of the immediate measures short term (1-3) Years, level 2 the short tenn measures (3-5 Years) and level 3 the long term measures (Over 5 years). The letters A, B and P where used mean that the given measure is meant to minimize; A Average day demand,

36、P maximum day or peak demand and B Both.The list is only a guideline and is therefore not exhaustive on all the measures to be undertaken, the WSBs/WSPs arc at liberty to undertake their own innovations suitable fbr their area of supply.3.1 Level 1 MeasuresThe following are the measures proposed to

37、be taken by the WSB/WSPs as a minimumMeasuresAAdvancedguidelinesAIntermediate guidelines,ABasic guidelinesUniversal metering BWater accounting and loss control ACosting and pricing BInformation andEducation B Source water metering Service connection Metering and reading Meter public use water Accoun

38、t fbr water Repair known leaks Cost-oscrvicc accounting User charges Metered rates Understandable water bill Information available Fixed interval meter reading Mctcr-accuracy analysis Analyse UFW Waler system audit Leak detection and repair Strategy Automated sensors/telemetry Cost analysis Non prom

39、otional rates Informative water bill Water bill inserts School program Publiceducationprogram Test, calibrate, repair andReplace meters Loss prevention program Advanced pricing methods Workshops Advisory committeeUniversal Metering BThe WSBs/WSPs should strive to meet the metering ratio as stipulate

40、d in the SPA agreements. This should constitute of:Source-water meteringService-connection metering- Service-connection metering is needed to infbnn customers about how much water they are using; WSPs should strive towards elimination of flat rate connections.Public-use water metering- All water pro

41、vided fbr public use should be metered and read at regular intervals. This will allow the utility to more accurately account fbr water. Lack of metering undermines loss control, costing and pricing, and other conservation measures.Fixed-interval meter reading- A program of fixed-interval meter readi

42、ng is essential to determine the amount of nonrevenue-producing water. Source meters and service connection meters should be read at the same relative time in order to facilitate accurate comparisons and analysis. Readings generally should occur at regular intervals, preferably monthly or bimonthly.

43、 Estimated bills should be kept at a minimum, subject to state and local regulations.Meter accuracy: - All meters, especially older meters, should be tested fbr accuracy on a regular basis. The system also should determine that meters are appropriately sized. Meters that are too large fbr a customer

44、s level of use will tend to under-register water use.Meter testing, calibration, repair, and replacement: - After detennining the accuracy of the metering system, the WSPs should provide a schedule of activities necessary to correct meter deficiencies. Meters should be recalibrated on a regular basi

45、s to ensure accurate water accounting and billing.3.1.1 Water Accounting and Loss Control AWater Accounting and Loss Control is more of a supply side management conservation measure. An efficient water accounting system helps to track water throughout the system and identify areas that may need atte

46、ntion, particularly large volumes of unaccounted fbr water. At the WSPs level it will include:Account for water: - All WSPs, even smaller systems, should implement a basic system of water accounting. This accounting exercise provides a basis fbr a strategy to control losses over time.Repair known le

47、aks: - All WSPs must repair all known leaks. Repairing larger leaks can be costly, but it also can produce substantial savings in water and expenditures over the long run.Analysis of unaccounted for water: - UfW should be analyzed to identify potential revenue-producing opportunities, as well as rec

48、overable losses and leaks.Leak detection and repair strategy: - Systems also should institute comprehensive leak detection and repair strategy. WSPs should start with a simple strategy that should eventually evolve to complex and efficient methods such as; regular on-site testing using computer- ass

49、isted leak detection equipment, a sonic leak-detection survey, or another acceptable method for detecting leaks along water distribution mains, valves, services, and meters.Loss-Prevention Program: - WSPs should develop a loss prevention programme that should be revised over time. This may include p

50、ipe inspection, cleaning, lining, and other maintenance efforts to improve the distribution system and prevent leaks and ruptures from occurring. Utilities might also consider methods for minimizing water used in routine water system maintenance procedures in accordance with other applicable standar

51、ds.Automated Sensors/Telemetry: - This is a leak detection method that might become applicable to advanced WSPs or for new system to be developed. The water systems may consider using remote sensor and telemetry technologies for ongoing monitoring and analysis of source, transmission, and distributi

52、on facilities. Remote sensors and monitoring software can alert operators to leaks, fluctuations in pressure, problems with equipment integrity, and other concerns.3.1.2 Costing and Pricing BCosting and pricing are conservation strategies because they involve understanding the true value of water an

53、d conveying infbnnation about that value, through prices, to water customers.Metered Rates: - Metered rates should be used so that the customers water bill corresponds to their water usage.Cost Analysis: - WSPs should conduct a cost analysis to understand what types of usage drive system costs. For

54、example, systems should analyze patterns of usage by season and class of service.Non Promotional Rate: - WSPs also should consider whether their current rate structures promote water usage over conservation; non promotional rates should be implemented whenever possible in order to enhance the conser

55、vation signal of rates. To encourage conservation WSPs should consider various issues: the allocation between fixed and variable charges, usage blocks and breakpoints, minimum bills and whether water is provided in the miniinum bill, seasonal pricing options, and pricing by customer class.Advanced P

56、ricing Methods: - Advanced pricing methods generally allocate costs by customer class and/or type of water use. Advanced pricing might consider seasonal variations or other methods for pricing indoor and outdoor usage based on differing contributions to system peaks. The conservation orientation of

57、the rate structure can be enhanced by considering the elasticity factors fbr different classes of water use. Marginal-cost pricing, which considers the value of water relative to the cost of the next increment of supply, can be considered as well.3.1.3 Information and Education BInformation and educ

58、ation are critical to the success of any conservation program. Infbnnation and education measures can directly produce water savings, as when customers change their water-use habits.Understandable Water Bill: - Customers should be able to read and understand their water bills. An understandable wate

59、r bill should identify volume of usage, rates and charges, and other relevant infbnnation.Information Dissemination: - Water systems should be prepared to provide information pamphlets to customers on request. Public infbnnation and education arc important components of every water conservation plan

60、. Consumers are often willing to participate in sound water management practices if provided with accurate information. Furthermore, providing information and educating the public may be the key to getting public support fbr a utilitys water conservation efforts. WSPs should devise an information an

61、d education program that should explain to water users all of the costs involved in supplying drinking water and demonstrate how water conservation practices will provide water users with long term savings.School program: - WSPs should provide information on water conservation and encourage the use

62、of water conservation practices through a variety of school programs. Contacts through schools can help socialize young people about the value of water and conservation techniques, as well as help systems communicate with parents. Each WSP should install a school program to create awareness in schoo

63、ls.Informative Water Bill: - An informative water bill goes beyond the basic information used to calculate the bill based on usage and rates. Comparisons to previous bills and tips on water conscn-ation can help consumers make informed choices about water use.Water Bill Inserts: - WSPs should regula

64、rly include inserts in their customers water bills that can provide information on water use and costs. Inserts also can be used to disseminate tips fbr home water conservation.Public education program: - WSPs should use a variety of methods to disseminate information and educate the public on water

65、 conservation. Outreach methods include spcakcrs, bureaus, operating booths at public events, printed and video materials, and coordination with civic organizations.Workshops: - WSPs should hold targeted workshops to communicate with key water consumers and agree on WC/WDM measures. Major consumers may include institutions and industries. Players in the water industry need also be targeted and educated. These mig