中外古典建筑柱式的造型与结构知识（Chinese and foreign classical architecture column form and structure knowledge）

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1、中外古典建筑柱式的造型与结构知识（Chinese and foreign classical architecture column form and structure knowledge）Chinese and foreign classical architecture column form and structure knowledgeAbstract: starting from the shape and structure of Chinese and foreign classical column, the author systematically expounds th

2、e aesthetic characteristics and rules of forms of various columns, and emphatically analyzes their form and structure, requirements and material properties. Chinese ancient buildings generally use wooden pillars, basic shape and decoration to the natural shape of classical architectural column shape

3、 and structure forms, with distinctive ethnic characteristics. Western architecture in ancient Egyptian stone pillars, stout, stigma, who fully embodies the art stone pillars. The 3 column in the ancient Greek architecture (Doric, ionic type and Corinth type) constitute the essence of Greek architec

4、ture, and its artistic personification. Ancient Rome column is the use of stone to speak of the world of art treasures, and the ancient greek column development into 5 types: Doric, love dance, Corinth, and combined our dry tower. Look from the structure, the column slenderness ratio control below 1

5、0, China pillars contract from the column 2 / 3, while western ones from the 1 / 3. In a word, there is an essential connection between the artistic form of the column and the technique of the structure.Key words: classical architecture; column shape structure; architectural artIn some architectural

6、 designs nowadays, people often rack their brains for what kind of materials are used as column finishes, and move out of various classical columns to make a comparison, while ignoring the basic characteristics of modern architecture. The history of architectural development for thousands of years s

7、hows that while the column completes its function, it is the basic characteristic form of architectural art, and its development and change is guiding and accompanying the development of the whole architectural art.Starting with the modeling and structure of Chinese and foreign classical orders, thi

8、s paper systematically expounds the aesthetic characteristics and rules of forms of various columns, and emphatically analyzes their form and structure, requirements and material properties.1. column modeling1.1 Chinese orderChinese classical architecture has been based on the song and Ming Dynastie

9、s. Although the Ming and Qing dynasties developed, they did not go beyond the criterion of the song dynasty. In the structure and mechanics of the song type architecture, the pillar bears the most important role. Outdoor post, it is always in the most important part of Front Gate forefront, the most

10、 prominent in the room is also part of the space, so the ancient builders wisdom risesat style, the decoration of this type of indomitable spirit. The most beautiful forms of the whole building are all concentrated on the column, making it the most typical, beautiful, and even no beyond norm in the

11、building.Chinese classical column structure is shown in Table 1, it is from the natural form of the development of the body like the trunk brackets like tree branches, because of the China natural form of decorative style of the most prominent, such as chrysanthemum leaf head, head, three volt cloud

12、, grasshopper head, also to the natural image base named, but the image it has highly summarized as the geometric shape, with distinctive ethnic characteristics. Column ratio: with bucket mouth as base, such as bucket mouth is 3 inches, then six parts, 18 inches for column circle.Other Chinese class

13、ical column column structure is divided into 3 parts (Dougong brackets, ang Tsui. Chrysanthemum head, grasshopper head. (Ma Yetou) column (starting from high volume to kill adduction 2/3 column (column): wood).Diameter, column height is sixty (column diameter 10 times), that is, 1.80 inches for colu

14、mn height. Roll kill from 2 / 3 column height (1.20 inches) began to close, the column was formed the next big small, on the big bottom around four points to fight and kill tight, column plinth with large consistency, under column tray is stable and strong. From the China column form: molding bucket

15、 is in a straight line, arch is a straight line to the curve, ang is a combination of slash and arc, flower head is the circle line and the S line combination, Ma Shuntou roll up vortex similar spiral shell. Wood and raspberry is composed of straight line, arc, line S.The wooden ancient buildings ge

16、nerally use Chinese, in order to prevent foot tide rot, to build the platform, multi stone or brick. The large table edge said Taiwan, each column berth put stone plinth, used in the column. The top of them by the coffin to a series, pulling and contact are two directions. Again is the special compo

17、nent of brackets, brackets to support, cantilevered roof component weight balance. In the Chinese timber frame, column bottom plinth and top brackets are the two key to its national cultural characteristics. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the section size of brackets to reduce the relative number,

18、make decorative effect than structure, has become a symbol of power, rank, wealth. Losing the beauty of architecture has come to the end of the construction system.The wooden frame structure Chinese zhuchu ancient buildings, in addition to the role of stable structure such as general order, moisture

19、-proof function is more outstanding, at the same time, it is also the pillar in the art of key parts. Zhuchu art and technology China compared favorably with western ancient architecture column. In the structure design, in order to make the base and has a base station joint plane, the octagonal plin

20、th form. Zhuchu is generally divided into two or three sections, the upper for Shigu, under section angle base. General zhuchu height between 30 40cm, but also for more effectively improve the surface moisture and high base scale, the base increased to 80 12 0cm, into a short column. In solving the

21、waterproof measures, but also in the bottom of the column, and the contact line out of the ventilation slot zhuchu cross the small gap for a moment outside the Ruyi grain column scattered tidal channel.In addition China column is also stressed that zhuchu side foot, its role is to enable the buildin

22、g to tilt the stigma slightly inside. From the analysis of the geometric stability of the whole building, if perpendicular to the surface of the column is a parallel relationship, structure system and horizontal column beam is connected with the composition, in the event of small moves, this movemen

23、t can continue, is geometry variable system. The side feet of the columns make the columns no longer parallel with each other to form virtual hinges, so that the whole building reaches geometric stability and produces a steady aesthetic feeling.1.2 ancient Egyptian pillarsIn about 2650 BC the ancien

24、t kingdom, architect eyam began in Memphis Huo Taipu River for the Third Dynasty king Shosel and Thomas Taba style tomb, because the Egyptians believe in individual worship, so the name of eyam survives veccom huo. This is a creative and inventive talent,The biggest contribution is to support veccom

25、 Edgar hall building in the local mud and reed bundles into the basic elements of stone building in the cylinder. In the Sakala mausoleum complex is an administrative building called north room, with 3 of the beautiful and semi cylindrical walls at a site on the left, their shape resembles a low-lyi

26、ng swamp in the Egyptian papyrus and reed, the top of pillars supporting beams used to put the stigma like umbrella papyrus pengtou. Egyptian architects have repeatedly used the umbrella papyrus style in the column of Amon temple in Luxor. In ancient Egypt the stigma in the art of the other two form

27、s as the animal head, head type. There are mixed stigmas, of course. Ancient Egyptian stone is very thick, which may be related to it by reed bundles turned about, but because of thick, more appropriate performance of the temple of Amun temple, guarded mighty pillar hall huge space by many stone bea

28、ms to cover, so the hall of stone forest, densely arranged, wild wild, light through the main side window at the post, the dappled, gives a mysterious sense of oppression. Therefore, the Chinese people sigh that the Chinese do not speak as well as the ancient egyptians. But the value of the ancient

29、stone pillars never lies here, but rather the emphasis on the art of stone architecture, the art of stonehenge. It has provided the extremely important enlightenment to the construction columns development, has created the building form which takes the stone as the construction beam, column and so o

30、n essential components.1.3 ancient greek columnIn ancient Egypt, the column reached a high artistic achievement. In a sense, the order of the ancient Egyptian is the prelude of the ancient greek column, and the unification of this technique and art reached the highest peak in ancient greece. The 3 c

31、olumn of ancient Greek architecture (Doric, ionic type and Corinth type), constitute the essence of Greek architecture. The Doric style formed in the first half of the fifth Century BC, this column has no stigma plinth, straight, long groove of the outer shaft in addition, without any other decorati

32、on, the whole pillar of strong, rich man shape and character of the bold, the body proportion is generally 1 to 5.5 to 1 to 5.75, and with the delay at the construction of the year the longer the love dance style than the Doric; later, the stigma of Beadu Lidtke decoration is much more abundant, at

33、both ends of a scroll type vortex a horn shaped, slender columns ratio is 1: 9, to 1: 10; Corinth appeared late, its no longer the stigma of spiral curve, but around garnish with serrated leaves, it can be considered variations on the theme of love dance. Athens Central Hall of the temple of Zeus wa

34、s surrounded by a colonnade of Corinth periphery, column height 16.89m, a total of 104, compared to the pillars and the Doric style, is more beautiful, gentle, slenderness ratio of column, imitate the real body scale. With the symbol of slender feminine love dance style and Corinth style column is v

35、ery close. But straight shaft is like a decorative dress folds traces, and the column of contract from 1 / 3 to start (Chinese is 2 / 3 roll kill), which is more like the human body, and the stigma and the eaves, like a hat people and stand order (base), the image of a beautiful. In this way, not on

36、ly the use of female images as a column can make people enjoy more enjoyment from aesthetics,Moreover, the rationality of the force can be obtained by mechanical analysis. Accordingly, the shaping of the art and the mechanical properties of the ancient Greeks for stone columns of considerable depth

37、understanding, it is this combination, he created the immortal artistic achievement column.1.4 column of ancient RomeThe Romans differ from the Greeks, the Greeks to abstract thinking, seeking harmony with the universe, and embodied in the most ideas in art to express their concept of the universe;

38、and the Romans seem to have no time to express this idealism, they are strong willed and practical, and the logical mind agile, good at making laws in engineering, technology and management, they seek not the spirit of heaven and the ideal, but in reality the residents in the environment. The Romans

39、 worship rather than sacrifice high praise for their virtue is parents and ancestors of loyalty and obligation. Therefore, the display of ancient Rome is a secular power, the city civilization picture. The Romans in ancient greek column for the development of the 5 classical types: Doric, Corinth, a

40、nd ionic Tuscan order and composite column.The most preferred Corinth column from the column, the rich, and on the basis of love dance style with a combination of increased orders, this mixed column had a direct influence on European buildings, churches, palaces, mansions and some public buildings a

41、re often the pillar of Roman language. Tuscan order in Rome is the earliest form of construction, it is a Doric more thick and short variants, some people think that it is the Greek column foundation. However, the most typical feature of Rome architecture is the use of non structural column, the col

42、umn is often wholly or partly buried in the wall, called the attached column or column body, some of them was made into a flat shape, when people called for the wall column. This approach is clearly reflected in the Triumphal Arch and the Triumphal Arch on the gradient severus. The four storey Rome

43、Coliseum, the bottom layer is two Doric, ionic type, three for Corinth, around the top floor is wall column. These columns have no structural function here, and the main part of the building is designed with an independent structural support system. The column is only a decorative component of the f

44、acade.The structure of the 2 column2.1 slenderness ratioA column is a compressive bar that mainly acts as an axial force along the length of the column. The western classical columns are made of stone, and the strength of rock meets the requirements of rock strength. Therefore, the stability of the

45、columns is mainly considered. From western classical column column slenderness ratio observed, Tuscan order 6, Doric 7, love dance is 8, and the Corinth composite column was 8.3, the stone material mechanics, when the slenderness ratio is less than 8, the value was close to 1. This shows that Greek

46、and Roman people at that time had realized the correct mechanics of using stone as a column. Moreover, in the column to make the show delicate beauty, consciously heightening the stigma proportion, to ensure that the column length is within the limits of the laws of mechanics.In contrast, the ancien

47、t Chinese column was made of wooden materials, and its slenderness ratio was 9 to 1 or 8 to 1 in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and 10 to 1 in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The slenderness ratio for columns for,It is almost impossible to consider the factors of instability so as to make better use of m

48、aterial characteristics. Obviously the ancient China, there is no advance on the basis of the stability theory to check the poles, the people are completely to build houses according to the actual state of the material and aesthetic needs, achieves the unification of mechanics and aestheticsThen, al

49、most from the same mechanical constraints make the slenderness ratio control in lambda = 10, what makes China ancient Western column than column is stout? On the one hand is the material selection, the style of stone itself gives column in bold; on the other hand is at the surface of western ancient

50、 stone columns were more than 20 sharp or flat tooth concave groove in the shaft surface with different grooves, the rigid column is different, but have good performance in strength.The 2.2 column of the No.Post contract visual needs, it can make the sound more tall and straight, and the tray is sta

51、ble and strong base. Chinese pillars contract (Volume 2 / killed) from the post 3, and the general western column from the beginning of the 1 / 3, which is the basis of mechanics of bulk density is far greater than the wooden pillars, and close up to the shaft stress is consistent, so that the stres

52、s distribution and the column the shape to achieve synergy. The Parthenon has 50 Doric column, height of about 1 04M, bottom diameter 19m, column diameter 14m, five column as stone into the 5 round drum, each drum bottom plane of the central bore a convex top plane, a concave central chisel, i.e. 5

53、cylinder Diecheng column. This method on the one hand to install, on the other hand can make the body in Shigu with the plane must resist horizontal shear force, such as earthquake force. From the collection of functions, it can effectively reduce the compressive stress of each section of Shigu.2.3

54、plinthThe role of zhuchu is not only the visual stability. In the modern era of tall buildings of reinforced concrete, various columns do not consider the visual effects on the plinth, people still do not doubt the stability of the building, but instead of the more stringent requirements of the foun

55、dation area to meet the requirements and requirements. In both ancient and Western times, the size of the ground area was continuously summarized and accumulated. The first type of Taulik not columnbases columns sit directly into the ground. The wooden structure is clearly not so, must use a damp pl

56、inth bear function.The size of the column China zhuchu made accurate stipulates: the Beizhu path, one foot four inches or less, per square foot, eight inches thick; three feet above, thickness of the semi square; more than four feet, three feet thick rate. If every square foot made of raspberry, ras

57、pberry, raspberry per one inch high; an inch high, thick lips a basin, such as the back cover of lotus, plus double raspberry. In addition, on the base of the platform also made specific requirements. In ancient times the Chuandou colonnade approach, with a continuous support column at the foot of f

58、eldspar called even sang, even sang about a foot high or six or seven inch wide range, it is this kind of peculiar Chuandou type columns. In the above column feet even sang, Fang Fang said through a anchor, anchor Fang high about four or five inches, three inches thick. These regulations reflect peo

59、ples understanding and experience of the basic area of A, although they do not clearly express it.On the one hand, the ancient treatment on the plinth on the strict and cautious, on the other hand, the aesthetic requirements of people into the production process, effectively improve the stability of

60、 the structure. To this end, even if the wooden frame construction experience is far less than the length of masonry structure, but well made, exquisite materials of the house can still be maintained for two hundred or three hundred years.2.4 stigmasIn China the traditional wooden structure, the top

61、 pillar is composed of purlin Fang contact, the mechanical properties of the equivalent beam purlin roof came directly under the vertical load, the vertical and horizontal Fang structure formed a stable connection between the column. The basic starting point of this kind of structure is to satisfy t

62、he requirement of force, and the precise sculpt has decorative effect at the same time. For the column structure, the treatment of the stigma is more exquisite. It is the main symbol to distinguish the different styles of columns. The column is directly connected to the beam, and its function is to

63、effectively transfer the beam end load. The shape of style, from ancient Egypt early stone that is trapezoidal umbrella papyrus pengtou to obtrapezoid a process, finally the formation of ancient Greece and Rome traffic order. This evolution is actually accompanied by the change of the roof frame fro

64、m the wood to the stone, and to the column of Corinth, whose column is covered with bell. On the force analysis of the relationship between beam and column, column beam simply supported structure, increasing the support section, for uniformly beam load transfer to the post, improve the stability of

65、the column is more advantageous at the same time with the diffusion force field distribution column supporting force of girder, and to slow down the bottom surface of the beam the distribution of tensile stress. However, due to the influence of stone properties, the expansion dimension of the stone

66、column should not be too large, otherwise the self balance will be affected and the supporting effect will be little improved.2.5 feet with feetIn nineteenth Century, people found a detailed mapping of the Parthenon, the whole structure remains almost a straight line, each part is convex curved, which makes