哈佛公开课幸福课beliefs

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1、Beliefs asSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies Beliefs shape reality How it works Optimizing optimism Raising our beliefs“Treat a man as a he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and should be and he shall become as he can and should be.”Johann Wolfgang von GoetheMilgrams Obedience to Authori

2、tyZimbardos PrisonExperimentmen above 75week in “1959” resortmental and biological age decreases Langer (1989)testing eyesightImproves with role Langer (1979) Bargh (1999) Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg (1998) Creating a positive environmentpictures (people, places, etc)pleasant objects (memorabilia

3、, flowers, etc)quotesbooks, films, musicpositive research“Whatever your mind can conceive and believe it can achieve” Napoleon Hill“Whether you think you can or cantyou are right”Henry Ford“Have great hopes and dare to go all out for them. Have great dreams and dare to live them. Have tremendous exp

4、ectations and believe in them.” Norman Vincent Peale“Beliefs in personal efficacy affect life choices, level of motivation, quality of functioning, resilience to adversity and vulnerability to stress and depression.”“People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently

5、 from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.” Cultivated over time Curry (1997) on college athletes“The level of our self-esteem has profound consequences for every aspect of our existence: how we operate in the workplace, how w

6、e deal with people, how high we are likely to rise, how much we are likely to achieveand, in the personal realm, with whom we are likely to fall in love, how we interact with our spouse, children, and friends, what level of personal happiness we attain.”“Self concept is destiny.”BeliefsExpectationsP

7、erformanceMotivationConsistencyInterpretationObjectiveSubjective“I failed my way to success” Thomas Edison Interpretation stylePermanent/temporaryPervasive/specific Success Mental/physical healthimmune systemresiliencehappinesslongevity It can be learned! What about unrealistic beliefs? What about u

8、nrealistic beliefs?The Stockdale ParadoxPositive thinking is not enough“False optimism sooner or later means disillusionment, anger and hopelessness.” Abraham Maslow Optimism, passion, hard work. “There is no substitute for hard work.” Thomas Edison “I am a great believer in luck, and I find that th

9、e harder I work, the luckier I get.” Thomas Jefferson Do high expectations lead to disappointment?Self-esteem=success/pretensionsWilliam James Coping versus AvoidanceSelf perception theory (Bem, 1967)realizing the pain of actual failuremore success Just do it! (action) Imagine that (visualization) C

10、ognitive therapy (rational thinking)Taking Action (Bandura)Hard Work CopingSuccessSelf-EfficacyTo dare is to lose ones footing momentarily. Not to dare is to lose oneself. Soren Kierkegaard The mind as simulator (Kosslyn, 1994) Focus on journey and destination (Taylor, 2005) Involve different senses

11、 Evoke emotions Thoughts drive emotion Restoring rationality/realism Highly effective An acquired skill1. Magnifying (exaggerating)a. Permanent and Pervasive (over-generalizing)b. All-or-nothing thinking2. Minimizing (underplaying)a. Tunnel visionb. Dismissal of positive or negative3. Making up (fab

12、ricating)a. Personalization or blameb. Emotional reasoningIs my conclusion tied to reality?Is my conclusion rational?Am I ignoring something important?What important evidence do I still need to take into consideration?What am I magnifying?What am I minimizing?Am I ignoring anything that is going wel

13、l?Am I ignoring anything that is not going well?What is the big picture? Everyone experiences negative emotions Different cognitive interpretations (pessimists vs. optimists) Self-fulfilling prophecies Spiraling down or up Ayres, J. & Hopf, T. (1992). Visualization: Reducing Speech Anxiety and Enhan

14、cing Performance. Communication Reports, 5, 1-10. Bandura, A. (1999). Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 117-148. Benson, H. (1997). Timeless Healing. Scribner. Burns, D. (1999). Feeling Good : The New Mood Therapy. Avon. Langer, E. (1

15、989). Mindfulness. Addison-Wesley. Leahy, R. L. (2003). Cognitive Therapy Techniques: A Practitioners Guide. Guilford Publication. White, S. S. & Locke, E. A. (2000). Problems with the Pygmalion Effect and Some Proposed Solutions. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 389-415. Rosenthal, R., and Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Rinehart and Winston. Selgiman, M. (1998). Learned Optimism : How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. Free Press.Bibliography and Recommendations