英语语法完全版5

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1、副词分类根据其意义副词可以分为5类：时间副词：表示某个时间的副词（回答when提出的问题）：today，now， tonight， nowadays， presently， immediately；yesterday，earlier，lately，before，recently，ago；tomorrow， soon， shortly， after， later， afterwards； when？ then，early，late，meantime，punctually 表示频度的副词（回答how often这个问题）：always，perpetually，eternally；continual

2、ly，repeatedly，generally， usually；frequently，often；sometimes；occasionally；rarely，seldom；never；once，twice；daily，weekly，monthly，yearly；nights（=each night），mornings （Am）表示时间长度的副词（回答 how long这个问题）：everlastingly，eternally，forever；long；temporarily，brieflyquickly，awhile 2）地点副词：表示地点或方向的副词（回答in what position或

3、to what position这个问题）：here，there，yonder；far，afar，near，by；on，off，away； before，behind；left， right；up， down；in，out；back，forth；aback，ahead，athwart，overboard；longways，side ways；over，under；above，below，beneath；outside，in- side， aside；within，without；along， across；together， separately， asunder，apart；centrall

4、y， around，about；nowhere，everywhere，anywhere，somewhere；vertically，horizontally，slantwise；downtown，uptown；downstairs，upstairs；abroad， home 方向副词（回答 to what position这个问题）：backward，forward；upward；downward；inward，out- ward注：地点副词常修饰表示移动的动词，说明“到某地”，如He went there，He ran away，He walked across，It flew outside

5、，It fell down如果它修饰不表示移动的动词，则说明“在某地”，如He lives thereHe kept away from usA log lay across，so the car could not passHe waited down there， He stood outside另外，许多地点副词可以用作名词，作介词from的宾语。这种from短语表示“来自某处”，试比较下面的句子：He went abroad，He came from abroad；He came downtown， He came from downtown；It appears somewhere，

6、It appears from somewhere 3）方式副词：以-ly结尾的副词：slowly，justly，foolishly，honestly，steadily（and many others）不以-ly结尾的副词：fast，hard，thus，how，ill，well，so；peasantstyle，Soviet-style，dogfashion，Mongol- fashion；likewise，otherwise，somehow4）肯定副词：表示肯定的副词：certainly，indeed， surely，really， doubt- less， truly 表示不肯定的副词：pe

7、rhaps，probably，possibly，maybe 5）程度副词：可表示各种不同程度：接近于“不”：not，hardly，little 较小程度：lightly，somewhat 某种程度：fairly，rather，pretty 较大程度：very，much，highly，greatly，deeply，extraordinarily 极大程度：entirely，utterly，absolutely，completely，fully 渐 渐：increasingly，steadily，gadually，slowly足 够：enough，sufficient 几 乎：nearly 仅 仅

8、：only，just b副词短语的结构副词短语指起副词作用的短语。它常常包含一个介词，如by the way，one after another；有时它包含一个名词和一个形容词，如this year，next week，five days，a long time；有时包含and或or，如again and again，sooner or later；偶尔包含一些其他词，如sure enough，as usual它可以是非成语型短语，也可以是成语型短语。它至少有16种类型。非成语型短语1）介词+宾语（名词、动名词、疑问词+不定式、疑问词从句、介词短语）：at Hong Kong，to the c

9、ity；after meeting her，by travel- ling；on how to do it，about where to eat Philippine food； as to how they do it，as to when young people should get married；till after lunch，from behind the door 2）“介词+名词+介词”+宾语：in case of failure，by reason of his illness，by means of sweet words，on behalf of my country，

10、 in spite of the rain， in place of his position，in the light of his great work， with a view to helping the poor（这种“介词+名词+介词”是一个固定短语。）3）“副词+介词”+宾语：together with John， along with his son， apart from his fol- ly， out of the house， down to the modern times， agreeably to their instructions，conformably to

11、 his promise，aside from money（“副词+介词”也是固定短语）4）副词+“介词+名词”：early in the day，sometime in the evening，late in May， Sunday at seven，back in the stone age，far out at sea，beyond on the horizon，high up in the sky，out in the street，once for all 5）指示词+表示时间的名词：this week， next year，one day，each week，some day， e

12、very hour，that moment，this time（of year or day），a moment，a Sunday，the moment（he shouted）， the day（John left Paris）（在指示词前in，on，at均省略）6）表示数目或数量的形容词+表示时间长度、距离、重量、价格等的名词：（for） three days，（for）all week，（for） a short moment； （for） five miles，（for） a long distance， three blocks；（for several） weeks，（for sev

13、eral） years； two pounds； 50 cents 7）名词+地点副词、形容词或定语短语（名词前的with省略）：face downward， partiality apart， his mouth full of chocolate，his back against the wall， hat in hand， gun on shoulder，cigarette in mouth，my ankle swollen，my heart beating fast 例如：A drunkard was lying in the street（with） face downwardThe

14、 bell hung from the ceiling，（with） its tongue still8）各式各样的短语：Sunday morning，Tuesday evening，July 6；two days ago， five weeks hence，three years later；ten storeys up， halfway down 成语型短语9）介词+名词：in fact，in any case，by turns， at times， on no account，for instance，by God，without avail，between us 10）介词+形容词：i

15、n general，in short，above all，through thick and thin，after all， for good， at best， at most，of old 11）介词+时间或地点副词：before long， until now， at once， for ever， of late， in short， by far， for short 12）名词+介词+名词：side by side， word for word， day after day， face to face，（from） time to time，（from） door to door，

16、 all in all 13）副词+and，or或其他连词+副词：again and again，better and better，by and by，more and more， through and through，over and over again，up and down， to and fro，on and off， backwards and forwards，（every） now and then， now and again， here and there；right or wrong， once or twice， sooner or later，now or nev

17、er，seldom or never，neither here nor there；seldom if ever， more often that not 14）名词+and（或or）+名词：Winter and summer，night and day（day or night） she waited for himThey served him hand and foot（=attended to his every wish）They bound him hand and foot（=so that he was unable to move）He left，bag and baggag

18、e（=with all his belongings）He removed it，root and branch（=totally）They attacked us， horse and foot（=with all their might）They went at it，hammer and tongs（=with great force）We must devote ourselves，body and soul（or heart and soul， heart and hand）（=wholeheartedly）， to this great cause They dragged him

19、 out head and shoulder（or neck and heels）（=with violence）They fought tooth and nail（with all strength）We must go，rain or no rainThe house has been redesigned，top and bottom（=com- pletely）CfGood or bad，this is my country15）介词（常省略）+名词：He walked（along） the streetHe swims（after） dogfashion（As）The first

20、thing in the morning I went to see herIll be here（at） seven-thirty Friday（At） what time did you leave？（On） What day did you arrive？I said it（for） a second time，but he didnt hearWe stayed（for） the nightHe fled（from） this countryI dont see it（in）your wayCome（in）this way（In）What direction do you go hom

21、e？He went（on） a journey last weekWe ranged（over） the woodsWe travelled（over） the ContinentWe work part time（=for less than the regular time）They bound him hand and foot，smote him hip and thigh（参阅第13类）They did it mornings（or nights，Sundays）（every morning，or every night，every Sunday）16）副词+副词：close by，

22、near by，far away， far off，sure enough， funnily enough，later on， early on，no more，not any more c副词短语的用法几乎所有副词短语都用来修饰动词（谓语动词或非谓语动词）：He“ went” to the city John “came”along with his wifeAda“stood up to the chin in waterIt“was thrown” out in the streetHe“tumbled”，face downward“Meeting” her one day，he tol

23、d her the newsHe tried to advise her，“speaking” to the effect that He decides “to translate” the article word for word有少数这类短语，特别是1634节中9），10）两类短语，可以用来修饰整个句子：In fact，“he has done his best”For instance，“good is an adjective”In short，“money means everything”Sure enough，“he divorced her”第5）类从理论上可以看作是介词短

24、语，其中at，on或in省略：He came（in）every yearHe left（on） last SundayWe shall meet（at） next ChristmasHe died（on） the day when it rained hard第6）类短语只和几个特殊动词一起用：The book“costs” 50 dollarsThe pork “weighs”five poundsIt“measures” three feet在和其他动词一起用时，这种短语中的for可以用也可以省略：He“waited” 3 hours（or for three hours）Some tre

25、es can“live” a thousand yearsThe boots“last”2 yearsWe “travelled” a thousand milesThe cat“fell” a hundred feetThe road “extends”（for） miles这种短语也可用来修饰后面的形容词（特别是比较级）：This fish，as they say，measures ten metres “long”（or “in length”）The road measures more than twenty metres “wide”（or“in width”）The Pacifi

26、c Ocean is，on an average，140000 feet“deep”（or “in depth”）The army of our enemy is more than a million “strong”The civilization of China is at least 4500 years“old”The bridge is ten miles“distant” from my houseThis car is a thousand dollars “cheaper” than thatHe is a head“taller” than his sisterThis

27、is only a trifle “better” than that表示时间长度或距离的短语可用来修饰后面的时间或地点副词：He arrived ten minutes（too）“late”He died a week “ago”（or“since”）He had left a fortnight “since”He came three days“afterwards”（or“after”，“later”）Ill meet him three days “hence”He lived four miles“away”（or“off”）It is thrown far“off”They ar

28、e waiting a short distance“off”The bullet fell a long way “beyond”表示时间长度的短语还可用来修饰后面的介词和连词：He died two weeks“after” his wifes deathA long time “before” the war，we had prepared ourselvesHe died two weeks“after”his wife diedA long time “before” the war broke out，we had prepared ourselves注：副词短语几乎可以修饰各种词

29、类，但本章以下各节将仅仅讨论修饰动词的用法。如何修饰其他词类将在其他章节中讨论。25类副词（短语）的用法a时间副词（短语）1）副词（短语）表示的时间与动词时态的关系由于副词短语和副词的作用差不多，为了方便，我们把两者放在一起讨论，统称为“副词（短语）”，说明时间的称为“时间副词（短语）”。表示过去时间的副词（短语），可和过去时的谓语动词一起用，也可和“助动词+现在完成时”构成的谓语一起用：He“came”yesterdayJohn“was”born in 1940He“was” formerly（ or once） a rich manHe “arrived”two days agoHe “g

30、ot” married last weekHe “left” Paris two weeks backHe“cant have arrived” here today week（or a week ago）He “may have left”（on） Thursday week（or Thursday of last week）The diamond “must have been stolen” on Friday before last表示现在时间的副词（短语）可以和各种时态一起用：He“is”tired nowHe“is studying” music todayWe“arelearni

31、ng” music this yearI “have done”my exercise this weekHe“will do” many things today（今天早晨讲的话）He“did” many things this year（今年较晚时讲的话）He“has done” many things this week（周末讲的话）有些副词（短语），可和现在完成时或一般过去时的动词一起用：I“saw”（or“have seen”） him lately（or of late，recently，before，before now，all along，right along， in the

32、 past，over the years）有些副词（短语），多和完成时态的动词一起用，偶尔和其他时态的动词一起用：He“has been” ill since 2 June（or ever since，since two months ago）Till now（or Up to now， Until this time）nothing“has happened”So far（or As yet，Thus far） he“had said” nothing to meSo far he “was trying” without successThere “is” as yet no hope f

33、or peaceThe guests表示未来时间的副词（短语），必须和将来时或现在（一般或进行）时的动词一起用：He“will come” tomorrowI“shall meet” him some day（or one day）He“will begin” his work next weekHe“will call” on me in ten days（or in ten days time，ten days from now）He“will do” it soon（or shortly，presently，instantly，before long，by and by）（这6个副词及副

34、词短语可以和过去将来时的动词一起用：He“would do”it soonHe “would come” shortly）He“arrives”this coming ThursdayHe“is to move”（on）Friday（of）next weekHe“is leaving” today week（or a week from today） He“is returning” this day month（or a month from this day）个别副词（短语）可以和过去时或将来时的动词一起用：She came last Monday and he “came” the da

35、y before（or two days later）She will come next Monday，and he “will come” the day be fore（or two days later）频度副词（短语）可以和任何时态的动词一起用：He“studied”（or“had studied”，“was studying”，“studies”，“is studying”，“has studied”，“will study”）every dayHe“is”always（or often，frequently，sometimes，occasion- ally，seldom，rare

36、ly，scarcely，hardly，never）illI“have warned” him once again（or a time or two，once in a long while，now and then，now and again，again and again，time and again，over and over again ）He will be permanently（or forever）blindThe periodical“is” published daily（or weekly，monthly， quarterly，示时间长度的副词（短语）可以和任何时态的动词

37、一起用：He“stayed”in France（for）three yearsThey“gambled” all the year（round）They “gambled” all the night （through）He“started”work from 1950He“served”his country till his deathHe“will work” for me during my absence He “can cross” the river in thirty minutes（or in a short time）We“are working” all（the） day

38、 longThe fish “will not live”over the night（or over this week）He“has done” much over the yearI “have done”nothing during the vacation2）某些时间副词（短语）的特殊用法有些时间副词（短语）的特殊用法值得注意：a）I shall go tomorrow（=the day after today）但：He went last Sunday，and I went on the morrow（or on the following day）（不能说tomorrow）He

39、will go next Sunday，and I will go on the morrow（or on the following day）（不能说tomorrow）He went last Sunday；I went next morning（不能说tomorrow morning）b）I went yesterday（=the day before today）但：He went last Sunday，and I went on the previous day （or the day before）（不能说yesterday）He will go next Sunday，and I

40、 will go on the previous day（or the day be- fore）（不能说yesterday）c）I saw him three days ago（=on the third day before to- day）但：I arrived last Sunday and I informed him of my arrival three days before（=on the third day before last Sunday）（不能说three days ago）d）I shall see him in three days（=on the third

41、day after to- day）（不要说after three days）但：I arrived last Sunday and I saw him three days later （or three days afterwards，after three days，in three days）I shall arrive on 6 July and will see him three days later（or three days afterwards，after three days，in three days）（9 July）e）I met him one dayI will

42、meet him some day（or one day）I met him the other day（=a few days ago）I will meet him one of these days（=in a few days）f）He arrived on time（at the appointed time）He arrive in time（=early enough）for dinner（or to take dinner）He will be punished in time（=sooner or later）g）When did he meet her？Sometime（=

43、At some time） last yearHow often？ Sometimes（now and then）， not very oftenHow long were they together？（For） Some time， not very long h）He has learned music since June 1（till now） He learned music from June 1（not till now）He has learned it ever since（ever since then） He learned it long since（=long ago

44、）i）From 1970 to 1980，I met her four times（不要说for four times）I was so shy when I saw her for the first timeThe meeting in 1980 was the fourth or the last time we had got togetherf）He has（or had）just left（=left a moment ago） He is just starting（=is starting this moment）He left just now （=left a moment

45、 ago）He has left now（=is gone now）k）Did you ever see it？（疑问句）I hardly ever saw it（否定句）Tell me if you ever saw it（条件句）不要说：I ever saw it（肯定陈述句）l）At first he denied it；then（or soon，afterward），he said yes；finally（or eventually） he denied it againFirst（of all） came A，next（or then）came B，last（of all）came

46、Cm）I will see her this day week（or month，year）（=in a week， month，etc）I saw her this day week （=a week ago）n）He did not receive（or has not received） her answer yet（否定句）Did you eat（or Have you eaten）yet？（疑问句）He would marry her if he loved her yet（条件句）He already knew it（肯定句）He still remembered it（肯定句）o

47、）Is John here yet？（通常的问法）Is John here already？（表示惊奇）Is John still here？（表示不高兴）p）There is time yet（=still）The fish is yet（=still）aliveWe may（or will）win yet（=sooner or later）We must work harder yet（=still harder）There is yet another choiceDo it yet againq）I have（or had） been interested in music from

48、a girl（or a child）r）This custom dates（or goes） back to 1890，exists to this day s）be（take place）后可跟各种时间副词（短语）：The show will be 9 pm（某一时刻）The meeting was three hours（一段时间）The gathering is every Sunday（频度）t）频度副词（短语）可以在意思上接近一个表示数量的形容词，特别是当主语为一个非特指的普通名词时：Doctors are always very busyAll doctors are very b

49、usy Children generally like cakes and sweets=Most children like cakes and sweetsAn old man often forgets what he has done=Lots of old men forget what they have doneBooks are sometimes harmful to childrenSome books are harmful to childrenPeople are seldom concerned about othersVery few people are con

50、cerned about othersGood gamblers never curse or get angry=No good gamblers curses or get angry它也可在意义上接近一个修饰宾语的表示数量的形容词：This desert is sometimes good for patientsThis desert is good for some patientsDennis always hates dishonest peopleDennis hates all dishonest peopleHe generally excuses the criminal

51、s who repentHe excuses almost all the criminals who repent 图解：ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6296T1.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6297T1.bmpb地点副词（短语）1）概说下面每个句子中都包含一个表示地点的副词短语：He stood at the centerJohn moved from house to houseThey came to townThey fought outside their own country（包含介词的短语通常都修饰动词，很少修饰形容词、副词、介词

52、或连词。）The bird flew a long distanceWe walked miles and milesThey are inches apartHe sat three rows behind me（1634 6）的短语，也就是没有介词的短语，可以修饰动词、形容词、副词、连词或介词。）包含介词的地点副词（短语）将在有关介词的那一单元中作详细讨论（这部分将来将出单行本）。这里只讨论地点副词。有些地点副词原来就是副词，如：abroad，together，apart，overhead， forward，next，last，left， home， where， here， there

53、另一些，原来是介词，当它的宾语省略掉时则成为副词：I sat before John，and Mary sat behind（John）Come down（ the ladder）The students stood around（someone or something）Come in（=into my house）He jumpd in（into the water）Can you swim across（this river）？2）某些地点副词（短语）的特殊用法 下面例句说明了地点副词的特殊用法，有些有引伸意义：ABOUT：Dont throw the waste paper about

54、（= here and there）The children rushed aboutHow did the quarrel come about（= happen）？They will bring about（=cause） the solution of the problem ACROSS：Things go across（=against us）She sat just across（=opposite）（美语）himANYWHERE，（ANYPLACE美语）：I cant go anywhereALONG：Move along（=on），everybodyCome along（ ov

55、er）and see meShe took her dog along（=together）with her ALOOF：He always keeps himself aloof（=never mix with others）APART：He always keeps himself apart（=aloof）AROUND：He looked aroundHe shook hands all aroundAWAY：He looked away（=turned his eyes away）The colour（or The sound） faded away（=into nothing）BAC

56、K：Call the dog back insideBY：He stood by（=near）He hurried by（=past）Time flew byLet me by He put（or set，laid） the money by（=aside for future use）DOWN：The price went downThe heat went down（=to a lower degree）We beat down the opposition，calmed down his feelings，put down the abusesHe closed down the fir

57、mThe revolt died downThe clock has run down（down =to a less active condition）Ill write（or put，set，take，get）it down（=record it）He will go down（=be recorded） in history as a great manThis practice persisted from 1950 down to 1960He handed it down to posterity（down = to a later period）FAR：He did not go

58、 farDid he go far？He went a long way（instead of far）He went as far as the north poleI live far from（or beyond）the town（far修饰介词）He lives far away（or far off） Someone waited far be- low（or far above，far beyond）（far修饰后面的地点副词）He goes too far（=goes to extremes）This money will go far（=help greatly） to bet

59、ter his conditionFURTHER：He lives two miles further onHALFWAY：He will meet me halfwayHERE：We want but little here below（=in this life）Listen here（=to me）He came over hereHe lives near hereHe waited up here Come in here（地点副词+here）Here is something for youHere is（=I drink）to your success！Here comes th

60、e car！Here it comes！Here you are！（英式）；或There you go！（美式）（=Here it is！）Here goes！（=Watch，Im ready to begin！）Here（At this point）he stopped a momentHere（=In this matter）he cant do anythingIN：Come in（=into the house）He jumped in（=into the water）Ill put in a notice（in = in the newspaper）They sent（or shut

61、） him inThe land will be walled inHe cut in his own nameNEAR：He lives near by（=near） He has a dictionary near at hand（=near to him）The vacation is drawing near His fame spread far and near（=everywhere）OFF：He set off（started）He took off his hatKeep your hands off（=Dont touch it）Keep off the enemyThe

62、buttons came（or fell）offHe made（or got）off， 或took himself off（=ran away）I cannot let him off （=escape） so easilyOff with（=Take off） your hatOff with you（=Be gone！）Throw off（=Get rid of） reserveHe walked off his headache；slept off his fatigueClear（ or Pay）off（=completely） your debt We must kill off o

63、ur enemies He cut off（=stopped） the steam（or the gas）He switched（or turned） off the light He broke off the engagementHe declared off the contractHe left off his workThey bought off（=bribed） the police He worked off and on （=intermittently） He put the matter off（=aside） We started straight（or right）off（=at once）ON：He put（or threw，tried，had，kept）his clothes on （=on his body）He had nothing onHe put his shoes on （=on his