介词是一种用来表示词与词词与句之间的关系的词

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1、定语从句（三）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。 在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。1. 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示:指代对象指代人指代物主格who宾语whomwhich, as所有格whom, of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose注意：关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从句。引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有wh

2、en, where。不可用why。2. 运用非限定性定语从句的情况：（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容e.g. Our new house has a lovely garde n, which makes us very happy.（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制 性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.（3） 当出现 some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom 等结构时 e

3、.g. Youve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your careless ness.3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定 语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分 密切，写时不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time whe n 1 left.非限制性 定语从句对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分 密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开， 相当于一个插入语，不能用 that引导，关系代 词做宾语时也不能

4、省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对 先行词作些附加的说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。例如：地名，人名，国 非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然 清楚。 从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。 与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as和关系副词 when,

5、where, why弓I导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。例如： We will fly to Xi n first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days.我们将先飞往西安，在那里我们打算停留两天。 My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year.我的妻子是位医生，她今年在国外工作。 As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state.众所周知，冰是水的固态。非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题在which引导的非限制性定语从句，先

6、行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。例如： My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isntrunning well.先行词是car He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true .先行词是 he had never seen her beforewhich和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。a

7、s在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。另外，as还经常与such, the same等连用。（见第一讲中as引导的定语从句）例如： He has to work on Sun days, which he does n like. As we expected, he gave a wonderful performanee. Mike is late, as is often the case. I never heard such stories as he told. She knew he felt just the same as she did. 在从句中作宾语的关系代词which,

8、 who, whom 一般不省略。例如： Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace. He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.4. as与which的区别:定语从 句区别例句限制性 定语从 句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代 词用as不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Don tread such books as you can un dersta nd.非限制 性定

9、语 从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。女口果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主 句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正 如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.关系代词as引导的定语从句 和such连用，这时的 as相当于 who, which。有时such和as连在一起例如： Wendy is not

10、 such a fool as she looks Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me. We had hoped to give you a chanee such as nobody else ever had.注意：这种用法和 suchthat的区别在suchas中，as是关系代词，它在从句中充当成分。例中作looks的表语，在例和中分别作saw和had的宾语。而在suchthat中that引导的结果状语从句，解释为“以至于”。that不充当任何成分，只起语法上的连接作用。例如： She gave me such a surprise

11、that I couldn say anything at that moment. His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it.和same连用例如： You must show my friend the same respect as you show me. She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does.引导非限制性定语从句例如： She was the one I met at the party, as you know. As was

12、 natural, she married Robin.5.定语从句和其它从句的区分很多高三的同学在解题时发现，有时难以区分定语从句，表语从句，时间、地点状语从句和强调句。解决这一问题的关键在于牢记： 定语从句一定有先行词 定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在从句中一定充当成分。我们来看具体的从句的比较：（一）定语从句和表语从句例 1） This is where your father worked whe n he was young.此句没有先行词，where引导的是表语从句，where相当于“ the place where”，解释为“的地方”。2） This is the shop whe

13、re my brother once worked.此句中where引导的是定语从句，先行词是：the shop。（二）定语从句和状语从句例 1） Let do it whe n we are free.此句中没有先行词，when引导的是状语从句。2) Let do it n ext mon th, whe n we are free.这里whe n引导的是定语从句，先行词是next mo nth。又如：1) Put it where it was.where引导的是地点状语从句，无先行词。2) Put it in the drawer where I keep docume nts.wher

14、e引导的是定语从句。(三) 定语从句和强调句例 1) Where did you in terview the composer?It was in the hotelhe stayed.A. where B. that此句看上去很像强调句型，很多同学因而错选 B。但选B后意思是：他住在宾馆里。 不能回答上文中提出的问题。而应该选A，句子的意思是：是在他住的宾馆。所以,正确地解这一题除了要求对定语从句和强调句型有很好的掌握以外，还考查了对题 目所给出的语境的理解。(四) 定语从句和并列句例 1) There are 45 stude nts in our class, of whom two

15、fifths are girls.of whom/which +分数/百分数/ both /all / none / some / many 这样的结构常出现在定语 从句中，尤其是在较正式的文体中。更常见的是：分数/百分数/ both / all+of whom/which ,此句是定语从句。2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of them are girls. 此句中的第二分句由并列连词and引起，因此，不是定语从句。反意疑问句一、基本用法与结构反意疑问句由“陈述句+简单疑问句”两部分组成，第一部分提出一种看法， 第二

16、部分用来质疑或表示证实。陈述部分与疑问部分的动词时态和动词性质应保 持一致，而且肯定和否定形式彼此相反， 即陈述部分为肯定式时，疑问部分用否 定式，陈述部分为否定式时，疑问部分用肯定式：He likes En glish, does n他喜喜欢英语，不是吗？He doesn t like English, ctobe?他不喜欢英语，是吗？二、反意疑问句的用法：(一) 具体用法整理如下:用法例句1.肯定陈述句后反意疑问句用否定形式，否 定陈述句后反意疑问句用肯定形式1. We can still be frien ds, cant we?2. He does nt like ice cream,

17、 does he?2.陈述句中的主语是名词，反意疑问句中用 相应的代词来代替陈述句中的主语。1. His father can tn ame the pla nt, can he?2. Every one has advised you not to go on a diet,1 ）当主语是 some one, somebody, an ybody, anyone, everybody, every one, no body, no one 等不定代词时， 反意疑问句中的代词用 they 或者he.2）当主语是 this, that, something, nothing, any th in

18、 g,不定式，动名词，或从句时，反意 疑问句中的代词用ithave nthey/has nthe?3. This is a lovely clock, isn it?4. Something is shining, isn it?5. To swim in such cold water is crazy, isn it?6. What he did really scared me, didn tit?7. Shopping isn what you want to do, is it?3.陈述句中动词是情态动词时，一般用情态 动词+代词的形式。情态动词must用法如下：1 ）作禁止”讲时，

19、用 must2 ）作必须”讲时，用must nt/ need n3）作“肯定”讲时，根据动作发生的时间， 选用不同的时态。1. He dare not cross the street alone, dare he?2. We n eed nfi nish it today, n eed/must we?3. Stude nts must ntbe late, must they?4. He must be in his room now, isn the?5. They must have come back, haven they?6. You must have got the lett

20、er when you were in the office, didn you?4.陈述句中用了表示否定意思的neither,none, n obody, nothing, few, little, n ever, hardly, seldom等词后，反意疑冋句用肯疋形式。但 陈述句中否定意义前缀或后缀的词，不影响 反意疑问句的形式。1. Neither of you will have coffee, will you?2. She seldom argues with others, does she?3. No one has found my CD, have they?4. It

21、un fair, is n it?5. They are hopeless, arenthey?5.在祈使句后的反意疑冋句中，一般用willyou，但在Let开头的祈使句后，一般用shallwe。1. Post a letter for me, will you?2. Don tell him about it, will you?3. Let go, shall we?4. Let him go, will you?6.在主从复合句中，一般与主句的谓语动词 一致，但在主句主语是第一人称，并且谓语咅B分为 think, believe, imagine, suppose 等时， 疑问句一般与从

22、句的谓语一致。1. They told me it was not true, didn they?2. I believe he can make it, can the?3. We don believe we were defeated, were we?7.反意疑问句的回答方式是根据事实情况回 答，而不受提冋方式影响。1. We have nbee n in formed, have we?Yes, we have.（不，我们接到通知了。）No, we haven .（对，还没有。）（二）常见句型的反意疑问句1. 当陈述部分是there be存在句型时，反意疑问句的主语也用there。

23、e.g. There was no thi ng in the room, was there? 房间里什么也没有，是吗？2. 感叹句的反意疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。e.g. What a beautiful day, isn it?多好的天气啊，不是吗？3. 祈使句后面的反意疑问句问题A）祈使句是否定形式，反意疑问句用 will you。e.g. Do n t forget to post the letter, will you?请别忘了寄信。B）祈使句是肯定形式，反意疑问句用肯定、否定均可。e.g. Please help us, will you/won t you? 请帮帮我们，好

24、吗？C）Let 开头的祈使句要注意：1. Let 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内，表示提出建议或征求对方意见，其反意疑问句往往用 shall we 。e.g. Let s go there together, shall we我们一起去，好吗 ？2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内，表示请求对方允许做某事的含义，let 有allow 的意思。附加疑问部分用 will you 。e.g. Let us go swimming together, shall we? 我们一起去游泳好吗 ?3. Let me 开头表示请求，反意疑问句用 will you ，或用 may I 。e.g.

25、Let me carry the box for you, may I? 我帮你搬箱子好吗？（三）复合句的反意疑问句1. 当陈述部分是一个（带that引导宾语从句的）主从复合句时，反意疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。 但是， 当陈述部分的主语是： I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect 等结构时，反意疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓 语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。e.g. I think she is right, isntshe? 我认为她是对的，是吗？2. 当陈述部分是 I m sure tha；t,w

26、e are sure；I m afraid tha；tWe are sure that；I feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。e.g. Im afraid it is going to rain, isn tit? 恐怕要下雨了，不是吗？（四）关于情态动词的反意疑问句1. 陈述部分中有 have 一词，且表示 所有”含义时，反意疑问句部分既可用have也可用do。e.g. You have a bike, haven t you/don t you ? 你有一辆自行车，不是吗？2. 陈述部分中有have to,反意疑问句部分用 do。e.g. H

27、e had to go to work when he was very young, didn the? 他年轻的时候不得不出去工作,不是吗？3. 含有 ought to 的反意疑问句, 陈述部分是肯定的, 疑问部分用 shouldnt/oughtnt + 主语。 e.g. He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he/shouldnt he?4. 陈述部分有used to，反意疑问句部分可用used也可以用did 。e.g. He used to get up early, usednthe/didnthe?他习惯早起，不是吗？5. 陈述部分有needn

28、时，反意疑问句部分用need但有时也可用 must。e.g. We neednt do it again, need we ? 我们不必要再做一遍了，是吗？mustn t如果表示 必要则用6. 陈述部分有must，且表示必须”时，反意疑问句部分用needn te.g. You must leave at once, mustn t you? 你必须马上离开，是吗 ?You must leave at once, needn t you?你有必要马上离开，是吗 ?7. 陈述部分中是 mustn 表示禁止时，反意疑问句部分用must。陈述部分中的 must表示一定” 想必”等推测意义时，反意疑问句

29、部分而是根据陈述 部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。e.g. You musts smoke here, must you? 你不能在这里抽烟，是吧？He must be there now, isnt he? 他现在一定在那里，不是吗？8. 陈述部分是I wish，表示询问或征求意见，反意疑问部分用may I。e.g. I wish to go with them, may I? 我想同他们一起去，可以吗？9. 陈述部分的主语是each of.结构时，反意疑问句在强调整体时用they，当作个别时用he。e.g. Each of the boys has a map, dontthey? 每个男孩

30、都有一张地图，不是吗？10. 陈述部分有 neither. nor.(either.or.) 做并列主语，反意疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意 义而定。e.g. Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 我和你都不是工程师，是吧？11. 陈述部分是： I m .结.构，反意疑问句一般用aren t I?e.g. I m wrong, aren 我错了，是吗？12. 陈述部分有 had better + v. 疑问句部分用 hadnt you?e.g. Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 你最好自己看，是吧？13.

31、陈述部分有 would rather +v. ，疑问部分多用 wouldnt + 主语。e.g. He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? 他宁愿读十遍也不愿意背，是吗？14. 陈述部分有 Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用 wouldnt + 主语。e.g. Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?你想和我一起去，不是吗？15. 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用need (dare ) +主语。e.g. We need not do it aga

32、in, need we ? 我们不需要再做一遍，是吧？ He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢那样说，是吧？ 当 dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词 do + 主语。e.g. She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢一个人回家，是吗？语法知识拓展（一）选择适当的关系代词或关系副词把下列句子补充完整。1. We should read such books will make us better and wiser.2. He failed in the exam, proves that he w

33、asn t working hard enough.3. Is it that factory this car is produced?4. is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.5. She was very kind towards the children, her husband seldom was.6. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5.00 p.m., many people have gonehome.7. He called

34、 on another girl, he believed was more suitable for the job.8. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through he could see what was going on insidethe house.9. I intended to compare notes with a friend, unfortunately couldnt spare me even oneminute.10. Last week, only two people came to look at the

35、 same house Mr. Black is trying tosell.（二）用定语从句合并下列句子1. Don t do shucthings.You are not sure about the things.2. The weather turned out to be very good. It was more than we could expect.3. My uncle had three sons.Two of them died during the last earthquake.4. There were dirty marks on her trousers.

36、She had wiped her hands there.5. He visited the primary school. He once studied for four years there.people didn t expect.A. likeB. asC. thatD. which2. I bought a book written in easy EnglishA. such an, asB. such, that_ beginners can understand.C. so, that D. such, as3. This is so difficult a questi

37、on .A. that many students cant answer C. as no one can answer it4. He tore all my letters and _ A. this B. itB. which many students can t answer itD. as nobody can answer did nt upset me at all.C. whichD. as5. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ A. he B. this C. whichwas true.D.

38、who6. You should make it a rule to leave thingsyou can find them again.A. whenB. whereC. thenD. there7. The manager decided to give the job to A. who B. whomhe believed had a sense of duty.C. whoeverD. whomever三）单项填空1. These houses are sold at such a low price8._ I had expected, the number of the au

39、dience was well over two thousand. A. As B. Which C. Whom D. That9. After five hours drive, they reachedA. thatB. wherethey thought was the place they had been dreaming of. C. whichD. what10. Do you like any of the music A. which B. thatyou ve listened?C. for whichD. to which11. Whenever I met her,w

40、as fairly often, I liked her sweet and hopeful smile.A. whoB. thatC. whenD. which12. Nowadays, more and more students are working directly on the Internet of courses are supplied.A. that B. whichdifferent typesC. whereD. whose13. Is there a supermarket around A. where B. thatI can get some food?C. w

41、hichD. from it14. It was on the farmhe grown uphe told me about his childhood.A. where, thatB. that, thatC. where, whenD. that, when15. That was the young man, I think,A. who B. oneI saw the other day help to catch the thief.C. the one D. which16. You must show my wife the same respect A. as B. that

42、_ you show me.C. whoD. what17. is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years. A. Which B. That C. As D. It18. New York,last year, is a nice old city.A. that I visitedB. which I visitedC. where I visitedD. in which I visited19.is reported in the newspapers that tal

43、ks between the two countries are makingprogress.A. ItB. AsC. ThatD. What20. He invited ten friends to his home,are foreigners.A. six of whomB. the six of whomC. six of themD. the six of them21. She wasI met at the party,you kn ew.A. the one, asB.who, thatC.the one what,which D. that, as22. He tore u

44、p my photo andupset me.A. thisB.itC.whichD.what23. The factory produces half a milli on pairs of shoesevery year,80%are sold abroad.A. of whichB.which ofC.of themD.of24. Human beings are different from animals inthey can make tools.A. whichB.whatC.thatD.where25. It was in the labwas take n charge of

45、 by Professor Zhouthey did the experime ntA. where, that B. which, whichC. that, whereD. which, that26. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us en ter,?A. do youB. can weC. will youD. shall we27. Sarah had her washi ng mach ine repaired the day before yesterday,she?A. hadB. didC. hadnD. di

46、dn 28. He n ever said he that he was good at mathematics,?A. was heB. wasntheC. did heD. didn the29. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the con cert en ded,?A. was n thereB. was thereC. did n titD. did it30. Bill aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV

47、 is illegal,?A. isn itB. is itC. is n theD. is he（四）改错1. The house, that we bought last mon th, is very nice.2. His movie won several awards at the film festival, as was beyond his wildest dream.3. The owner of the cin ema n eeded to make a lot of improveme nts and employ more people to keep it runn

48、in g, it mea nt spe nding tens of thousa nds of poun ds.4. We should n spe nd our money testi ng so many people, and most of whom are healthy.5. As is known to all that the earth is round.6. My early attempts at lear ning to drive were un successful, were they?7.1 don th ink a warm win ter always ha

49、s a n egative in flue nce on our life, is n it?8. Thereslittle water in the glass, isn there?9. I am good at pain ti ng, am not I?10. We have to depe nd on ourselves, have ntwe?第10页共12页（五） 真题回顾1. They fly to Washington, they plan to stay for two or three days.（2008 重庆 ）A. where B. there C. which D.

50、when2. The Science Museum, we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London stourist attractions. （2008 江苏 ）A. which B. what C. that D. where3. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, there won tbe much work. （2008 上海春季 ）A. whereB. thatC. by whichD. without which4.1 give you my fr

51、iend home address,I can be reached most evenings.（2008北京）A. whichB. whenC. whomD. where5. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, are beyond ourcontrol. （2008 湖南 ）A. most of them B. most of which C. most of whatD. most of that6. For many cities in the world, there is no ro

52、om to spread out further, New York is anexample. （2008 四川 ）A. for whichB.in whichC.of whichD.from which7. Yesterday she sold her car,she bought a month ago.（2008 浙江）A. whenB.whereC.thatD.which8. The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds.（2008 陕西 ）A. the handsof whomB.whom thehands

53、 ofC. which thehands ofD.the handsof which9. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect.（2008 全国卷 II）A. itB. whatC. whichD. that10. By nine o clock, all the Olympic torch bccares had reached the top of Mount Qomolangms, appeared a rare rainbow soon. （2008 福建

54、）A. of whichB. on whichC. from whichD. above which11. It was along the Mississippi River Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. （2008 天津）A. howB. whichC. thatD. where12. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from spoken inEngland. （2008 全国 I）A. whichB. whatC. thatD. the

55、 ones newspape13. The news our athletes won another gold medal was reported In yesterday.（2008 上海春季 ）A. whichB. whetherC. whatD. that14. If you talk nice and polite, people listen to you. If you shout, this is no good, ? （2007 北京春季 ）A. do youB. dontyouC. is itD. isntit15. When you ve finished with t

56、he book, don tforget to put it back on the shelf, ?A. do youB. don tyouC. will youD. won tyou参考答案（一）选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom 或whose，把下列句子补充完整。1. as 2. which3. where 4. As 5. which6. when 7. who 8. which 9. who 10. as（二）用定语从句合并下列句子1. Don tdo such things as you are not sure about.2. The weather

57、 turned out to be very good, which is more than we could expect.3. My uncle had three sons, two of whom died during the last earthquake.4. There are dirty marks on her trousers, where she had wiped her hands.5. He visited the primary school where he once studied for four years.（三）单项填空1-5 BDDBC 6-10

58、BCADD 11-15DCAAA 16-20 ACBAA 21-25 ABACD 26-30 CDCAA（四）改错1. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.2. His movie won several awards at the film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream.3. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it r

59、unning, which meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.4. We shouldn t spend our money testing so many people, most of whom are healthy.5. It is known to all that the earth is round. 或者 As is known to all, the earth is round.6. My early attempts at learning to drive were unsuccessful, weren t they?7. I don t think a warm winter always has a negative influence on our life, is it?8. Theres little water in the glass, is there?9. I am good at painting, aren tI?10. We have to depend on ourselves, dont we?（五）真题回顾1-5 AADDB 6-10 CDDCD 11-15 CCDCC