安庆一中名师语法总结-(3)

《安庆一中名师语法总结-(3)》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《安庆一中名师语法总结-(3)（9页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、语法总结：形容词性从句（定语从句）一、概念：定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，其功用相当于形容词，故被称为形容词性从句。被修饰的名词（包括名词短语）或代词称为先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as 关系副词有：when, where, why 二、关系代词引导的定语从句： 1. 关系代词：who, whom, that, which, whose, as它们代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保

2、持一致。 1）who, whom, that：代替指人的先行词，其中who在从句中作主语、宾语（当有介词在前面和关系代词一起引导从句时，不可用who）；whom在从句中作宾语；that在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。e.g. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man who/whom/ that I saw yesterday.（who/whom/that在从句中作宾语） I have many friends to whom Im going to send postcards. (whom在从

3、句中作宾语，此句不可由who, that引导，因为这里是介词和关系代词一起引导从句)2）which, that：代替指物的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语，that还可在从句中作表语。e.g. The river which/that runs through the centre of the city brings people a lot of pleasures. (which/ that在从句中作主语)The package（which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.（which / that在句中作宾语）They

4、stay with us for three weeks during which time they drank all the wine I had. (which在从句中作宾语，此句不可由that引导，因为这里是介词和关系代词一起引导从句)3）whose：代替指人或物的先行词，在从句中作定语。 e.g. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green. 4) as：代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、状语，引导限制性定语从句时，只用于

5、一些固定短语（如：the sameas, suchas, soas, asas），也可引导非限制性定语从句，此时可修饰整个主句，在句中的位置较灵活，可位于句首、句中、句末。e.g. Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.（as在从句中作主语） You can take as many as you need. (as在从句中作宾语)Lets meet at the same place as we did yesterday. (as在从句中作状语) As ev

6、eryone knows, Shakespeare is a famous writer. (as sb know “正如某人所知的”，类似短语有：as I can remember, as often happens, as it is often the case, as you see, as we expect, as is expected, as has been said before, as may be imagined等等)2. 关系代词的省略：关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，且不是和介词一起引导从句时，常常被省略，that在从句中作表语时，也可被省略。e.g. I ha

7、ve been to the city twice (that / which) you visited. Generation gap is a problem (that / which) people are interested in. After scores of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (that) he used to be.3. “(限定词)+ 介词+ 关系代词”引导定语从句：e.g. There used to be a time during which the Chinese people struggled for

8、freedom. This is the office in which I used to work. Id like you to explain the reason for which you were absent. Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you. Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the USA. I bought a great many books, on wh

9、ich I spent all my money that I saved. The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.4. 关系代词用法区别： 1）that, which用法比较：两个关系代词均可指代物，代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语。下列情况只用或习惯于用that： 当先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little等不定代词时；e.g. I tell you all that I know. / Is there anything that I can do

10、for you?当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the same, the very, the last等修饰时；e.g. I have read all the books that you have lent me. It is the only book that I saw in the bookcase. / You can take any room that you like.当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时；e.g. This is the first step that we should t

11、ake. It was the finest industrial exhibition that we had ever seen.当先行词既有人，又有物时；e.g. They talked for half an hour of things and persons tht they remembered in the school.当which, what引导特殊疑问句；e.g. Which of us that knows something about physics does not this? What did you hear that made you so angry?当先

12、行词作表语，或关系代词作表语时；e.g. China isnt the country tht she used to be 50 years ago.Its a book that will help you a great deal.当先行词是基数词时；e.g. Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.在there be开头的句子中，先行词为物时；e.g. There is a seat in the room tha

13、t is free.当先行词是way（方式，方法）时，关系代词用that或in which或省略。e.g. I dont like the way (that / which) you talked to your friend.下列情况只用或习惯于用which： 当先行词指物，本身是that / those时；e.g. What was that which flashed in the sky just now? 当关系代词之后有插入语；e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, I have told you, will help impro

14、ve your English. 当和介词一起引导定语从句时；e.g. The pen with which I am writing is broken. 当引导非限制性定语从句时e.g. They won, which meant they would be the top of the league match. 2) that, who用法比较：两个关系代词均可指代人，代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语。下列情况只习惯于用who： 当先行词是one, ones, those, anyone时；e.g. The comrade I want to learn from is one who

15、studies hard and works well. Anyone who works here shouldnt be careless. Those who were not fit for their work couldnt finish their work in time. 在there be开头的句子中，先行词为人时；e.g. There is a comrade who wants to see you. 在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that； 当who引导特殊疑问句时e.g. Who is the man that called me just now?介词和关系代词一起

16、引导定语从句时，不可用that / who；关系代词在从句中作表语时，只用that. 3) that, as 用法比较：两个关系代词均可指人或物，代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，所以两个词的区别是指它们引导限制性定语从句时的区别。as引导限制性定语从句时，只用于一些固定短语（如：the sameas, suchas, soas, asas）。如果句中出现了such, so，其后引导词在从句中充当句子成分的话，应该用as，如果引导词在从句中不充当句子成分，且表示“如此以至于”，那引导词应该用that.e.g. Here is such a big stone a

17、s nobody can lift.= Here is so big a stone as nobody can lift. (as引导定语从句，在从句中作lift的宾语) 这儿有一块无人能搬动的大石头。 Here is such a big stone that nobody can lift it. = Here is so big a stone that nobody can lift it. (that引导结果状语从句，在从句中不充当句子成分) 这儿有如此大的一块石头，以至于没有人能搬动它。而the sameas与the samethat引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与

18、原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。比较：This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只） This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只） 4）which, as用法比较：as 用于限制性定语从句时，只用于以上固定短语，而which不用于这些短语。所以两者的区别仅限于引导非限制性定语从句。 as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于句首、句中、句末；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在句末。e.g. As we know, he is a famous scientist.

19、= He, as we know, is a famous scientist. = He is a famous scientist, as we know. He tore up my photo, which made me very angry. 当非限制性定语从句结构为“主+谓+宾”或“主+谓+宾+宾补”时，从句由which引导。e.g. He lied again, which made his parents very worried. 当非限制性定语从句表示“正如”时，从句由as引导。e.g. As is expected, their team won the game.5.

20、 关系代词引导定语从句需注意的其它问题：关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语要和先行词保持人称数的一致：比较：He is one of the students who have passed the exam. 他是通过考试的学生之一。（who引导定语从句修饰the students, 它代替先行词在从句中作主语，因为先行词是复数，所以从句的谓语用复数） He is the (only) one of the students who has passed the exam. 他是这些学生中唯一通过考试的。(who引导定语从句修饰the only one，它代替先行词在从句中作主语

21、，因为先行词是单数，所以从句的谓语用单数）三、关系副词引导的定语从句 1. 关系副词：when, where , why它们代替先行词在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语。 e.g. There are occasions when one must yield.(= There are occasions on which one must yield)任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where he was born. (Beijing is the place on which he was born.)北京是他的出生地。 Is this the rea

22、son why he refused our offer?（=Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?）这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2. that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year（that / when / in which） he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place（that

23、 / where / in which）he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 四、限制性和非限制性定语从句 一）在句中作用不同 限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,它不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。e.g. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time. This is the place where he used to live. 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将其省去,主句的意义仍然完整。e.g. Mr. Zhang, wh

24、o came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.二）外在表现形式不同 限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。三）先行词内容有所不同 限制性定语从句的先行词为一个词或短语,而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个单词、短语，也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which/as 引导。e.g. A fiv

25、e-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.四）关系词的使用情况有所不同1. that 不能引导非限制性定语从句2. 关系代词替代情况不同关系代词 whom 在限从中作宾语时可用 who 代替, 但在非限中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。e.g. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.3. 关系代词省略情况不同 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去, 非限制性定语从句的所有关系

26、词均不可省。e.g. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.五、定语从句其它注意事项：（一）判断是选用关系代词还是关系副词：方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 e.g. This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 Ill never forget th

27、e days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错： （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in th

28、e countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 答案：例1 D

29、，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所

30、以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。 （二）定语从句与其他从句或句型的区分：u 定语从句与并列句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer Mr Li has t

31、hree daughters；_ are doctors解析：定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。从结构上看，小题是定语从句，故填whom；小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。 u 定语从句与状语从句 1定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the

32、 place）Lets go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句） 2定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）It was already five oclock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当下课时己经

33、是5点了。（时间状语从句） 3When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经在那里工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句） 4定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。如：It is such an interest

34、ing book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）u 定语从句与同位语从句定语从句和同位语从句在形式结构上基本相同，都跟在名词或代词之后，且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却不相同。我们可以从以下几个方面把它们区别开来：1.先行词的范围不同定语从句的先行词范围很广，可以指人、物等，没有限制；同位语从句的被修饰词通常

35、是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词，不指人。同位语从句修饰的词常见的有：belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如：This is the place that / which we visited yesterday . 这就是昨天我们参观过的地方。（定语从句

36、）The text tells us a fact that smoking does great harm to peoples health . 这篇课文又告诉我们一个事实，吸烟对健康危害很大。(同位语从句)I had no idea when the sports meet will take place. 我不知道运动会何时举行。(同位语从句)2.从句和先行词的关系不同定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。例如：The news

37、 that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（同位语从句）此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句就不能改写为：The news is th

38、at he toldus.3.引导词及其作用不同引导定语从句的词是关系词，常见的关系词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as 等。关系词除了连接主从句的作用外，还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、状语、定语、表语等。引导同位语从句的that只起连接主从句的作用，不在从句中担任任何成分。what, whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。例如：The fact that（which） we talked about is very important我们所谈论的那个事实很重要

39、。（定语从句，that在从句中作about的宾语）The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（同位语从句，that只起连接作用）u 定语从句与强调句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works 解析：定语从句与强调句的主要区别在于：强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分that

40、从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。从结构上看，小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It iswas去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。将第小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差

41、个介词in，故填 where。 u 定语从句与习惯句型 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 It is the first time _ she has been in Shanghai It was the time _ Chinese people had a hard life 解析：这里小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It iswas the firstsecond time that从句。故填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。u 定语从句与简单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。 The

42、mother told the lazy boy to work，_ didnt help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didnt help 解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个简单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。【定语从句考点分析】1 The best work _ Luxun wrote and _ I have r

43、ead has been made into a film.A.which;that B.that; C.;that D.;析：如果两个定语从句并列，关系代词作宾语时前一句的可以省略，但后一句的不可省略，故应选C。2 It was in 1969 _ two Americans got to the moon by space ship.It was 1969 _ two Amerians got to the moon by space ship.A.when B.which C.that D.析：第一句是强调时间in 1969,强调结构是“It was强调部分that句”，故应选C。第二句

44、It是表时间的，先行词1969在从句中作状语，故选A。3 Is this the house _ Shakespeare was born?A.at which B.which C.in which D.at where析：观察题目，空白处只有填in which或where才能表达“这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？”这一意思，故答案为C。4 Is this house _ Shakespeare was born?A.where B.which C.in which D.at which析：将此句变为陈述句；This house is _ Shakespeare was born.显然is后是一表语

45、从句，只有选where(the place where)才能表达“这是莎士比亚的出生地”这一意思，故答案为A。5 In the dark street,there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A.to whom B.of whom C.from whom D.that 析：“介词关系代词”要考虑短语搭配或与先行搭配，这道题短语turn to有关，故 应选A。6 The two things _ they felt very proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. Aabout

46、which B.of which C.in which D.for which 析：涉及be/feel proud of短语，故答案为B。7 Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his being late.A.why B.that C.for which D.what析：此题易误选A、C，因为先行词是the reason,但细观察分析，定语从句缺少主语，所以答案是B。注意what不能引导定语从句。8 Farming is difficult _ there is no rain.A.where B.in place C.that

47、D.the place where析：因为difficult是形容词，故其后不是定语从句。这儿的空白处应填引导状语从句where(in the place where),全句表达“在没有雨水的地方耕种困难”。这一意思，可见答案为A。9 We need the same machine _ in your factory.A.which is being used B.as is being used C.that is being used D.as it is being used 析：根据“the same先行词”后跟as引导定语从句的原则，可知答案为B。10_ the people,not things _ are most important.A.There are;who B.Those are;that C.It is;that D.It was;who析：仔细观察分析题目，可知只有C构成强调句才有成立。当我们要检验视其为强调句的判断是否正确时，只要将“It is (或was)that”这三个词去掉，剩下部分读起来正确无误，则证明判断是正确的，反之是错误的。此题如不填“It isthat”三词，句子是The people,not things are most important.语义完整正确，说明选C是对的。授课：XXX