学习指导：完形填空

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1、自修课一：如何破解阅读障碍高考题型完形、阅读学通法自修课二：如何全取完形填空自修课三：如何完胜阅读理解自修课二：如何全取完形填空题目怎么命一选文章Step 1第一步 选文章从题材来看，高考完形填空题的选材新颖、时尚，注重知识、文化、教育与品位有机结合，符合中学生的阅读兴趣。题材广泛，涉及人物故事、教育、社会经济、文化发展等。2014年浙江卷老师无意中的表扬却使学生改变很大2014年北京卷老师帮助一位小女孩获得同学们的认可2014年湖南卷妈妈通过教孩子熨衣服，使孩子学会如何处理生活中的棘手之事2014年重庆卷要入乡随俗2014年广东卷就父母与孩子们的关系进行讨论选材01第一步 选文章体裁02从体

2、裁来看，高考完形填空题通常以记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章为主，偶尔会出现议论文或说明文。以2014年高考为例，除了广东卷考的是议论文、重庆卷第二篇考的是说明文之外，其他省份考的都是记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章。挖空格Step 2第二步 挖空格文章首句一般不设空01首句一般暗示了文章的主题、背景、时间、地点、人物以及事件的起因等，这些元素实际上给我们理解原文和选择正确答案限定了范围，指明了方向。第二步 挖空格文章首句一般不设空01【示例】(2014安徽高考) In 2012, I had just recovered from a serious illness when I received an inv

3、itation to a writers conference in Orlando, Florida.时间人物事件地点第二步 挖空格依照词汇的再现和重复挖空02(1)挖空的词大多是未挖空词的再现和重复示例(2014山东高考) So in 1887, she appealed to the Manitoba Legislature to_38_a licence to her but they, too, refused. Charlotte_39_continued_ to practise without a licence until 1912. She died four years

4、later at the age of 73. In 1993, 77 years after her_40_death_， a medical licence was issued to Charlotte.38A. sell Bdonate Cissue Dshow第二步 挖空格依照词汇的再现和重复挖空02(2)未设空的文字一定是重要线索示例(2014重庆高考) Also be cautious about expressing _34_.Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly.34A. emotions Bcon

5、cern Cinterest Dviews分析：选A命题人之所以挖此空格，是因为34空后的句子“Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly”为本空的解题提供重要的线索，即getting angry是一种情感(emotion)。示例1(2014天津高考) It was then _25_ I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on _26_balancing_ family and work.25A.when Bwhere Cwhich Dthat

6、第二步 挖空格利用语法和固定搭配挖空03分析：选D25空考查的是强调句型，故用that。示例2(2014山东高考)While _21_nursing_ her ill elder sister throughout the years, Charlotte discovered she had a(n) _22_ in medicine.22A.habit BinterestCopinion Dvoice第二步 挖空格利用语法和固定搭配挖空03分析：选B22空考查固定搭配have an interest in“对感兴趣”，其他三项后面一般都跟介词of；若和in搭配，in应在名词之前。拟选项St

7、ep 3第三步 拟选项正确选项是唯一的01这条看似显然的规律也能对解题有所帮助。例如在四个选项中其中两个选项是一对同义词或近义词，那么这两个选项就可以同时被排除了。这条规律我们称之为“同义必同错”。示例(2014山东高考)But Charlotte had been p r a c t i s i n g w i t h o u t a l i c e n c e . S h e had_34_applied_for_a doctors licence in both Montreal and Winnipeg, but was_35_.35A. punished Brefused Cblam

8、ed Dfired第三步 拟选项正确选项是唯一的01分析：选B从词义来看A、C两项属于近义词，都有“惩罚，责备”之意，这两个选项为同义选项，故可以利用“同义必同错”规律把这两项都排除掉。示例(2014浙江高考)25A. Because of BIn spite of CApart from DAs for26A. loved Benvied Cpleased Dcriticized27A. gradually Bconstantly Crecently Dobviously28A. selfrespect Bselfdoubt Cselfpity Dselfdefence29A. imagin

9、ing Bobserving Cwondering Dregretting第三步 拟选项各选项的语法形式是一致的02第三步 拟选项三个干扰选项之间的干扰程度各不相同03 尽量不要直接把选项一一带入阅读。比如，有时候一对反义词或表示相反概念的词同时出现在四个选项中，正确答案很可能就在其中，这就是所谓的“反义多一对”。示例(2014福建高考)So it was with really great_40_that I stood in church one recent Sunday, video camera in hand, and _41_watched_my 6 8 y e a r o l

10、d f a t h e r s w e a t i n g i n h i s shirt_42_before_rising to play the piano in his very first recital.40A.trouble BsatisfactionCstrength Ddisappointment第三步 拟选项三个干扰选项之间的干扰程度各不相同03分析：选B选项B satisfaction (满意)和选项D disappointment (失望)为一对反义词，本题可以利用“反义多一对”规律排除A、C两项。文章怎么读二看似“残缺不全”实则“信息暗含”重视首句把握开篇Step 1第

11、一步 重视首句，把握开篇文章首句一般不设空01【示例】(2014山东高考) Charlotte Whitehead was born in England in 1843， and moved to Montreal， Canada at the age of five with her family.时间地点人物事件预测信息：下文很可能介绍夏洛特一家在蒙特利尔发生的故事。记叙文第一步 重视首句，把握开篇文章首句一般不设空01【示例】(2014湖南高考) The summer before I went off to college, Mom stood me in her usual spo

12、t behind the ironing board (烫衣板) and said, “Pay attention: Im going to teach you to iron.”预测信息：后文中妈妈很可能会通过熨衣服来教我如何处理生活中可能会出现的一些棘手问题。夹叙夹议文时间人物时间第一步 重视首句，把握开篇利用首句可抓住文章的核心及中心话题02【示例1】(2014广东高考) Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers.首句“父母感到很难与十几岁的孩子相处”直接点明文章的中心话题。下文很可能会就父母与孩子的关系问题展开讨论

13、。直接信息：预测信息：第一步 重视首句，把握开篇利用首句可抓住文章的核心及中心话题02【示例2】(2014重庆高考) Cultural differences occur wherever you go.首句“无论你到哪里，总会有文化的冲突现象”说明要入乡随俗。下文很可能要告诉我们身处异国他乡时如何处理文化冲突。直接信息：预测信息：快速浏览掌握大意Step 2第二步 快速浏览，掌握大意 快速浏览也叫“带空浏览”，要一气呵成，尽管有空格、生词或不明白的地方，仍要快速读下去。读时要注意找出关键词、中心词，如时间、地点、人物词，显示故事发展的连词、过渡词，表示人物情感的形容词、副词，代表故事情节的关

14、键词等，边读边将这些词圈划下来，以便于形成思路。切忌在未掌握大意的基础上，边阅读，边做题，这样速度慢、准确率低。第二步 快速浏览，掌握大意It was already half past seven and I was running late again for the dinner appointment with my wife, Eleanor. We had 41 to meet at the restaurant at seven oclock. I felt a little uneasy, but to my 42 , I had a good excuse: A busine

15、ss meeting had 43 and Id wasted no time getting to the dinner. 时间：晚上7点半人物一：“我”情感词：不安的【示例】(2014辽宁高考)事件：晚餐迟到人物二：“我”的妻子第二步 快速浏览，掌握大意When I arrived at the 44 , I apologized and told Eleanor I didnt mean to be late. She screamed, “You never mean to.” Well, I 45 tell she was angry. “Im sorry but was not 4

16、6 ,” I said. Then I told her about the business meeting. 47 , my explanation seemed to make things worse, which started to drive 48 mad as well. 故事情节关键词：吼叫，表示妻子对“我”迟到不满情感词：生气的【示例】(2014辽宁高考)第二步 快速浏览，掌握大意Several weeks later, when I 49 the situation to my friend Ken Hardy, he smiled, “You 50 a classic

17、mistake. Youre stuck 51 your own way of thinking. You didnt 52 to be late. But thats not the point. What is 53 in your communication is how your lateness affected Eleanor.” He pointed out that I focused on the intention 54 Eleanor focused on the result. Thus, 55 of us felt misunderstood and crazy. 时

18、间：几周以后人物三：“我”的朋友故事情节关键词：结果，“我”强调“意图”，而妻子关注“结果”【示例】(2014辽宁高考)转折连词：表示朋友对此事态度的转变故事情节关键词：意图，目的故事情节关键词：“我”和妻子之间存在“误解”第二步 快速浏览，掌握大意Thinking more about Kens words, I 56 recognized the root cause of such disagreement. Its the result of theaction that really 57 . I should have started the conversation by exp

19、ressing 58 my actions affected Eleanor and 59 the discussions about my intention for later, much later and even never. 故事情节关键词：我们二人有“分歧”【示例】(2014辽宁高考)第二步 快速浏览，掌握大意Later on, after talking to Eleanor and really 60 her experience of the results of my lateness, Ive managed to be on time a lot more frequ

20、ently. 时间：后来故事情节关键词：通过此事，“我”变得“守时”了【示例】(2014辽宁高考)题目怎么做三倡导“先句后篇”注意“前后多联”大着眼点3完形填空完形填空3大着眼点句内层次题1句组层次题2语篇层次题3完形填空3大着眼点句内层次题1句内层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话即可找出答案的题目。完形填空3大着眼点句内层次题01【示例1】(2014湖南高考) It didnt make use of long muscles we used to throw a baseball, and it wasnt a _40_ operation like iceskating.40A.

21、direct Bsingle Csmooth Dstrange分析：选C本题为句内层次题。由空格后面的“ice-skating(滑冰)”就可以得知40空应选smooth(平滑的)。完形填空3大着眼点句内层次题01【示例2】(2014福建高考)My father had longed to play music since childhood, but his family was poor and couldnt _43_ lessons.43A. miss Bafford Cselect Dunderstand分析：选B本题为句内层次题。由本句中的“his family was poor”可

22、推知，不能负担起(afford)钢琴课的费用。完形填空3大着眼点句组层次题1句组层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话不能找出正确答案，需要结合题目所在句子以外的句子(句组)才可找出答案的题目。完形填空3大着眼点句内层次题02【示例1】(2014江苏高考)He withdrew from many school activities _40_because_ he didnt have the time or the _41_.He had only one good suit.41A. permits Binterest Ctalent Dclothes分析：选D本题为句组层次题。41题所

23、需的信息在空格之后的一句话中。通过He had only one good suit“他只有一件好衣服”可知，他之所以退出许多学校活动是因为他没有时间或衣服(clothes)。完形填空3大着眼点句内层次题02【示例2】(2014安徽高考)Arriving in the Sunshine State was rather tiring, but I _38_managed_ to catc h a tax i to my _39_accommodation_ and settle in.Next morning, I took another _40_ to the shopping centr

24、e to buy a few souvenirs.40A. colleague Bpassenger CsuitcaseDtaxi分析：选D本题为句组层次题。从空格所在的句子无法确定答案，但我们可以通过前面的句子寻找答案。由前面句子的“catch a taxi”可知，这里表示我又乘坐一辆出租车(taxi)。完形填空3大着眼点语篇层次题3语篇层次类题目是指无法在句内或句组确定答案，需要结合整个语篇才能找到正确答案的题目。完形填空3大着眼点语篇层次题03【示例1】(2014福建高考)So it was with really great _40_satisfaction_ that I stood

25、 in church one recent Sunday, video camera in hand, and _41_watched_ my 68yearold father sweating in his shirt _42_ rising to play the piano in his very first recital.For a moment after my father sat down at the keyboard, he _47_simply_ stared down at his fingers.42A. through Bfrom Cagainst Dbefore分

26、析：选D本题为语篇层次题。根据47题前面的“For a moment after my father sat down at the keyboard”可知，作者的父亲其实还没有开始演奏，所以他 sweating in his shirt应是在rising to play the piano之前的动作，故选D。 完形填空3大着眼点语篇层次题03【示例2】(2014北京高考)She was really small for her age of 12. The boys in my class often _36_joked_ about her and laughed their heads

27、off. She would open a book, pretending to read, with tears dropping on the open page.I looked down at this _38_ girl and promised myself that somehow I would help her.38A. rich Bproud Ctiny Dpopular分析：选C本题为语篇层次题。根据36空前面的句子“She was really small for her age of 12”可知，这个女孩很娇小，故选tiny。大解题技巧6完形填空完形填空6大解题技巧

28、利用文章首句解题1完形填空首句一般不设空，而首句往往是了解全文的窗口，依据首句所给的信息常常可以看出文章的体裁和背景，从而有利于快速把握文章的主旨大意。文章首句往往是完形填空做题的切入点，开始几个空往往与首句有密切关系。完形填空6大解题技巧利用文章首句解题01【示例】(2014安徽高考)In 2012, I had just recovered from a serious illness when I received an invitation to a writers conference in Orlando, Florida. My family persuaded me that

29、a(n) _36_ might be just what the doctor ordered, so off I _37_.36A. holidayBceremony Coperation Dexperiment37A. kept Bwent Cdropped Dknocked【示例】(2014安徽高考)In 2012, I had just recovered from a serious illness when I received an invitation to a writers conference in Orlando, Florida. My family persuade

30、d me that a(n) _36_ might be just what the doctor ordered, so off I _37_.36A. holidayBceremony Coperation Dexperiment37A. kept Bwent Cdropped Dknocked分析：36题选A,37题选B。36、37题可利用文章首句解题。通过首句可知，本文为记叙文，作者讲述了自己2012年到佛罗里达州的奥兰多参加作家研讨会的故事。首句提到作者刚刚大病初愈就接到了会议邀请。根据首句可知，36题应为holiday，即医生指示刚刚康复的病人“度假”。37题前面有so，前后为因果

31、关系，当然是went off(离开)。完形填空6大解题技巧利用上下文语境解题2上下文是形成语境的基础，做题时要学会瞻前顾后，要做到词不离句、句不离段、段不离文。因为，有时如果单独看空格，看似几个选项填入空格都没有错，句子也通顺，但结合全文内容来理解，就只有一个最佳答案。完形填空6大解题技巧利用上下文语境解题02【示例】(2014山东高考)But Charlotte had been practising without a licence. She had _34_ a doctors licence in both Montreal and Winnipeg, but was 35_refu

32、sed.34A. put away Btaken over Cturned in Dapplied for分析：选D本题可利用上下文语境解题。由上文中“But Charlotte had been practising without a licence.”可知，Charlotte一直是在无证行医，她曾申请行医执照，但是被拒绝。完形填空6大解题技巧利用逻辑关系解题3逻辑关系隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。利用逻辑关系，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而确定正确选项。完形填空6大解题技巧利用逻辑关系解题031句中逻辑关系【示例】(2013新课标全国卷I)I t

33、ried to find a 47_comfortable position and thought it might be restful，_48_ kind of nice, to be 49_pushed around for a while.48A. yet Bjust Cstill Deven分析：选D本题可利用句中逻辑关系解题。由上文“我尽力找到一个舒适的坐姿，认为这样可以放松一些。”可知此处应为表示递进关系的even。表示“我想，要是被人推着四处走一会儿那就太好了。”完形填空6大解题技巧利用逻辑关系解题032句间逻辑关系【示例】(2013湖北高考)The house came 4

34、5_alive the next few days.Zigfried 46_enjoyed every single hour of them. _47_， the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a 48_satisfied smile at the door of his home, he heard the 49_discussion of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas.47A. However

35、BInstead CMoreover DTherefore分析：选A本题可利用句间逻辑关系解题。从47空前后文的关系来看，此处表示转折关系，故用however。完形填空6大解题技巧利用逻辑关系解题033. 段间逻辑关系【示例】(2013天津高考) S u c h i s D a d w h ate ve r p ro b l e m h e 25_meets_with,_he never gives up._26_， the disastrous effects of the drought were felt all over our country .26A. Thankfully BHo

36、pefully CUnfortunatelyDStrangely分析：选C本题可利用段间逻辑关系解题。上文提到父亲无论遇到什么困难都不放弃，下文提到整个国家发生了旱灾，因此，此处选C项。完形填空6大解题技巧利用语义复现解题4复现是一种语境衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等形式，重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。完形填空6大解题技巧利用语义复现解题041. 原词复现【示例】(2014天津高考)I had said “yes” but

37、for the first time, I realized the _20_ decisions adults had to make . It was then 25_that I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on 26_balancing family and work.20A. poor Btimely Cfinal Dtough分析：选D本题可利用原词复现解题。句意：我已经说了yes，但是平生第一次我意识到了大人们必须要做的_决定。第25空后的“I started to appreciate the

38、tough choices she had to make”中的tough为本空答案的原词复现。完形填空6大解题技巧利用语义复现解题042. 同义或近义词复现【示例】(2013湖南高考)“Wait a minute，” Mom said. “I want your _39_clothes_ back. You didnt wear anything when you arrived.” This really angered me. I tore my clothes off shoes, socks, underwear and all and _40_， “Can I go now？” “

39、Yes，” Mom answered, “but once you close that door, dont expect to come back.”40A. explained Bsuggested Ccontinued Dshouted分析：选D本题可利用同义或近义词复现解题。由“This really angered me.”可知，当妈妈向作者要衣服的时候他已经非常生气了，这时候脱下衣服的他更是控制不住愤怒。与anger相对应的词应为“shout”。完形填空6大解题技巧利用语义复现解题043. 反义词复现【示例】(2014浙江高考)Jeanne spoke _33_， and to

40、encourage her to raise her voice, I had said, “Speak up. Simons the expert on this. He is the 34_only one you have to convince, and he cant hear you in the 35_back of the room.”33A. quietly Brepeatedly Cquickly Dfirmly分析：选A本题可利用反义词复现解题。由下文的“raise her voice”和“Speak up”可知，应选quietly。“speak quietly”对应“r

41、aise .voice”和“speak up”。完形填空6大解题技巧利用反映作者态度或感情色彩的词汇解题5在高考完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，细心找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词、动词等。这些词汇经常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速圈定某些题目的正确答案。完形填空6大解题技巧利用反映作者态度或感情色彩的词汇解题05【示例】(2014安徽高考)_41_Later_ I went to a caf to have lunch, but all the tables were _42_occupied. Then I heard

42、a friendly voice saying, “You can _43_ my table.”43A. share Breserve Cset Dpossess分析：选A本题可利用反映作者态度或感情色彩的词汇解题。根据本句话中的褒义词friendly可知，此处应为“共享我的餐桌”。完形填空6大解题技巧利用生活常识和文化背景解题6完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着相关的如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。完形填空6大

43、解题技巧利用生活常识和文化背景解题06【示例】(2012湖北高考)He agreed, but 43_added,_“An odometer without a speedometer (速度计) is like a _44_ without a knife.”44A. pencil Bfork Cbox Dcake分析：选B本题可利用生活常识和文化背景解题。西方人使用刀、叉吃饭为基本常识，了解西方人的生活方式是解本题的关键。完形填空解题流程先速读再巧做预测主题判断文体重视首句把握大意了解线索快速浏览情景还原寻找重复逐句细读边读边填，扫除句内层次题(凭语感，能填的尽量填一填)句句相连，扫除句组

44、层次题(凭语感不能填，本句前后去找信息源)贯通全篇，扫除语篇层次题(本句前后无法找到信息源， 通览全文攻难点)一般来讲，高考完形填空的首、尾句是不挖空的，先跳读这两句，便可判断体裁，猜想它要讲什么。若首句交代了when, where, who, what，即四个W，那么就是记叙文；若首句是提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说是说明文；若首句提出一个论点，那么就是议论文。做完形填空时要注意文章首句的点题作用和短文中完整句的提示作用。首先要快速浏览全文，弄清各段落之间、各层次之间的内在逻辑线索，把握文章的主旨大意。只有这样才能为下一步的解题打下基础。了解文章大意和行文线索之后，逐句细读。遵循“先易后难”

45、的原则，首先解决句内和句组层次题，解题时要按照“寻找重复、逻辑分析”的原则，找出题目的信息源和重复点。对于语篇层次题，若在前文找不到解题线索，可以先放一放，待到读完下文后，通过“情景还原、合理推断”，往往会出现“柳暗花明”的情况。在完形填空题中，通过速读文章，了解大意后，再根据自己已有的生活常识和文化背景知识，我们通常可以通过阅读空格所在句子便可选出符合语境的答案，此类题大约有三分之一左右。有些题目通过空格所在句子无法确定正确选项，我们可以通过阅读其本段中的前后句，再结合文章主题，往往可以找出解题线索从而选出答案，此类题大约有一半左右。有些题目通过空格所在句子和其前后句无法确定正确选项，这时我们必须通过阅读全篇，站在整个语篇的角度才能选出正确的答案，此类题一般有四分之一。完形填空解题流程Goodbye!