2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案

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1、2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语(回忆版：附阅读答案)其大作文题目为：大学是硬件重要还是有名学者重要？作文涉及容为： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should spend more money in improving facilities (e.g. libraries and computer labs) than hiring famous teachers. | 作文字数要求为：300字左右。passage 6Mass transportation revised the

2、social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses , and itaccelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion , the omnibuses, horse railway

3、s , commuter trains , and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example , the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles fromthe old business district; by the turn of the century the radius ex

4、tended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping , and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled wha

5、t we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example , some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago , most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period,another 550 , 000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. An

6、xious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800, 000potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years - lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course , many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdiv

7、ided , but vacant , land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use

8、 or tofuture land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residentialpurposes ，particularlyland near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants wereanticipated ， did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime exampleof this process. Rea

9、l estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?A Types of mass transportation.B Instability of urban life.C How supply and demand determine land use.D The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion

10、.2. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?A To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.B To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.C To show mass transportation changed many cities.D To contrast their rate of growth.3. According to the passage ， what was one

11、disadvantage of residential expansion?A It was expensive.B It happened too slowly.C It was unplanned.D It created a demand for public transportation.4. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city，A that is large.B that is used as a model for land development.C where t

12、he development of land exceeded population growth.D with an excellent mass transportation system.Passage 5 Antarctica and EnvironmentAntarctica has actually become a kind of space station - a unique observation post for detecting important changes in the world s environment. Remote from major source

13、s of pollution and theAntarctica makes possiblecomplex geological and ecological systems that prevail elsewhere scientific measurements that are often sharper and easier to interpret than those made in other parts of the world.Growing numbers of scientists therefore see Antarctica as a distant-early

14、-warning sensor ， where potentially dangerous global trends may be spotted before they show up to the north. One promising field of investigation is glaciology. Scholars from the United States ， Switzerland ， and France are pursuing seven separate but related projects that reflect their concern for

15、the health of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet - a concern they believe the world at large should share.The Transantarctic Mountain ， some of them more than 14， 000 feet high ， divide the continentinto two very different regions. The part of the continent to the“ east ” of the mountains isa high plateau

16、 covered by an ice sheet nearly two miles thick.“ West” of the mountain ， thehalf of the continent south of the Americas is also covered by an ice sheet， but there the icerests on rock that is mostly well below sea level. If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared，the western part of the continent

17、would be reduced to a sparse cluster of island.While ice and snow are obviously central to many environmental experiments ， others focus on the mysterious “ dry valley ” of Antarctica ， valleys that contain little ice or snow even in the depths of winter. Slashed through the mountains of southern Vi

18、ctoria Land， these valleys onceheld enormous glaciers that descended 9， 000 feet from the polar plateau to the Ross Sea. Nowthe glaciers are gone ， perhaps a casualty of the global warming trend during the 10， 000 yearssince the ice age. Even the snow that falls in the dry valleys is blasted out by

19、vicious winds that roars down from the polar plateau to the sea. Left bare are spectacular gorges， rippledfields of sand dunes ， clusters of boulders sculptured into fantastic shapes by 100-mile-an-hour winds ， and an aura of extraterrestrial desolation.Despite the unearthly aspect of the dry valley

20、s ， some scientists believe they may carry a message of hope of the verdant parts of the earth. Some scientists believe that in some cases the dry valleys may soak up pollutants faster than pollutants enter them.1. What is the best title for this passage?A Antarctica and environmental Problems .B An

21、tarctica： Earth s Early-Warning station.C Antarctica： a Unique Observation Post.D Antarctica ： a Mysterious Place.2. What would the result be if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared?A The western part of the continent would be disappeared.B The western part of the continent would be reduced.C Th

22、e western part of the continent would become scattered Islands.D The western part of the continent would be reduced to a cluster of Islands.3. Why are the Dry Valleys left bare?A Vicious wind blasts the snow away.B It rarely snows.C Because of the global warming trend and fierce wind.D Sand dunes.4.

23、 Which of the following is true?A The“ Dry Valleys”have nothing left inside.B The“ Dry Valleys”never held glaciers.C The“ Dry Valleys”may carry a message of hope for the verdant.D The“ Dry Valleys”are useless to scientists.5.the meaning of an aura of extraterrestrial desolation我记得有一个选项中含有bleak 这个单词，

24、答案应该是这个应译为：与地球格格不入的一种荒凉隔绝的气氛或与世隔绝的一种荒凉气氛。Passage 4Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. The current business-book boom was launched in 1982 by TomPeters and Robert Waterman with “ In Search of Excellence ” . It has been kept going ever since by a succession of gurus and would

25、-be gurus who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.“The Three Rules ” is a self-conscious contribution to this type; it even includes a bibliography of “ success studies ” . Messrs Raynor and Mumtaz Ahmed work for a consultancy, Deloitte, that is det

26、ermined to turn itself into more of a thought-leader and less a corporate repairman. They employ all the tricks of the success genre. They insist that their conclusions are“measurableand actionable ” -guide to behavior rather than analysis for its own sake. Success authors usually serve up vivid sto

27、ries about how exceptional business-people stamped their personalities on a company or rescued it from a life-threatening crisis. Messrs Raynor and Ahmedare happier chewing the numbers: they provide detailed appendices on“calculating the elements of advantage ” and“ detailed analysis” .The authors s

28、pent five years studying the behaviour of their 344 “ exceptional companies ” , only to come up at first with nothing. Every hunch(直觉 ) led to a blind alley and every hypothesisto a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they think that they began to

29、 make sense of their voluminous material.Management is all about making difficult tradeoffs in conditions that are always uncertain and ever-changing. But exceptional companies approach these trade-offs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better befo

30、re cheaper. Companies are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up revenue than by driving down costs.Most success studies suffer from two faults. There is“

31、 the halo ( 光环 ) effect ” , whereby goodperformance leads commentators to attributeall manner of virtues to anything and everything thecompany does. These virtues then suddenly become vices when the company fails. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed work hard to avoid these mistakes by studying large bodies of

32、data over several decades.But they end up embracing a different error: stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will notbe surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche ( 缝隙市场 ) and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult

33、question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, The Three Rules is less useful.1 .What kind of business books are most likely to sell well?A)Books on excellence .C) Books on business rules.B)Guides to management. D) Analyses of market trends.2 .What does the author imply about b

34、ooks on success so far?A They help businessmen on way or another.B They are written by well-recognised experts.C They more or less fall into the same stereotype.D They are based on analyses of corporate leaders.3 .How does The Three Rules different from other success books according to the passage?A

35、It focuses on the behavior of exceptional businessmen.B It bases its detailed analysis on large amount of data.这一题我看答案不统一，我自己选了这个答案C It offers practicable advice to businessmen.D It draws conclusion from vivid examples.4 .What does the passage say contributes to the success of exceptional companies?

36、A Focus on quality and revenue.B Management and sales promotion.C Lower production costs and competitive prices.D Emphasis on after-sale and maintenance.5 . What is the author s comment on The Three Rules?A It can help to locate profitable niches.B) It has little to offer to businesspeople.这一题答案也不统一

37、，有的答案是DC) It is noted for its detailed data analysis.D) It fails to identify the keys to success.passage 2“ Deep reading ” as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significantwo

38、rk of art. Its disappearance would jeopardize the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our culture：the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literal

39、ly, have been trained to understand them.Recent research in cognitive science and psychology has demonstrated that deep reading slow,immersive, rich in sensory detailand emotional and moral complexity is a distinctive experience,different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep readin

40、g does not, strictly speaking, require a conventionalbook, the built-inlimits of the printed page are uniquely helpfulto the deep reading experience. A book s lack ofhyperlinks ( 超), for example, frees the readerfrom making decisions Should I click on this link or not? allowing her to remain fully i

41、mmersed in the narrative.That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional s

42、ituations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictionalcharacters and even, studies suggest, increasing ourreal-life capacity for empathy (认同 ).None of this is likely to happen when we re browsing through a w

43、ebsite. Although we call theactivity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engagin

44、g and less satisfying, even for the“digitalnatives ” to whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example,Britain s National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39%of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but on

45、ly 28%read printed materialsevery day. Those who read only onscreen were three times lesslikely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-avera

46、ge readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.56. What does the author say about“ deep reading ” ?A) It serves as a complement to online reading.B) It should be preserved before it is too late.C) It is mainly suitable for reading literature.D) It is an indispensable par

47、t of education.57. Why does the author advocate the reading of literature?A) It helps promote readers intellectual and emotional growth.B) It enables readers to appreciate the complexity of language.C) It helps readers build up immersive reading habits.D) It is quickly becoming an endangered practic

48、e.58. In what way does printed-page reading differ from online reading?A) It ensures the reader s cognitive growth.B) It enables the reader to be fully engaged.C) It activates a different region of the brain.D) It helps the reader learn rhetorical devices.59. What do the studies show about online re

49、ading?A) It gradually impairs one s eyesight.B) It keeps arousing readers curiosity.C) It provides up-to-date information.D) It renders reading less enjoyable.60. What do we learn from the study released by Britain s National Literacy Trust?A) Onscreen readers may be less competent readers.B) Those

50、who do reading in print are less informed.C) Young people find reading onscreen more enjoyable.D) It is now easier to find a favorite book online to read.PassageOver the years, biologists have suggested two main pathways by which sexual selection may haveshaped the evolution of male birdsong. In the

51、 first, male competition and intrasexual selectionproduce relatively short, simple songs used mainly in territorial behavior. In the second, female choice and intersexual selection produce longer, more complicated songs used mainly in mateattraction; like such visual ornamentation as thepeacockstail

52、, elaborate vocalcharacteristics increase themaleschances of being chosen as a mate, and he thus enjoys morereproductive success than his less ostentatious rivals. The two pathways are not mutually exclusive, and we can expect to find examples that reflect their interaction. Teasing them apart has b

53、een an important challenge to evolutionary biologists.Early research confirmed the role of intrasexual selection. In a variety of experiments in thefield, males responded aggressively to recorded songs by exhibiting territorial behavior nearthe speakers. The breakthrough for research into intersexua

54、l selection came in the developmentof a new technique for investigating female response in the laboratory. Whenfemale cowbirds raised in isolation in sound-proof chambers were exposed to recordings of male song, they responded byexhibiting mating behavior. By quantifying the responses, researchers w

55、ere able to determine what particular features of the song were most important. In further experiments on song sparrows, researchers found that when exposed to a single song type repeated several times or to a repertoire of different song types, females responded more to the latter. The beauty of th

56、e experimental design is that it effectively rules out confounding variables; acoustic isolation assures that the female can respond only to the song structure itself.If intersexual selection operates as theorized, males with more complicated songs should not only attract females more readily but sh

57、ould also enjoy greater reproductive success. At first, however, researchers doing fieldwork with song sparrows found no correlation between larger repertoires and early mating, which has been shown to be one indicator of reproductive success; further, common measures of male quality used to predict

58、 reproductive success, such as weight, size, age, and territory, also failed to correlate with song complexity.The confirmation researchers had been seeking was finally achieved in studies involving two varieties of warblers. Unlike the song sparrow, which repeats one of its several song types in bo

59、uts before switching to another, the warbler continuously composes much longer and more variable songs without repetition. For the first time, researchers found a significant correlation between repertoire size and early mating, and they discovered further that repertoire size had a more significant

60、 effect than any other measure of male quality on the number of young produced. The evidence suggests that warblers use their extremely elaborate songs primarily to attractfemales,clearly confirming the effect of intersexual selection on the evolution of birdsong.17.1. The passage is primarily conce

61、rned with(A) showing that intrasexual selection has a greater effect on birdsong than does intersexual selection(B) contrasting the role of song complexity in several species of birds(C) describing research confirming the suspected relationship between intersexual selection and the complexity of bir

62、dsong(D) demonstrating the superiority of laboratory work over field studies in evolutionary biology(E) illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to experimental design in evolutionary biology17.2. The author mentions the peacock s tail in line 8 most probably in order to(A) cite an ex

63、ception to the theory of the relationship between intrasexual selection and male competition(B) illustrate the importance of both of the pathways that shaped the evolution of birdsong(C) draw a distinction between competing theories of intersexual selection(D) give an example of a feature that may h

64、ave evolved through intersexual selection by female choice(E) refute a commonly held assumption about the role of song in mate attraction17.3. According to the passage, which of the following is specifically related to intrasexual selection?(A) Female choice(B) Territorial behavior(C) Complex song types(D) Large song repertoires(E) Visual ornamentation17.4. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in lines 11-13?(A) Female larks respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to longer, more complicated