week616英语写作手册讲义

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1、主讲：主讲： 李玲琳李玲琳 英语写作手册英语写作手册 讲义讲义 英语写作手册英语写作手册课程性质课程性质课程说明课程说明 英语写作手册英语写作手册考核重点考核重点 Part One Manuscript Form授课内容授课内容 Part Two Diction Part Three Sentences Part Four Paragraph Part Five Practical Writing 考试命题趋向分析考试命题趋向分析 考情交流考情交流 考前复习技巧指导考前复习技巧指导英语写作手册英语写作手册课程性质课程性质英语写作手册是全国高等教育英语专业基础阶段的一门重要的实践课程，本课程着重

2、培养应考生英语写作的基本技能，重点教授英语写作的最基础内容。主要包括三大部分：句子的组成，段落的写作，概要及应用文写作。英语写作手册英语写作手册考核重点考核重点英语写作手册的考核目标和出题原则在考试大纲中有明确的阐述。考核重点有以下三点：掌握格式，措辞，句子，段落写作的基本概念，基本理论和基本方法；能写一般的书信、通知、便条以及请贴等，格式正确，语言得体，内容完整，条理清楚，语法基本正确； 写作速度每小时200250词。Part One Manuscript Form:. Arrangement 安排. Word Division 移行. Capitalization 大写. Punctuat

3、ion 标点Part Two Diction:1.Three criteria of diction 2. How to make a good diction?3. Levels of Words4. The Meaning of Words5. General and Specific Words6. Figures of SpeechPart Three Sentences: 1. The loose and periodic Sentence 2. The Short and Long Sentences 3. The Simple Sentence句子种类 （Types of Sen

4、tences） 4. The Compound Sentence 5. The Complex Sentence 6. The Compound- Complex sentence 1. Run-on sentence 2. Fragmentary Sentences常见结构错误 （Common Errors） 3. Faulty parallelism 4. Misplaced Modifiers 5. Dangling modifiersLoose sentences: they are the sentences that puts the main idea before all su

5、pplementary information, in other words, they puts the first thing first and let the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words. Example:She decided to study English though she was interested in music.（松散句）Periodic sentences: they are the sentences that the main ideas a

6、re expressed at the end or near the end of them, and it is not grammatically completed until the end is reached, also the reader do not know what it is mainly about until they finish reading it. Example:Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.（掉尾句）从定义中我们可知，两者的主要区别是

7、主要观点的位置问题。那么，在一个特定句子当中，什么是主要观点呢？分以下两种情况：1.当句子结构是一个“基本结构修饰语”的句子时，主要观点体现在基本机构上，修饰语主要指状语（例如介词短语，分词短语，形容词短语，状语从句，不定式结构等）为次要观点修饰语。在这样的句子中，掉尾句的本质就是状语前置。如：The plane began to shake noticeably as soon as it lifted off the runway. (loose sentence)As soon as the plane lifted off the runway, it began to shake n

8、oticeably. （periodic)注意： 状语前置时，通常要与其他部分用逗号隔开，且不要忘了大小写的转换。 若前置的时间状语从句，且从句的主语是指代主句中某事物的代词时，不要忘记将其对调。2. 当句子中只包含基本结构而没有修饰语时，这种主要观点是体现在主语和谓语上的，次要观点是体现在主谓之外的其他成分上的，如，宾语，表语，或是补足语等。此时，由松散句转化为掉尾句，就要借助于某些语法手段让“主谓”结构出现在其他成分的后面即可。这样的语法手段主要有：Loose sentence: To keep our promises is an important thing.改为形式主语句：It i

9、s an important thing to keep our promises. 改为形式宾语句：We should regard it as an important thing to keep our promises.改为强调句：It is an important thing that to keep our promises .改为感叹句：What an important thing it is to keep our promises!改为倒装句：Such an important thing is to keep our promises. The Short and Lo

10、ng Sentences根据句子的长度和复杂性，句子可分为短句和长句，短句显得简练，有力量。但句子太短也会影响写作上的流畅性，长句可以将比较复杂的逻辑思维表达清楚。短句长句要根据所表达的思想和内容结合使用，长短句的不断变化会给读者新奇感。这一知识点体现在考试当中，就是连短句成长句。解决这一问题的方法就是：遵照各短句之间的内在逻辑关系，利用连结词（包括从属连词和并列连词），将短句连接在一起，也可先确定未来长句的主干，再将其他短句变成修饰语附属于主干之上。在这里，给大家提供一种方法和两点注意：一种方法是：选定短句中的一句作为未来长句的主干，再将其他短句一短语或从句的形式附着于其上。如：It was

11、 a poor area. There were a lot of small huts. They had mud wall and straw roof. They dotted the hillside.In the poor area, the small huts with mud wall and straw roof, dotted the hillside.两点注意：1. 不要在原有信息的基础上增加或删减任何内容。 2. 尽可能地简洁。The Simple Sentence简单句是只包含一套主谓结构的句子。这是它与并列句和复合句的主要区分点。体现在考试中，就是从并列句或复合句向

12、简单句的转化，或是把两句话合并为一个简单句。并列句是处于同等地位的两套主谓结构的结合，复合句是处于主从地位的两套主谓结构的结合。把它们转化为简单句，思路很清晰，就是在保证句意不变的情况下，把句子中的一套主谓结构（一般是处于从属地位的那套）转化为短语的形式去做修饰语，使其丧失分句的地位。把句子变成只有一套主谓结构的简单句。如：The letter which is from my foreign friend arrived today. (复合句）The letter from my foreign friend arrived today.（简单句）My roommate had a boo

13、k in his hand, and was waiting for me at the door.（并列句） With a book in his hand, My roommate was waiting for me at the door. (简单句）若给出的是两个独立的句子，按照以上方法变换仍然有效。The Compound SentenceA compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and

14、 linked by a comma plus one of the coordinating conjunctions ( and, or, nor, but, yet, so, for ), or by a semicolon without a conjunction.simple sentence, and simple sentence, but simple sentence. simple sentence; simple sentence; simple sentence. Read the independent clauses carefully first, and tr

15、y to find the internal relations among the meanings. According to the internal relation, choose one or more of the proper coordinating conjunction to combine the clauses with each other. Examples: I needed butter to make the cookie better. I couldnt find any. I used vegetable oil instead. I needed b

16、utter to make the cookie better, but I couldnt find any, so I used vegetable oil instead. 注意：这七个并列连词的含义： and和nor是用来连接并列的观点的，前者是肯定并列，后者是否定并列； but和yet是用来连接转折观点的，前者是肯定转折，后者是否定转折； so和for是用来表示因果关系的，前者是果，后者是因；而 or是用来表示选择关系的。做这类题的关键在于：准确地选择并列连词！The Complex SentenceA complex sentence contains one main (prin

17、cipal) clause and one dependent (or subordinate) clauses, with a connective words denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, an object, a predicative(表语）, an attribute（定语）, or an adverbial（状语） in the whole sentence. As a rule, the major idea is

18、expressed in the main clause, the ideas of lesser importance in the subordinating clauses.【 simple sentence 】 +【(dependent word) + (statement)】 主句 引导词 从句Read the independent clauses carefully first, and try to find the internal relations among the meanings. According to the internal relation, choose

19、 one of the proper subordinating conjunctions to combine the clauses with each other. Examples: The tape recorder was not working right, so I returned it to the store. (compound sentence) Because the tape recorder was not working right, I returned it to the store. (complex sentence)注意：1. 在考试中，复合句大多表

20、现为状语从句。 2. 在考试中，题型大多为将两个简单句连为复合句，或是将并列句改为复合句 The Compound- Complex sentenceThe compound-complex sentence is made up of at least two main clauses and at least one dependent sentence-a combination of compound sentence and complex sentence. Thats to say, in a compound- complex sentence, there are at le

21、ast three Subject-verb combinations.Read the independent clauses carefully first, and try to find the internal relations among the meanings. According to the internal relation, choose the proper coordinating（并列） and subordinating（从属） conjunctions to combine the clauses with each other. Examples:You

22、want me to clean your windows. Please give me a weeks notice. I am very busy this month. (compound-complex sentence) If you want me to clean your windows, please give me a weeks notice, for I am very busy this month. (compound-complex sentence) 注意：并列复合句可能是一个简单句和一个复合句的并列，也可能是两个复合句的并列，也可能是一个并列句和一个复合句的

23、并列或复合等,也可以是两个并列句和一个复合句的并列。如：If you want me to clean your windows, please give me a weeks notice, for I am very busy this month.【you.windows】 (If) 【please.notice】 (for) 【I.month】 复合关系 并列关系After I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history

24、 teacher made me drop her course.【I.illness】 (After) 【the mathdo】 (but) 【the history teacher】 并列关系 复合关系Jack dialed the police emergency number, but he received a busy signal, so he dropped the phone and began to run because he had no time to call back.【Jacknumber】(but) 【hesignal】(so) 【herun】(because

25、)【heback】 并列关系 复合关系 并列关系Run-on sentenceA Run-On sentence incorrectly runs together two independent clauses without a conjunction or punctuation. 串句就是错误地将两个独立的分句（两套独立的主谓结构）串在一起，不用连词或标点，误将两个串在一起的句子当成一个句子。 串句有两种形式：一种是用逗号隔开，也叫“逗号误接句（comma splices）”即以一个逗号把两个独立的句子连接起来。另一种什么标点符号都没有使用。修改串句有四种方法：a) 用句号将其分成两个

26、句子，即在两个意思之间插入句号和大写字母b) 用并列连词（and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet）连接两个句子，连词之前加逗号c)用分号连接两个句子d) 用从属连词把一个分句化为从句，修饰或限定主句。注意：在校正这类型的错误时，首先要分清每句的主语、谓语和宾语，其次要弄清两句中间的副词或副词词组属于哪句，最后分开串句。如：The local tire plant shut down for the holiday as a result everyone had two weeks off. The local tire plant shut down for the

27、holiday. As a result everyone had two weeks off.要选择最佳的方法修改串句，首先选逗号加并列连词，用于两句之间有逻辑关系的句子；其次选择分号，用于两句中有表示连接关系的副词或副词词组时或后句是前句的说明时；最后考虑句号，用于两句没有逻辑关系或角度表化等情况。考试题中对串句的考核往往是要求考生把各种串句根据自身的特点变为正确的句子。要求考生掌握最佳的方法修改串句。Fragmentary Sentences A word group that lacks a subject or a verb that does not express a compl

28、ete thought is a fragment.构成句子的基本条件：一是在书写上表现为大写字母开头句号结尾；二是在结构上表现为在大写字母和句号之间要有完整的主谓结构，且每一个单词或短语在句子中都有自己的归属；三是在意义上必须是完整的。以上三点缺一不可，否则，就是破句。常见的破句有如下的类型：a)dependent-word fragment (从句被当作完整句子)b)How to correct?To attach the dependent sentences to the previous or following main statement, in other words, com

29、bine two independent sentences into a complex sentence.Eliminate the dependent words (subordinating conjunctions ）example:After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a hotel. After I arrived in Chicago by bus, I checked into a hotel.b) ing and to fragments (分词短语、不定式短语被当作完整句子)How to correct?Att

30、ach the fragment to the sentence that comes before or after it. If this rule does not work, try it in next way.Add a subject and change the ing or to verb part to the correct form of the verb or change “being” to the correct form of the verb “be”(am, is, are, was, were). example:Feeling very confide

31、nt. I began my speech.Feeling very confident, I began my speech. I plan on working overtime. To get this job finished. To get this job finished, I plan on working overtime.c) added-detail fragments(同位语被当作完整句子)How to correct?Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.Add a subject o

32、r a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentenceChange words as necessary to make the fragment part of the preceding sentence. Example: That is Mr. Smith. The principal of Summit High School.That is Mr. Smith - the principal of Summit High School.d) missing-subject fragment(具有相同主语的并列句的第二分句被当作

33、完整句子)How to correct?Attach the fragment to the previous sentence.Add a subject to the fragment and make it a complete sentence. Example: Tom went to the refrigerator to get milk for breakfast. And found only a table-spoon of milk left. Tom went to the refrigerator to get milk for breakfast, and foun

34、d only a table-spoon of milk left.Faulty parallelism平行结构是把两个或两个以上的意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表达出来。所谓意思上并列，其实质就是在句中充当相同的句子成分；所谓同等的语法形式，相同词性的单词或是相同语法结构的短语或句子。也就是说，在同一个句子中，如果两部分做的是相同的句子成分，那么，这两部分内容必须是词性相同的单词或结构相同的短语或句子。判断一个平行结构是否正确，一是看它们在句中所做的成分是否一样，二是看它们的语法结构是否相同，二者缺一不可；否则，就破坏了平行结构。平行结构可以是单词、词组、从句、也可以是句子。这里要注意几个十

35、分容易犯的错误。a)The faulty caused by coordinating conjunction (and, or, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, bothand, and so on) 并列连词和对等连词 Examples:He had made his speech clear and logical and skillfully. A man can be judged not only by what he said but also (by) his deed.The speech is neither too long

36、 nor it is too short.b) The faulty caused by a series of parallels:系列平行结构的实质就是：【A】，【B】，【C】，. , and 【Z】. 的结构。examples: She was charming, intelligent and a very capable young woman.When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after finishing our lunch.c) The

37、 faulty caused by incorrect omissionsHe always has and always will compete for the highest honor.He always has competed and always will compete for the highest honor.主语及时态一致，可合为并列谓语句。若不一致，把动词和其前面的助词分别搭配即可。We have great faith and high hope for her.We have great faith in and high hope for her.答题技巧：以连词

38、为界，将其拆分成两个独立的句子，其中必有一句是错句。将其改正后再把它们合并即可。如：We have great faith for her.() (in) We have high hope for her.d) The faulty caused by comparisonPeter wanted a job rather than to apply for welfare. 应改正为：Peter wanted to find a job rather than to apply for welfare. 或Peter wanted a job rather than welfare.His

39、 learning is as extensive as Paul. His learning is as extensive as Pauls.College students in China are more excellent than America. Misplaced ModifiersMisplaced modifiers are words or words groups that, because of their awkward or wrong placement, do not describe the words the writer intended them t

40、o describe. It often confuse the meaning of the sentence.错置修饰语指的是因为修饰语的位置不正确而导致的句子错误。修饰语指的是句子中的状语和定语，因而，错置修饰语的毛病就体现在错置状语和错置定语上。一、错置状语一、错置状语 He killed a mosquito that stung him with a newspaper. With a newspaper, he killed a mosquito that stung him.We could see the Lotus in the river driving across t

41、he bridge. Driving across the bridge, we can see the lotus in the river.状语在句子中是用来修饰动词的，且在句中的位置常常是句首或句尾，如果在一个句子出现了两个或是两个以上的动词，要确保状语离它所修饰的词越近越好。对于一些有歧义的状语，也许句首是它的最佳位置。二、错置定语二、错置定语Bill yelled at the howling dog in his underwear. Bill, in his underwear, yelled at the howling dog.Many large department st

42、ores issue credit cards to their customers which can be used to make purchases at a particular store.Many large department stores issue their customers credit cards which can be used to make purchases at a particular store.I read the book on the bus which did not interest me at all. On the bus, I re

43、ad the book which did not interest me at all. 在定语和被修饰的词之间，不允许有任何的其他成分插入，即：定语应该紧靠被修饰的词。我们可以通过用调整语序，拿开插入成分等方法来达到这一目的。Dangling modifiers垂悬修饰语：垂悬修饰语：即修饰语在句子中找不到逻辑上修饰的对象，这是中国学生经常犯的一种语法错误。常见的有一下五种：垂悬分词短语；垂悬动名词短语，垂悬不定式短语，垂悬介词短语，垂悬省略句。常用改进方法有两种，一是明确动作的实施者，使主语成为悬垂部分修饰的对象；二是将省略句或是垂悬词组扩展为从句。A)悬垂分词、动名词(-ing and

44、 ed phrases)Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reachConfused about which road to take, my citizens band was used to get direction.改正可以有多种方法，但最常用的是两种，一是明确动作的实施者，使主语成为悬垂部分修饰的对象；二是将省略句或是分词词组扩展为从句。 另外的两种方法也是可以考虑的（给垂悬的分词加逻辑主语或 -ing 变 ed, 使之于主语相一致,让主语成为其逻辑主语。B)悬垂不定式(

45、infinitive phrases)To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcaseTo become a first-class student, many dedication and perseverance are necessary.To write well, the article must be habitually revised.改正可以有两种方法，或是改变句子的主语，使主语成为使修饰语的逻辑主语，或是把修饰语变为独立、完整的从句 C)悬垂介词短语(prepositi

46、onal phrases)Once out of the room, the pipe-in music no longer gave him a headache.After four weeks at sea, my wife was happy to see me.Before summiting any written work, careful proofreading must be done.改正可以有两种方法，或是改变句子的主语，使主语成为使修饰语的逻辑主语，或是把修饰语变为独立、完整的从句D)悬垂省略结构(elliptical clauses)When on the top

47、floor of the tall building, the cars looked like tiny fish in the stream.Although tired and hungry, the boss would not let us rest.While under the influence of the alcohol, a car should not be driven. 改正可以有两种方法，或是改变句子的主语，使主语成为使修饰语的逻辑主语，或是把修饰语变为独立、完整的从句E)现实中的悬垂结构Judging from what he said, he must be

48、an honest man.Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.Allowing for his age, he was sent to safer placePart Four Paragraph段落（ paragraph ），是文章的缩影，是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句 topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。 topic sen

49、tenceThe Necessary Components in a body Paragraph supporting sentences concluding sentence unityThe Features of an Effective body Paragraph coherence time and processWays of developing a body Paragraph space or spatial order exemplificationtopic sentence主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他

50、文字都围绕它展开。主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。主题句由两部分组成: 主题(topic) 和关键词（controlling idea）。主题(topic)的作用是导向(guide),关键词（controlling idea)的作用是制约(limit)。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。

51、没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。我们前面谈到的主题(topic)规定着段落的大体写作方向，而关键词则规定着段落的具体写作方向。它们是包含和被包含的关系主题句主要有三个方面的功能：1）限制内容范围 主题句的作用是概括一个段落的中心意思，所以往往是一个表示一般概念的句子。范围太大或太小，都会使作者无法展开段落，必须通过某些限定性词语将内容限制到一定程度，因此主题句应包括主题和限定词。2）体现段落展开方向。主题句暗示段落可能展开的方向，涉及的内容以及作者的思路。3）预示段落展开的方法。主题句起着开宗明义、提纲挈领的作用，推展句都要围绕主题句展开。 对于初

52、学写作的人来说，“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如： My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses; they will think

53、you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。在考试中，我们主要使通过主题句的定义，主题句的位置，主题句中的必要要素和主题句与推展句的关系来判定哪一

54、句是主题句，以及哪一句适合做主题句。而准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提。主题句和每一个推展句的关系是一般和具体，总体和个体，包含和被包含的关系。supporting sentences1. 主要推展句 主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。 例1：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of su

55、nlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere. 2. 次要推展句次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和

56、举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。 例2：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is not easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye,

57、because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was eve

58、n more boring than usual. 3. 主要推展句与次要推展句的关系 主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。 1） 每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。 2） 每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。 3） 含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。在考试中，了解推展句的基本特征，以及推展句和主题句的关系，有利于我们去辨别某句话作为一个特定的段落的推展句是否合适；是否是多余的。同时，也为我们学习段落的统一性和连贯性奠定了基础。Unity （统一性）

59、即所写的文章紧扣主题。统一性要求作者切记文章的题目和写作目标，写出的句子都必须为中心思想服务。任何与该段落的中心思想相悖的句子，内容，无论其表达如何完美，都应该毫不吝惜的予以删除，以确保该段落的统一性。也就是说，一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，这个中心就是段落的主题句，就是主题句中的关键词，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的，都是在打破段落的统一性。这种错误体现在结构上，那就是推展句脱离了主题句的控制，游离于段落的主题之外。体现在内容上，就是某些推展句并非直接也非间接地去解释说明主题句规定的内容，而是于主题句毫不相干的句子。去判定某句话是否破坏了其所在段落的统一性，首要任务是找出

60、该段的主题句，再去应运主题句和推展句的关系，判断该句作为此主题句的推展句是否合适。例如：My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my fiv

61、e-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. 本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I boug

62、ht two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby与主题句没有任何关系，所以应当删去。Coherence （连贯性）连贯性和语言表达的形式相关。指的是一个句子能自然的过渡到下一个句子。既指句与句之间的联系，又指整个段落的组织。在一个段落中，句子与句子之间有一种自然的逻辑关系。段落中的每一个句子，都是前一个句子的某种逻辑归宿与承诺，从而使整个段落浑然一体。 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是段落整体内在的逻辑性，后者指的是段落中句与句之间的自然过渡；当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有

63、内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，行文就不够流畅。1.意连段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，先写哪一句，后写哪一句，都是有特定的规则的，不能想到什么就写什么。而这些规则也正好为我们去判断一个段落中的各句哪句再先，哪句在后，提供了理论支持。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。(a). 按时间及进程排列(chronological arrangement)(b). 按空间顺序排列(spatial arrangement) 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance) (c). 按逻辑关系排列 由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific a

64、rrangement） 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement) 我们看一个例子：If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up fr

65、om the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in wr

66、iting or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 这一段谈的是表达能力的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或 “of little importance”到 “more important”，最后是 “most important”。 这是一段按照重要性的排列从而达到段落的意连的文字，当然在考试中，有的题目是按照时间进程排列的，也有的题目是按照空间顺序排列的，不管是哪一种情况，在意连的理论的支持下，在已知句的位置的提示下，我们是不难把一个打乱了的段落重新排列号的。2. 形连 行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现段落中句与句之间的自然过渡。这种对转