新编语用学教程课后答案

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1、Introductioncheck your understanding1. f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths.2. f Pragmatics is also interested in how language use affects the language system.3. t4. f5. tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1)Yes, he s coming.(2)Yes. No, he isn t coming(3) His knowledge about whether Pat likes

2、 cognitive linguistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as an inanimate object can t play a human being (John).c. It is a case oftautology that conveys no new information.d. “ Idea ” doesn t have color and can t sleep since it is inanimate.

3、The whole sentence doesn t make sense.(2) a. it can be used for communication in a context where John shares some personality with Hitler.b. when John is a poor player of golf.c. in a context where a certain boy has done something wrong (out of naughtiness).(3) when the sentence is used in poetry to

4、 personalize the word "idea". 3.(1) a. In an entrance of a park.b. In the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidden to bring dogs into the park.b. This place is for adults to change infantdiapers.4. (1) Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the c

5、ouple are talking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking).(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to“ my” request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listen to other people private conversation, it is normal that hear

6、a word“(thusI” canthe t couple can continue their talk).5.(1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。6. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it canmake the customer s wife jealous. The

7、“ French toast ” probably means a type of specialty provided by this holiday inn.(2) C: 你去哪里？吃饭了没？E: How are you?How s everything going?7. (1) He means he doesn t speak French.(2) Russian majors don speaktFrench.(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.8. (1) a. He uses “ that ” under the ass

8、umption that his mom knows which letter is being referred to.b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon.Mother: Who is Ping Ping?(3) Wang: It s not my fault, is it?Li: Yes.-Native speaker

9、: Hi, you look good.Zhang: Not good, not good at all.ExercisesTask3.1.when we get someone to do something, we tend tominimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint. People want to be polite by mitigating( 缓解 ,减轻 ,平静 )the imposition, which is face-threate

10、ning.2. The first imperative is a general grammatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of "will you"3. (in the office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.-(during the afternoon tea)Boss: How is your dad, To

11、m?Clerk: He s fine. Thanks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the window because he was engaged with (? ) in something else in other places.5. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye,Holden, a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conventions and in that way shows his rebellio

12、n.6. While we teach English to Chinese students, we not only impart linguisticinformation (phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax of English) but also pragmatic information (appropriate use of English in dynamic context). For instance, how we can use the question tag(反了？ tag questions) to soun

13、d more tentative and be polite.Unit 1Check your understanding1. f That is the view held by John Austin in the early stage.2. f Implicit performative utterances do not have a performative verb.3. f4. fThe completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee s cooperation5. tIn-Class Activities

14、1.(1) If you ve ever said“ I promise” or“ I apologizeerformed”those,you have pactions by the simple act of saying them. But“ I know ” and“ I believe” aredeclarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker.(2) a. I wish you a great success. I a

15、dmit I m wrong.b. I misunderstand your point. I see what you mean.(3) Yes. For example, when we say 我在这里“向你道歉 ”，we are performing the act of apologizing.(?)2.(1)“ A full apology” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like“ We apologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people

16、” . Indeed,“ sorrnot a performative verb.(2) To some extent,“ sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1) The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.(2) He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening.4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act

17、of verbally saying“ Today is not a free admission dayillocutionary act: it implicitlyrequires people to pay the admission fee.perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying“ Thank you for your generous donationand your support”.illocutiona

18、ry act: it implicitlyurges people to donate.perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a' "Admission fee required today"b "We expect your generous donation and your support"The first is chosen to beless imposing. The second is chosen toattractpeople sdonation.5.(1) N

19、o, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertisement from s(a) hotel whose name happens to be “ Jurys ”.(2) The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers. ExercisesTask 3 1.a. constative? locution:“ No smoking in this area” . Illocution: Forbidding peoplefrom smoking here. Perlocution:

20、 People do not smoke here.b. constative. Locution:“ Ticket passengers only” . Illocution: Asking passengers tobuy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets toenter the museum.c. constative. Locution:“ Token vending machine” . Illocution: publicInformingof thethe

21、 fact that they can buy tokens through this machine. Perlocution: People buy tokensthrough this machine (if at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways ofdoing things. Thus, all utterances are“ performative” in essence.Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to

22、 B“ it s stuffy here” . The actual effect may be that Aunderstood to becomplaining, but the intended effect is that someone shouldopen thewindow or the door and it may bring B to perform the act instead of letting him justlisten to A s complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a, and(3)a are performative utterances and

23、 can stand the test“ hereHowever, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b, (2)c,“ know” ,“ think ” , “ amuse” and“ flatteperformative verbs. In (3)b, the third person subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tenseis used.4. Both verdictives and exertives involve a demonstration of powers, rights, orinfluence. However,

24、verdictives have theillocutionary force of issuing a formal or official judgment and giving a verdict, while exertives involve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it.5. These utterances are nottrue or false, that is, not truth-evaluable. The uttering of

25、 them on formal occasions is or is part of thedoing of a certain kind of action, theperformance of which, again, would not normally be described as just“ saying ”“ describing" something (cf. Austin 1962, 5). e.g.“ This meeting is now adjourned.”“ The court is now in session.”“ This church is he

26、reby de-sanctified. ”批准 ,认可 ,使合法化Check your understanding1. f It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.2. f The hearer is held responsible.3. f4. t5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) No, they are essentially directives.(2) “你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。 ”“ We ll be very grateful for your presence.”(3) Becaus

27、e they expect other people compliances instead of refusals. One feels indebted 感激的 , 受惠的 , 蒙恩的 i f one does not comply with the request.2.(1) Commissives(2) Yes. The second promise is achievedwith a condition which may turn the promise (a commissive) into a requirement (a directive).3.(1) No. Uttera

28、nce a is a threat. Utterance b involves something that the speakercannot xcontrol. Utterance c describes somethingin the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future. Utterance d involves an act that thehearer rather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance e has a thir

29、d person as the subject. Utterance f is a statement about something that happened in the past.(2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that the speakerhas done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory con

30、ditions (e.g. the person who is apologizing should have made mistakes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).Li: 好嘛，算我错了行了吧。 where the speaker is not sincere 4.(1) The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint)

31、.(2)Because saying that can normallyattract the waiter s attentionandhewaiterknows what to do in a context like this.Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save ouror others face.(3)Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customer s words, the waiter may not take itseriously (if he is not joking).5.(1)Th

32、e role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andywill accept Jack s refusalmorereadily.Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick.(2) a. Calling on people to save water. b. Denying people the right to park here.The “ irrelevant ” information is used to enh

33、ance the chances of successfully performing the directive acts.ExercisesTask3.1.a. Austin was a leading exponent of 'analytical' or 'Ordinary Language' philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of speech actsdevelop

34、ed subsequently. He was the initiator of the speech act theory. He drew the distinction between constative utterances and performative utterances, although he latter discarded the distinction. He introduced the trichotomy of locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.John Searle is wi

35、dely noted for his contributions to thephilosophy of language, philosophy of mind and social philosophy. Searle has introduced the notion of 'indirect speech act'. He has reclassified illocutionary acts. He has developed the theory into a general theory about human communication.b. Speech ac

36、t sequence; responsive acts.2.No. Threatening seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act.Open.3.Learn how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same.4.Depends on whether thesincerity condition is violated or not.5.a. declaration b. representative c.

37、representative d. directive e. expressive missive g. directiveh. commissivei. declaration6.“ Excuse me ” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition isthat there are others talking about or doingsomething, when the speaker s interruption is not expected. However, “ sorry

38、” is used in a different situation, and its preparatory condition is that the speaker has made a mistake. 7.Effectiveness: a>b>c>d other things being equalPoliteness: a<b<c<dother things being equal8.a. It runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closed at th

39、e moment.b. It goes against the sincerity condition. It is felicitous as an act of thankingc. It goes against the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearer s disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is not.Unit 3Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Cl

40、ass Activities1(1) a. direct answer about his father b. His father can help. c. His father cannot help. s profession(2) A: Your father must be very great.B: He is a lawyer.-A: Does your father earn a lot of moneyB: He is a lawyer.2.(1) Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meani

41、ng of the words.(2) An implicature can be part of sentence meaning or dependent onconversational context, and can beconventional or unconventional. But connotation is conventional and attached to words.(3)“ Fox” can connote cunningness. When we say“ he is a fox” in response todo you think of Jack?”

42、, we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox.3.(1) Yes, it implies that Jack has one and only one brother.(2) Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts. No.Yes. For instance, Jack has a brot

43、her; indeed, he has two.(3) A: Jack must be spoiled by his parents.B: Jack has a brother.4.(1) cancelability or defeasibility.(2) Yes. The words “ not yet ” has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the given time.5.(1) Jack may refill his car in the garage.(2) Yes, the garag

44、e may be closed at the moment.(3) a. The sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the sea foods. b. You can win here. /Play here.6.(1) Hearer meaning is the hearer's understanding of the speaker's utterance.(2) A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect.A: But I don't mean he is really clever in that as

45、pect.(3) a. Hearer's and speaker's background knowledge may be different. b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different.ExercisesTask31.a. There is convention of usage in natural language.b. Today I declare you husband and wife.He is at sixs and sevens.2. A: Are you happy.B:

46、Yes.A: Are you happy?B: Yes. Quite, quite.There are other possibilities. E.g. Speakers meanless than what they say.A: Are you happy.B: Yes. I am the happiest person in the world.3. Saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as "meaning". By saying onething a speaker might mean an

47、other thing entirely. There is a sense of "saying" on which you can't say anything without meaning something.4.A: She is a charming lady. I mean only when she smiles.By saying the first sentence, A may imply he is attracted by the lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the i

48、mplicature.5. No.Yes.a. Jack: Let's go out drinking tonight.Jane: My grandma is ill. (But, my mother is coming)b. Jack: How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympics?Jane: Philip won a medal.Obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature. It is comparatively easy

49、to add a sentence to a tocancel the implicature, but in b it is difficult. Anyhow, we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b. What's more, particularized implicatures aremore unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy.6.a. conventional (there's no need for context

50、 information) One cannot use the doorbefore 6 p.m. (“ before ”)b. Conventional No free refills for non- same visit (“ only ”)7. openOne may say no, though. Conversational implicature is context dependent. To some extent, it is arbitrary, because different people may get different implicatures even i

51、n the same context and different contexts may generate different implicatures as well.8.A. when people talking about boys' qualities.B. When people are talking about boys' ability to do mathematics.9.Conversational implicatures are sensitive to context anddependent on the observance of Coope

52、rative Principle while flouting a particular maxim. People may arrive at different conversational implicature for the same utterance. The conclusions arrived at by syllogism are context free and people get thesame conclusionbe means of reasoningUnit 4Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Cl

53、ass Activities1.(1) Both metaphors and irony go against the maxim ofquality that requires the speaker to be truthful. A metaphor involves saying that one thing isanother and an irony consists in the expression ofone's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite.(2) Understatem

54、ent (“ It s not too badorm of”speech)isa fin which a lesserexpression is used than what would be expected; hyperbole ( “forHaven t seen you ages” ) is afigure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. Their use runs counter to the maxim of quantity as well as that of quality.2.(1) Yes, the maxi

55、m of manner is exploited. Mr. Bennet implicates that he will let his wife tell him who has taken the house. Also, the maxim of quantity is violated whenMs. Bennet respondsto her husband s question“ Is he married or single?”(2) By saying "I have no objection to hearing it", Mr. Bennet means

56、 that his wife has the freedom to supply the information in front of him, which in turn means he agrees to listen to his wife although he is not enthusiastic about it.(3) The author implies that Mrs. Bennet is very enthusiastic to tell other people things even at a small hint of agreement.3.(1) One

57、may be only superficially relevant in terms of the literal meaning; one can also be interactionally relevant in terms of the illocutionary goal.(2) Yes, it may run into similar trouble. It is difficult to define "be brief", "obscurity of expression", and "be orderly". B

58、revity and orderliness are matters of degree.4.(1) a. qualityb. quantityc. relation d. manner(2) QualityE.g.: I am not so sure, but. C: 事情可能是这样的。QuantityIt s going to be a long story说.来话长。RelationBy the way,顺便说一句， MannerTo put it differently, .不妨换个说法， 5.(1) The Maxim of Quality is moral in nature, w

59、hile the other three are not.(2) No, he was concerned with what peoplehad said implicitly instead of how they should talk.6.(1) A. MannerImplicature: Visitors are supposed to pay to get in.B. QualityImplicature: People must work hard, if they want to earn a lot ofmoney.(2) Yes, but the advertising d

60、iscourse violates the maxims more often because they intend to attract people's attention through it. The ad goes against the maxim of quantity and manner underinformative; not perspicuous.ExercisesTask31. When interlocutors are in conflict in some way.2. Yes, sometimes if you are overinformativ

61、e, you may be irrelevant.Yes, I agree. It is moral in nature.3. Politeness. If we treat politeness as a form of cooperativeness.4.(1) RelationImplicature: I don't want to lend it to you./I havenhomework.(2) QuantityImplicature: I have no brothers.(3) RelationImplicature: I don't want to play tennis.(4) RelationImplicature: I don't want to eat oysters. t finished my5. (1) The speaker just admits he went out last night, but he doesn't answer where he had been.(