全国职称英语考试 卫生类C级 阅读理解与完形填空押题 已排序密押(卫生C)

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1、阅读理解：第五篇U. S. Eats Too Much SaltPeople in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, govemment health experts said on Thursday.They found nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups th

2、at would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than l,500 mg per day, yet most consume closer to 3,500 mg per day.The study in CDCs weekly report on death and disease used national survey data to show that two out of three adults should be consuming no more than l,500 mg of sodium per day becaus

3、e they are black or over the age of 40-which are considered high-risk groups.Yet studies show most people in the United States eat 3,436 mg of sodium per day, according to a 2005 - 2006 CDC estimate.Most of the sodium eaten comes from packaged, processed and restaurant foods. The CDC said it will jo

4、in other agencies in the Health and Human Services department in working with major food manufacturers and chain restaurants to reduce sodium levels in the food supply.Nationwide, 16 million men and women have heart disease and 5. 8 million are estimated to have had a stroke. Cutting salt consumptio

5、n can reduce these risks, the CDC said.1. Too much salt raises ones risk for _.A. strokesB. heart attacksC. high blood pressureD. all of the above2. The recommended sodium intake for most U. S. adults is _.A. closer t0 3,500 mg per dayB. as much as 3,436 mg per dayC. no more than l,500 mg per dayD.

6、less than 3,500 mg per day3. A heart-healthy diet is one that contains _.A. a low level of sodiumB. a lot of potassium and calciumC. no salt at allD. both A and B4. Nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups,_.A. for they are inactiveB. for they are black or over the age of 40C. for t

7、hey frequently eat outD. for they consume sodium every day5. Packaged, processed and restaurant foods are known to beA. good in tasteB. low in priceC. poor in nutritionD. high in salt解析：1. D 解析由第一段的People in the United States consume more than twice the recom. mended amount of salt，raising their ris

8、k flor high blood pressure，heart attacks and strokes，government health experts said on Thursday.可知，A、B、C都出现了，因此选D。2.C解析由第二段中would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than 1，500 mgper day和第五段中should be consuming no more than 1，500 mg of sodium per day可知，每天钠的摄入量不应超过1500毫克。因此选C。3.D解析文章第三段说到People

9、 who adopt a heart-healthy eating pattern that includes a diet low in sodium(钠)and rich in potassium(钾)and calcium(钙)can improve theirblood pressure，因此D是正确答案。4.B 解析第五段提到they are black or over the age of 40-which are consideredhigh-risk groups，因此选B。5.D解析第七段说Most of the sodium eaten comes from package

10、d，processed and restaurant foods.因此选择D。第十六篇Eat to Live A meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much funand it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to1 most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues f

11、rom the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help i

12、ts liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins2. Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months oldequivalent to about 70 human years.The r

13、esearchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production4probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 2

14、7 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes. “This is the first indication that thee effects kick in5 pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the

15、 National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C. No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says. If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liv

16、er. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective. But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it6. “The mice get less disease, they live longer but theyre hungry,

17、” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that.” Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：meager mi:(r) adj

18、. 不足的youthful ju:ful adj. 有青春活力的vigor v(r) n. 精力，活力metabolize mtblaiz vt. 使(一种物质)进入新陈代谢过程genetic dnetk adj. 基因的rejuvenation ridu:vnein n. 恢复活力，返老还童liver liv n. 肝脏toxin tksin n. 毒素ration rn n. 定量calorie klri n. 卡 (热量的单位)inflammation inflmein n. 炎症，发炎trade-off n. 交换，交易rejuvenate ridu:vineit vt. 使恢复活力注

19、释：1. hang on to : 继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting it might be worth a lot of money one day. 你应该继续保留那幅画，或许有一天它会值很多钱。2. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. 老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化

20、，但却有助于肝脏带血药物或除去毒素。 other damager caused by time 岁月造成的其他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。Metabolize drugs:代谢药物，即“使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效”。 get rid of :摆脱，除去。3. half-rations 和 half-feed: 都是指“老鼠饲料正常定量(normal diet)的一半”。4. free radical production：指“(有机体组织、器官等的)无限激增”。5. kick in ：意为“开始起作用”。如：Were still waiting for the air conditio

21、ning to kick in ：我们还在等着空调开始起作用。6.be worth it ： 意为“值得，有益”。例如：They are expensive, but they are worth it. 那些东西很贵，但划得来。练习：1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B. If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C. Dieting mig

22、ht not be needed.D. We have to begin dieting from childhood.2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?A. To describe the influence of old age on mice.B. To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C. To tell us how mices liver genes behave.D. To inform us of the process of m

23、etabolizing drugs.3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?A. They will not experience free radical production.B. They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C. They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D. They are more

24、likely to suffer from inflammation.4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A. The mice that started dieting in old age.B. 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C. Calorie restriction that works in people.D. Dieting that makes su

25、re a drug is effective.5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes thatA. calorie restriction is very important to young peopleB. seeing the effect of a diet, people will eat less than normal.C. dieting is not a good method to give us health and a long life.D. drugs do not have the ef

26、fects of calorie restriction.答案与题解：1. D 第一段第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，我们仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必须从小就开始节食”是错误的，D是答案。2. B 第二段体积“一只高龄老鼠”的时候，作者谈到，“只要连续四周限制它仅是，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力”。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好地回答了题干中的问题。3. D 第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和身体组织无限激增相关”，因此，D正确。4. A 第四段最后一个句子

27、讲“但最惊人的发现时那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令研究人员感兴趣的”。5. C 文章的最后两段谈及Spindler 对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。其次，他希望在不久的将来，我们不必解释。所以我们可以退职，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。译文：为了活着吃饭 节食可能使你健康长寿，但并不好玩节食可能不是非做不可的事。即使上了年纪再节食，我们仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力。 StephenSpindler和他在Riverside的加利福尼亚大学的同事们已经发现，一只高龄老鼠只要连续四周限制它进食，它的某些肝脏基因就会变得和衰

28、老前一样充满活力，老鼠的肝基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。 Spindler的团队正常饲养三只老鼠直到它们死，而另外三只老鼠只喂正常饲料定量的一半。另外三只老鼠在34个月大的时候相当于人的70岁，从正常饲养转到半量饲养一个月。 研究者检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11000个基因的活动，发现正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因发生变化。这种变化与炎症和身体组织无限激增相关这大概对老鼠的健康来说是个坏消息。在那些终生节食的老鼠中，这46条肝脏基因中的27条继续像年轻的基因一样活动，但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益。

29、 华盛顿附近的国家老年协会的HuberWarner说：“这是这些影响迅速起作用的第一个迹象。” 还没有知道热量限制是否在人身上和在老鼠身上一样起作用，但是Spindler怀有希望。他说：“有吸引人的证据表明它能起作用。” 如果它确实能在人身上起作用，那就有足够的理由使肝脏焕发青春秋战国。当我们变老时，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢就不那么高效。Spindler说短期的节食足以使药物充分发挥药效。 但是Spindler不能肯定节食是否值得。他说：“老鼠们病少了，活的更长，但是它们感到饥饿。即便明白节食的作用，仍旧很难在饭馆里说我只吃一半。”Spindler希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食，他的公司，加

30、利福尼亚寿命遗传学，正在寻找有热量控制作用的药物。第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking Oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study. Doctors announced the results yesterday with

31、analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger, especially women. According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate. An unhealth

32、y lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer, said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center. He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,483 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while onl

33、y 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained aboutlirritated eyes and throat. About 32 perce

34、nt of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of womens bedrooms were adjacent to2the kitchen. However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods. Unless my family and I don

35、t eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook. said Xu Li, a 45year-old local woman. I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. Doctors said womens lung cancer had few links to personal

36、health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems. Other experts agreed with He.3 Smoking is by far the biggest cause4of lung cancer for men, said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute a

37、t Fudan Universitys Medical College. Its true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. His research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used. The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if ex

38、posed to the fume for a long time,6experts said.词汇：fume /fjum/n.烟,气,汽tumor ( = tumour) /tju:m(r)/n.肿瘤cancer /kns/n.癌瘤breast /brest/n.乳房,胸incidence /nsd()ns/n.发生（率）diagnosis /,dagnss/n.诊断inhale /nhel/v.吸入irritate /rtet/vt.使疼痛,刺激fry /fra/v.油炸,油煎unventilate /nventlet/vt.使不通风adjacent /des()nt/adj.临近的die

39、tary /dat()r/adj.饮食的immune /mjun/adj.免疫的honorary/n()(r)r/adj.名誉上的;荣誉的respiratory /rsprt()r/adj.呼吸的stall /stl/n.货摊注释：1. complain原意是“抱怨,诉苦”，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表示“主诉”。2. adjacent to:与相毗邻,临近(地方)3. Other experts agreed with He.其他专家同意何医生的意见。agree with sb:同意某人的意见。agree with sth:同意什么东西。agree to

40、 do sth:同意做什么事情。4. by far the biggest cause:最大的原因。by far是用来做形容词最高级the biggest的状语,对形容词最高级起强调作用。本来形容词最高级就已经是最高了,可是说话的人还要对它再强调出来,所以就相当汉语的“最最”的意思。5. . warned people not to stand near of stalls selling.:警告人们不要站在卖的货摊附近。也可以说成“.warned people off stalls selling.”。6. . if exposed to the fume for a long time：

41、如果长时间接触这种烟的话。expose sb. to sth. 原意是“使(人)暴露于（物)”，但医学文献中常常用来表达“接触到（物)”的意思。此处if引导的条件状语从句相当于“if one is exposed to the fume for a long time”。练习：1. What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?A. Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.B. Women are more likely to develo

42、p lung cancer than men.C. Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males.D. Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.2. Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai?A. Heart disease. B. Breast cancerC. Infectious diseases D. L

43、ung cancer.3. What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes?A. Irritated eyes and throat. B. Severe pain in both lungsC. Continuous cough and headache. D. Difficulty in breathing.4. What was the local womens reaction when they

44、 learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?A. Happy. B. Surprised. C. Angry D. Careless.5. Which of the following has relatively little connection with womens lung cancer?A. Family cancer history.B. Unhealthy dietary habits.C. Weak immune systems.D. Personal health and physical condition.答

45、案与题解：1. D文章二段明确提到,肺癌的新趋势就是“病人更年轻,尤其是妇女”。2. B文章第三段说道肺癌排在乳腺癌之后,发病率第二高”，可见乳腺癌才是最常见的疾病。3. A 文章第七段说道,“60%以上患肺癌的妇女都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受”。4. B文章倒数第七段明确说道,“当妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶”。5. D回答此题时,首先要注意倒数第五段中的两处文字,即had few links to. .和was closely related to.，其中link to 意为connection with,而relate to 则意为connect with,都是“联

46、系”的意思,只是few和closely的差别却很大。few和little 一样,都是具有否定意义的词,意为“很少,几乎没有”，只是后面的名词分别为可数名词和不可数名词而已；它们与a few和a little不同，a few和a little具有肯定意义,意为“有几个”和“有一点”，后面的名词同样分别为可数名词和不可数名词。如果这一点明白了,也就很容易回答这道题了。第十五篇Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense again

47、st getting ill，new study findings suggest. In an experiment that.exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill. The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a

48、 positive emotional style”5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses. Researchersbelieve the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose. People with a positive emotional

49、 style may have different immune responses to the virus， explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “ And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe. ”Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happie

50、r people seemed less Susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect. For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional style. Those who

51、 tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy，tense and hostile had a negative style. The researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus. Over the next six days，the volunt

52、eers reported on any aches，pains，sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production. Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold. 词汇：bay /bei/ n.绝境，穷途末路flu /fl

53、u:/ (influenza 的简称）n.流（行性）感（冒） virus /vaiarss/ n.病毒 disposition /jdispszijsn/ n.本性，性情 psychosomatic /jsaiksusomaetik/ adj.心身的，身心的 boost /buist/ vt. 提高，举起 scratchy /skraetji/ adj.刺痛的，使人发痒的 runny /rAni/ adj.流黏液的 Pittsburgh /pitsbaig/ n.匹兹堡（美国城 市）colleague /kDliig/ n.同事susceptible /soseptobl/ adj.易感的，敏

54、感的 catch / kaetJV vt.感染到 trait /trei，treit/ n.特质；特性 perceive /posiiv/ vt.发觉，觉察；理解 energetic /丨ens丨d3etik/ adj.精力充沛的，精神饱满的 easy-going /iizigsuig/ adj.随和的 tense /tens/ adj.紧张的 hostile /hDstail/ adj.敌意的 nasal / 丨neizl/ adj.鼻的 ache /eik/ n.(长时间连续的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze /sniiz/ vi.打喷噴 congestion /kondsestpn/ n.充血

55、 mucus /mjuikss/ n.點液 woe /wou/ n.痛苦，苦恼；（复）灾难，苦头 注释：1. Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay:情绪乐观的人不易患感冒。warm people 原意是 “热心肠的人，情绪高昂的人” ,keep/hold. at bay是“使走投无路，不使接近”的意 思，因此本题目如果直译则是“情绪高昂的人可能让感冒不能得逞”或“情绪高昂的人可能 远离感冒”或“情绪高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外”。2. staying positive:保持积极向上（的情绪）3. exposed healthy volunteers to

56、 a cold or flu virus:使健康的志愿者接触感冒（病毒）或流感病 毒。expose原意是“使暴露，使面临”，这里expose sb. to sth.是“使接触”的意思。4. sunny disposition:乐观开朗的个性5. positive emotional style:乐观情绪型，情绪积极型6. scratchy throat ：嗓子痛7. susceptible to:对敏感的，容易受到影响的 8. as to:关于，至于练习：1. According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional

57、style do get a cold, they may thinkA that their illness is very serious. B that their illness is not so serious. C that they do not get any illness at all. D that the illness they get is not a mild one.2. People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A h

58、appy. B selfish.C easy-going. D energetic.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have?A Hostile. B Unhappy.C Warm-blooded. D Tense.4. How did the researchers test their volunteers?A By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a

59、 cold virus or a particular flu virus. B By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold. C By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function. D By investigating everyones characteristics, interests and hobbies.5. Which of the following items is NOT included in

60、 the data that the researchers collected? A Mucus production. B Aches and pains.C Sneezing or congestion. D Blood test.答案与题解：1. B 本题i案来自第三段，其中第二句说:“当他们的确患感冒时，他们认为病情并不太严 重” 。2. B A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B项没提到，而且从逻辑推理，情绪乐观的人 绝不会是“自私自利”的人。3. C 选项A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C项“热情洋溢”也不应属于情绪低落、消极 的人所应有的性格特征。4. A 第六段第一句说的

61、就是“研究者给这些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某种流感病毒的滴 鼻剂”，这正是本题答案。5. D 选项A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D项则不在其中之列。译文：乐观情绪助你远离感冒最新研究显示，保持乐观积极的情绪是预防感冒的最佳途径。一项令健康受试者接触感冒病毒 的实验证明，积极情绪类型的受试者受感染的几率相对较小这个名为“积极情绪可以帮助预防感冒及其他疾病”的发现被刊登在身心医学期刊上，而究 其原因则分为客观和主观两方面。客观原因是积极乐观的情绪有助于增强免疫系统的功能，而主观 原因则是：心情快乐的人较少受到咽痛和流鼻涕的困扰。来自匹兹堡卡内基梅隆大学的Sheldon Cohen博士是此研究的

62、主要参与者.,他解释道“积极 情绪类型的人对于病毒的免疫反应可能较常人不同”，“而且当患感冒时,他们往往不会把自己的病 情想象得太糟糕。”在此前一项更早的研究中,Cohen及其同事就曾经发现，积极情绪型的人对感冒病毒似乎不太 敏感，但当时并不能确定引起这种区别的是性格特征因素。在这次新的研究实验中，研究者对193名健康的受试者进行了规范的性格测试，包括自我认为 的健康程度以及情绪类型等。其中那些更倾向于心情愉快、精力充沛且平易近人的受试者为积极情 绪型，而那些总是心情不快、紧张并对旁人心存敌意的受试者则属于消极情绪类型。研究者给每位受试者提供了含有感冒病毒或某类流感病毒的滴鼻液，在接下来的六周里，每位 受试者每