The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 环境工程专业词汇的特点及翻译策略

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1、The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 环境工程专业词汇的特点及其翻译CONTENTSAbstract.iv摘要vIntroduction1Chapter 1 The Classification of Environment Engineering Specialized Vocabulary.2 1.1 Technical Words.21.2 Sub/semi-technical Words. .21.3 Common Words.3Chapter 2 The Feat

2、ures of environment engineering specialized vocabulary.42.1 Latin or Greek Origin.42.2 Affixation.42.3Compounds and Shortening.42.3.1 Compounds.52.3.2 Shortening.52.4Analogy.52.5 Coinage of New Words.6Chapter 3 Environmental Engineering English Vocabulary Translation Strategy .73.1 Free Translation.

3、73.2 Transliteration.73.3 Transliteration and Freetranslation.8Chapter 4 Word Choice and Expression in the Translation .94.1 The Choice of the Right Meaning.94.2 The Choice of Proper Expression.94.2.1 derived meaning.94.2.2 conversion of part of speech. 10Chapter 5 The qualifications of Environmenta

4、l Engineering Translation . 115.1 Accumulated Expertise.115.2 Professional Knowledge.115.3 Extensive Reading.115.4 Consult the Dictionaries.12Conclusion 13References 14Acknowledgement 15AbstractEnvironmental Engineering is part of scientific English, and its high degree of difficulty lies not only i

5、n terms of its large and growing number of new terms, but also in its unique characteristics. Scientific English is a tool different from the ordinary English. As a tool for global communication, the spread of English in the technical aspects of scientific theories play a decisive role. Therefore, u

6、nderstanding the characteristics of English vocabulary and their translation methods are helpful, for teachers and workers in the field. This article covers the Environmental Engineering classification of its vocabulary, its composition, its translation strategy.Key words：Environmental Engineering V

7、ocabulary; translation skills摘 要环境工程专业词汇的翻译属于科技英语翻译的范畴，其难度不仅在于其词汇的数目庞大和增长速度之快，而且还在于它独有的特征。科技英语是有别于普通英语的工具性语言，作为全球交流的工具，科技英语在传播科学理论技术方面起着举足轻重的作用。因此，了解科技英语词汇的特点，和翻译方法，对于从事教学或者是科技翻译工作者来说是一个必要的能力。本文主要探讨了下面五个方面的问题：1 环境工程英语词汇的分类，2 环境工程英语词汇的构成，3 环境工程英语词汇翻译的策略，4.翻译时词义的选择和表达，5 环境工程专业英语翻译者的基本素质。关键词：环境工程词汇 翻译技

8、巧16IntroductionThe interpretation of environment engineering specialized vocabulary belongs to the translation of Scientific English. It is difficult not only because of the large amount, but also because of its rapid increase. What's more, it has its own characteristics. Specialized vocabulary

9、is different from the common English. As the most important media of global communication, specialized vocabulary is rather important in the area of spreading scientific theories and technology. So comprehending the feature of specialized vocabulary and the interpreting skills are very important to

10、the instructors and the translators.Chapter 1The Classification of Environment Engineering Epecialized VocabularyEnvironment engineering specialized vocabulary includes technical words, sub/semi-technical words and common words. The using of technical words are just limited to some specialty; sub/se

11、mi-technical words are transformed from common words, in addition to their own meaning, they also have other meanings in different subjects. In scientific and technical literatures, technical words are less than technical words or sub/semi-technical words.1.1 Technical WordsTechnical words refer to

12、the vocabularies or glossaries which are only subject-based. Environment engineering specialized vocabulary have a series of exact and narrow words. The naissance of these words always goes with the development of chemistry, physics, biology or other relevant fields and the naissance of new concepts

13、, new theories, new technologies or new products.For example: The word photochemical（光化学） in the phrase photochemical smog（光化学烟雾） was created by the scientist after London smog episode. This word is just used to describe a kind of pollution, we can hardly see it in common words. 1.2 Sub/semi-technic

14、al Words Sub/semi-technical words refer to the words which won't be confined to the context. These words' frequency of appearance is always very high. These words are common words in useful expression, but have very rigorous meanings when be used in technical fields.For example:We define the

15、 word aeration（曝气）the process of exposing to air (so as to purify)in daily life, but as an environment engineering specialize word, it has a very narrow meaning. It just describes the way we throw more oxygen forcibly to the liquid.1.3 Common WordsWords in scientific English literature are different

16、 from which in common English. In scientific English, words tend to be long and big. For example,Common words Scientific English to agree to concurto send to transmitbetter superiorenough sufficientOK satisfactoryget smaller diminishpush down depressfresh hand inexperienced operatorBy comparison we

17、can find that common English words are shorter and often have different meanings; scientific English tend to be longer and always have singleness.In scientific English, the difference is not absolute. With the technology and society developing, some technical have been becoming common words, such as

18、 radio, television and so on. In the sight of rhetoric, they are written languages without emotional coloring , appraise or transferred meaning.Chapter 2The Features of Environment Engineering Specialized VocabularyAs a tool to expatiate on scientific judgment used by researchers, the vocabularies a

19、re always very formal and exact, and have powerful function of information. So scientific English appears to a lot of unique features.2.1 Latin or Greek OriginA majority of the specialized vocabularies are made up of or come from Greek or Latin. For example, the word chlorophyll was made up of the t

20、wo Latin words: chlor and phyl; rectifier borrow recti from Latin. Based on the Stat of American scientific English expert Oscar E Nybaken, in ten thousand most common English words,46% words come from Latin and 7.2% come from Greek. This percentage will be higher when the words become more speciali

21、zed. So we can say that Latin and Greek morpheme is the major base of the modern scientific English and it will also be the most important origin to create new words. Latin and Greek morpheme are widely used mainly because of the idiosyncracy of Greek and Latin themselves.Above all, scientific vocab

22、ularies demand that the meanings are exactly and the form are regular. These two languages are both regular and both have the feature that the word morphologies are aptotic and the meanings are exactly. And it is just what the composing of scientific English call for. Whats more important, Greek and

23、 Latin is higher all-around, they both have abundant affixes and these affixes can create many new words with different etyma.2.2 Affixation The composing of scientific vocabularies depends on the combination of morphemes.Affixation is a very important way to compose new words and a lot of scientifi

24、c words create in this way. In the scientific words which we often use, about 50 prefixes appear frequently, such as anti-, auto-, contra-, ex-, intra-, mono-, pre-, syn-, semi-, trails-, thermo-, un-, and so on; postfixes are about 30,such as -able, -al, -ic, -ise,-meter and so on.Because most scie

25、ntific words are made up with some morphemes, we can comprehend by analogy to grip the thousands of words if we can deeply grip the meanings of the morphemes and command the over 1100 basing morphemes. For example, if we know the perfix micro, the etyma scop and the postfix ist, we can easily guess

26、the meaning of microscopist. Even if the word is very long, we can also get the meaning if we know the basing morphemes of the word. For example, the word octamethylpy-mphe-phoramide is made up with octa-, methyl-,pyro-, phosphor and ide.2.3 Compounds and Shortening2.3.1 CompoundsCompounds are new w

27、ords which are made up of two or more single words. Compounds appear more frequently than others, such as compound nouns: letter bomb, water purification system; compound verbs: airdrop, softhand; and compound adjectives. 2.3.2 ShorteningThe other flexible word-building of scientific English is shor

28、tening. With technology developing, the amount of shortening is bigger and bigger and has reached 100,000. The advantage of shortening is brevity and informative .Scientific shortening mainly includes:(1) Acronym, which is made up of the first letter of each word, such as maser (maser-microwave ampl

29、iffcation by stimulated emission of radiation，微波激射器), bradar (biologic radio detection and ranging曲头钉)and so on.(2) Clip-words. Several letters in the front words, which is made up out of each word,.This shortening is always used when the original word is very long and hard to be remembered,。For exa

30、mple:bb (1aboratory演讲) dir (directory地址簿,电话簿)，chem. (chemistry化学) These words are usually Conventionality, so we should not create by our own mean.(3) Initials, which are roughly the same with acronyms. The only difference is that initials must be read one by one letter,.For example:HIT (Health Indi

31、cation Test)健康状况测试 ,BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)生化需氧量,COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)化学需氧量This shortening can make the long phrase short, but in different fields or rather in the same field, the initial maybe have different meanings.(4) Abbreviation shortenings are not always made up of the first le

32、tter. Some shortening jsut come from one letter and with a . in the end.For example:Exp(export)出口 Max (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的 Fig, (figure)数字etc.,(and so on)等The original word maybe is not very long, but very widely used, so people make it shorter.Some shortening have been conventional and can be unders

33、tood by most scientist. On the other hand, for one shortening word can stand for many different words, which brings difficulty to translator. For example, MA can stand for machine account(台帐), magnetic amplifier(磁放大器),main alarm(主报警信号), Manpower Administration人力管理署(美), map analysis(地图分析).Maritime Ad

34、ministration (海运管理署) ,market analysis(市场分析), Middle Ages(中世纪), Military Academy(军事学院) ,mixed amplifier(混合放大器) ,modulated amplifier(被调制放大器),Museums Association博物馆协会(美,and so on.Customarily, longer the shortening word is ,less meanings it will have. Whats more, shortening words occur to be abundance i

35、n written form: sometimes all using capitalization, sometimes all using lowercase, and sometime being mixed. For example: AB can be written by ab, a/b, a&b, aB, AB, Ab, AB, A·B, A/B.Using blending to compose new words is also common. This kind of words is always composes by one words herder

36、 and the others rearward. Such as telecen (telephone+conference,电话会议), smog (smoke+fog烟雾), telex (teleprinter+exchange,电报).2.4 Analogy To imitate the original classes of words to create a new corresponding word is analogy.Analogy includes synonymy analogy and antonymy analogy. Synonymy analogy is ma

37、inly used to imitate between synonyms, and antonymy is mainly used to imitate between antonymies.For example: earthquake(地震)moonquake(月震) COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand化学需氧量) BOD(Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand生物需氧量) 2.5 Coinage of New WordsFacing some new words, people have no words to mirror, and then we w

38、ill coin a new word. For example:The Prozac(抗沮丧剂) is a word to describe a new medicament which can reduce the feeling of depression.se words are usually noun, standing for a new subject.Chapter 3Environmental Engineering English Vocabulary Translation StrategyThe exclusive translation of terminology

39、 and vocabularyIn general, use the following methods:3.1 Free Translation Translation method is based on the actual meaning of the original words to the corresponding Chinese terms. This method widely used translation of the translation of scientific and technological terms, with the concept of clea

40、r, easy to understand and the advantages of easy to remember. For example: guided missile automobile software barometer input hard-wired modem insulation resistance test insulation resistance and so on. These phrase are used this method to translation.For example:屠宰废水:slaughtering waste water 有机质:or

41、ganic matters 可生化性: Biodegradability 水解酸化:Hydrolysis Acidification 厌氧生物:Anaerobic organism 滤池工艺: aerated filter 氧化工艺:oxidation technology3.2 TransliterationTransliteration which is the original English pronunciation of the word corresponding to the Chinese. This translation is used for measurement T

42、he place names, company names, abbreviations and initials are not yet fully understand the new terminology.For example:gallon(加仑) , clone(克隆) , pound(磅) ,Coco cola(可口可乐) ,watt（瓦特） Franklin（富兰克林）; Benz（奔驰）; AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)（艾滋病）TOEFL (test of English as a foreign language)(托

43、福)This method is a last resort, which cannot be revealed the true meaning of words. With the new understanding of the terms of a lot of words have been used to replace the translation, For example: engine(引擎)vitamin（维他命） microphone（麦克风）3.3 Transliteration and Freetranslation This is a combination of

44、 transliteration and translation.For example:Einstein equation (爱因斯坦方程)Noble prizes(诺贝尔奖) beer（啤酒）card（卡片）Chapter 4Word Choice and Expression in the Translation4.1 The Choice of the Right MeaningAmong the Scientific English, words usually have a lot of meanings.We should choose the most exact one. O

45、nly in this way can we expatiate the original text better. It requirs two points:4.1.1 Choose the best meaning based on the SituationIn different situation, words always have different meanings. So we should firstly definite which field is our translation about. For example: data bank 数据库 transforme

46、r bank 变压器组transfer bank 横移台架 bank slope 路堤边坡bank light 聚光灯 skid bank 冷床line bank 接线排 channel bank 信道处理单元green bank 绿色沙洲 stock bank 毛料库4.1.2 Choose the best meaning based on the contextFor example:Major contributors in coatng technology have been in the cleaning process and oven structure涂层技术起主要作用的是

47、清洗工艺和烤箱构造。(此处Contfilmtors译“作用”，不译“贡献者”)4.2 The Choice of Proper ExpressionThe above we discussed is mainly about the true meaning of the words. If we want to translate it to Chinese exactly, we should know how to make the proper choice. 4.2.1. Derived MeaningWhen we translate English to Chinese, som

48、etimes we will meet some words that we cant find in the dictionaries. In this case, if we translate forcedly at will, people can hardly understand it.We can conclude the logic from the context and try to derive.For example：At present，petrol is the In0st comniorl food of various kinds ofcars目前，汽油是各种小

49、轿车最常用的能源。 4.2.2Conversion of Part of SpeechFor there are many differences between English and Chinese, especially the grammar, meaning and expression, so when we are translation, we should make some conversion to make the article natural and fluency.For example：The solvent is water soluble这种溶剂是水溶性的。

50、In this sentence, the noun water changes to a adverb to modify the ，adjective word soluble.The desired paint can be static sprayed to set up to,hand wear resistant coatings onto aluminium stock with various specifications所需油漆能利用静电喷涂到各种规格的铝材上，形成坚固耐磨的涂层。In this sentence, the noun static is used as an

51、adverb to modify the verb spray.Chapter 5The qualifications of Environmental Engineering Translation As this translator should have some different from the literary quality of the English translation:5.1 Accumulated Expertise. Our translation skills will be improved if we can remember more and more

52、common expressions in environmental engineering. For example: mimeograph, red-headed fly, general anesthesia, nitron and so on.5.2 Professional Knowledge .Professional knowledge is essential for the translator to understand the characteristics of English vocabulary, when a completely new term appear

53、s, the translator should try to determine the meaning with the help of professional knowledge, Eg: gravisphem translated as "the scope of gravity," because it is combined "gravity (I Li)" with "sphere (range), which is a mixture of two words; one more example: teletypesetter

54、 should be translated as "telex typesetting machine", through the analysis, we found that it is composed by "teh (fax) + type (type) + setter5.3 Extensive Reading. We can make full use of our spare time to get the access to the information age. With growing knowledge and vocabulary by

55、 extensive reading in the translation of science and technology can be easier to deal with. For example: Light winds and a high moisture content created ideal conditions for smog formation. The unusual cold in London in the winter of 1952-1953 caused additional coal combustion and many people travel

56、led only by car, which caused the occurrence of a combination of black soot, sticky particles of tar and gaseous sulphur dioxide. This resulted in the heaviest winter smog episode known to men.译文：风力小、高湿度为烟雾的形成提供了理想的条件。伦敦1952-1953年的那个冬天异常地冷，这就导致了煤炭燃烧的增加，很多人选择开车出行，这就导致了大量煤烟、沥青悬浮颗粒、二氧化硫等的充分混合：这就导致了尽人皆知

57、的伦敦烟雾事件。If we want to translate this part, we must have the knowledge of environment, chemistry, and the attention of the current affairs.5.4 Consult the Dictionaries The progress of science and our understanding of the world continue to emerge a lot of new disciplines and new areas, accordingly, a

58、lot of new terms in science and technology. The vocabulary of science and technology are continually expanding. In translation, on the one hand, we have access to a large number of recently published dictionaries; on the other hand, we should go with an open mind to the relevant professionals for advice.ConclusionAccording to incomplete statistics, thousands of new terms were coined all over the world every day. At present, the dictionaries, including online dictionaries, have been very difficult to meet the needs of science and technology translation. So that English translation o