翻译之剪枝法

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1、英译中之剪枝法 在英语学习或者考试中,阅读能力可谓重中之重.不仅如此,如果步入了职场,即使用英语与他人交流的机会不是很多,但是阅读英文文件的情况还是经常会遇到。大部分人阅读翻译还只是停留在拼凑单词意思来理解句子意思的阶段，只能将英语单词解释个大概，并不能准确地理解句子的含义。其实这样花费的时间并不少。为了快速而且正确地理解句子，我们来学一学“剪枝法”阅读。“剪枝法”的效用：阅读理解能力是快速阅读长句并掌握其核心内容的一种能力，也是联系核心内容，快速掌握句子意思的能力。活用“剪枝解读法”，即使再长的句子也不用害怕，因为“剪枝解读法”就像“电眼”一样能帮你抓住核心内容！举个例子来看一下吧。e.g.

2、 I have no boyfriend (to meet) and no money (to spend)( over the Christmas holiday.)我没有男朋友也没有钱。 感觉如何？由于句子较长，成分较多，所以用传统的岳父方法很难掌握其核心内容，但是使用“剪枝法”后（减掉的枝叶一般都是句子的非必要成分，如定语，状语，补语，而这些成分中难以理解的一般都是由一些短语充当，如非谓语动词短语/介宾短语等。），句子的核心内容一眼就能看出来了！（句子的核心内容一般就是指的句子的主干，即必不可少的成分-主谓（宾）/主系表）。像上面的句子，我们把(to meet非谓语动词短语)，(to s

3、pend非谓语动词短语)，(over the Christmas holiday介宾短语)这几个枝叶减掉。剩下的就只剩下了句子的主干I have no boyfriend and no money.(主，谓，宾)。显然要好翻译得多，也能基本上理解了句子的大概意思。 当然 ，剩下的枝叶是不是不要了呢？非也。剪枝的基本目的是快速掌握句子的核心内容，但最终目的的帮助我们更好理解句子。所以第一遍阅读时可以只阅读核心部分，第二遍时则应联通细枝末节一起掌握。下面我们就从最简单的剪枝开始：（介词+名词（短语）/代词（短语）/动名词（短语）/宾语从句= 构成的介宾短语），这里有三个地方的介词注意不要减掉。第一

4、：和不及物动词(不及物实意动词vi或相当于不及物实意动词的be+adj的系表结构) 搭配构成及物动词的介词，因为它和后面的宾语关系不紧密，而是和不及物动词紧密，所以不需要看做介宾短语减掉，不然就等于把谓语减掉了（如： I look after my sister.不剪after my sister,因为after是和look（vi）一起构成的及物动词短语； I am interested in English. 不剪in English, 因为in是和be interested(vi)一起构成的及物动词短语）。第二：系动词be后的介宾短语，因为它要和系动词be一起构成系表结构，所以减掉后等于是

5、把句子主干减掉了，所以也没有必要。第三：量词中的of, 因为of是属于量词的构成部分，不和后面的词构成介宾关系，所以也不剪掉（如： I have a piece of paper., 不剪of paper,因为of是和前面的a piece一起构成量词。（其它的介宾短语肯定都是句子的枝叶，就挥起你的笔痛快得去剪吧。Come on!第一章 介宾短语的剪枝一 介词+名词(短语)e.g. English is important （in life），because people can get a higher salary (with English skills).英语很重要，因为人们能够得到更高

6、的工资。（减掉以后，就只剩下两个句子的主干，主系表和主谓宾。是不是觉得你突然好厉害的样子。）注意：在英语句子中，要表达什么时间，在哪里，如何等细节信息时，主要使用介词短语，即“介词+名词”的表达方式。例如：in the morning(在早晨)，at home(在家)，by bus(乘公交车)等接在句子后面表示时间，场所，方法等。在大多数情况下，通过主语和动词来表达核心内容，而次要信息用“介词+名词”的形式表达。因此，在快速阅读文章时，即使在“介词+名词”部分不花费太多时间，也能轻而易举地掌握核心内容。小试牛刀：A.第一遍把下列句子的“介词+名词（短语）用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着

7、翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. The street of New York are filled with foreign tourists in the summer.2. I enjoy shopping with my friends at a mall near our neighborhood.3. The name of the building on Fifth Avenue is Trump Tower.4. He placed the painting against a wall of the gallery.B.第一步： 用剪枝法减掉文章男

8、人来自火星，女人来自金星中的“介词+名词”构成的介宾短语。只阅读文章的核心。并判断下列句子的正误。1. There is only one way to improve English.( )2. Men Are From Mars, Women Are from Venus is fun to read.( )第二步：仔细阅读整体脉络，掌握细节。第三步：反复听MP3，到完全听懂为止。C. 试试用剪枝法把句子修建简单后填空。1. The responsibility of musical organizer_(be) great during all parts of the performa

9、nce.(提示：一般现在时)2. One of the topics in the meeting_(be) very popular. (提示：过去时)3. Applications(申请) for admission to that university_(be) accepted until December 10.(提示：一般现在时)4. A number of students in this room _(expect) to successfully pass the exam.(提示：一般现在时)二“需要注意的介词+名词（短语）“ 剪枝！e.g. People love bra

10、nd-name items(品牌产品) (such as those) (by Chanel and Nike) (because of their stylish design).人们喜欢品牌产品。注意：除了前面见过的基本介词外，还有长得一点都不像介词的介词。如：due to(由于)， in front of(在前面)由两个或两个以上的词一起构成的相当于介词的短语-即介词短语。还有像including(包括，包含)一样后面跟的是ing的介词。这种介词或介词短语要背下来，解读时才能轻松地给“介词+名词“剪枝，读起来更方便。常见的这些介词或介词短语有：like(像)，unlike(和不同)，de

11、spite(尽管)；带ing形式的including(包含)，regarding(关于)；介词短语because of (因为)，due to(因为)，in addition to(除之外（还）)，according to（根据），such as(比如)， in/with regard to(关于)，regardless of(不管，不顾)，in spite of(尽管)，as to(关于)，out of(之外)，along with(与一起)；也做连词的介词as(作为)，since(以后)， after(在之后)，before(在之前)等等。一定要背下来！小试牛刀：A. 第一遍把下列句子的“

12、介词+名词（短语）用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. Kevin has traveled to many countries including France, Italy, and Greece.2. Unlike the South Koreans, the Japanese students in this class are shy.3. This hotel room in Las Vegas costs four hundred dollars, including tax.4. Parent in South K

13、orean often send their children to other countries to take language courses despite the high costs.5. Small insects like spiders can be dangerous.B. B.第一步： 用剪枝法减掉文章尼斯湖中有水怪吗？中的“介词+名词(短语)”构成的介宾短语。只阅读文章的核心。并判断下列句子的正误。1. There was a person who took a clear picture of Nessie.( )2. People in Scotland hate

14、 Nessie despite its economic value.( )第二步：仔细阅读整体脉络，掌握细节。第三步：反复听MP3，到完全听懂为止。C. 试试用剪枝法把句子修建简单后填空。1. Next year the company _(approve) the proposal for a new product line such as Eline.2. Since 1999, Mike Millanski_(work) for a marketing firm as head of its creative division.二：“介词+代词（短语）”的剪枝。介词后面之前讲过可以接

15、介词+名词（短语）/代词（短语）/动名词（短语）/宾语从句和它一起构成介宾短语。那我们再来看第二类介词+代词（短语）的剪枝把。e.g. (After our trip) (to London) we know our true feelings (about each other). Love is difficult (to me).我知道了我们的真是的感受。爱情太难了。注意：可以做宾语的代词有很多：如像人称代词宾格（me,you,him,her）等；还有名词性物主代词（mine, yours, his ,hers 等）；只是代词（this,that,these,those）；相互代词（ea

16、ch other, one another）;反身代词（myself, himself等）；不定代词（anyone, everything等）。小试牛刀：A. 第一遍把下列句子的“介词+名词（短语）和“介词+代词（短语）”用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. Everything is new to me.2. Jeremy introduced a friend of his to his parents.3. The girl with the white hat is a friend of mine.4. The men

17、with black sunglasses know everything about us.B. B.第一步： 用剪枝法减掉文章梅赛德斯。奔驰是少女的名字吗？中的“介词+名词(短语)”和“介词+代词（短语）”构成的介宾短语。只阅读文章的核心。并判断下列句子的正误。1. Merceds was an important pioneer in the automotive industry.( )2. Gottlieb Daimler had a daughter named Mercedes.( )第二步：仔细阅读整体脉络，掌握细节。第三步：反复听MP3，到完全听懂为止。C. 试试用剪枝法把句

18、子修建简单后填空。1. We made a _(reserve) for my familys dinner meeting at a French restaurant.2. Prefessor Kims _(conclude) about this case was different from the opinions of others in the lab.3. After its poor_ (perform) during the first half of the year, the company laid off many workers.三 “介词+动名词（短语）”剪枝e

19、.g. I had difficulty (in parking), but my boyfriend helped me (by giving me some advice).我有困难，但我的男友帮助了我。小试牛刀：A. 第一遍把下列句子的“介词+名词（短语），“介词+代词（短语）”和“介词+动名词（短语）”用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. You can improve your English by reading many books in English.2. The girl was in shock after

20、seeing a scary ghost.3. During the bus ride to the mall, he focused his attention on solving math problems.B. B.第一步： 用剪枝法减掉文章谁说钻石不会碎中的“介词+名词(短语)”和“介词+代词（短语）”“介词+动名词（短语）”构成的介宾短语。只阅读文章的核心。并判断下列句子的正误。1. A diamond is so strong that I can never break.( )2.Diamond-trpped drills can easily shatter.( )第二步：仔

21、细阅读整体脉络，掌握细节。第三步：反复听MP3，到完全听懂为止。C. 试试用剪枝法把句子修建简单后填空。1. Ms. Lee gave_ (she) textbook to her friend after the exam.2. Despite the low price, neither of _ was proper due to their large sizes.(they)未完待续四. 介词+宾语从句的剪枝有些介词后面也可以跟句子,因为在介词后面,所以这个句子称为宾语从句. e.g. There are differences (in how men and women talk)

22、. 有差别（在男人和女人说话方面）小试牛刀：第一遍把下列句子的“介词+名词（短语），“介词+代词（短语）”和“介词+动名词（短语）”，“介词+宾语从句”用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1.Tourists are curious about when the castle was built.2. I have a question about why people love basketball.3. There is a difference in how each of them feels.第二章：名词后“动词不定式，现在

23、分词，过去分词（短语）”的剪枝; 及句末或句首“动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词（短语）”的剪枝。注意：一般名词后面的这些非谓语动词（短语）常做一个成分，那就是后置定语，把它减掉后，名词先得就更清爽了； 而这些非谓语动词（短语）放在句首一般充当句子状语，放在句末常做宾补或者状语，也属于枝叶，减掉后句子就苗条，主干清晰了同前面“介词+宾语”的剪枝，不要把充当主干（主谓宾/主系表）的非谓语动词（短语）减掉了，否则句子主干不清晰。e.g. (Dancing) is her strength. 不剪dancing(主语)e.g. I am (sleeping). 不剪sleeping.（谓语的一部分）e

24、.g. He likes （to drink）. 不剪to drink (宾语)e.g. Her hobby is (fishing). 不剪fishing(表语)一 名词后“动词不定式（短语）”的剪枝和句首/句末“动词不定式（短语）”的剪枝e.g. I have no boyfriend (to meet) and no money (to spend).e.g. I work hard （to achieve my dream）. 为了实现我的梦想，我努力工作我没有（要见的）男朋友，也没有（可以花的）钱。小试牛刀：第一遍把下列句子的“介词+宾语”和名词后“to不定式”或句首句末的“to 不

25、定式”用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. Disney land is an ideal place to visit on a vacation.2. Paris is a wonderful city to go shopping with your friends.3. She studied abroad to broaden her horizons.4. Many students go abroad to improve their English.5. To keep my life interesting, I

26、 travel very often.6. In order to go bungee jumping, you need to be daring.二. 名词后“现在分词（短语）”的剪枝和句首/句末“现在分词”的剪枝。e.g. I have a mentor(导师) (giving me advice). 我有一个（给我建议的）导师。e.g. She left, （leaving nothing）. 她离开了，（什么都没留下）。小试牛刀：第一遍把下列句子的所有学过的剪枝部分用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. Some peop

27、le studying English in Canada can enjoy beautiful scenery every day.2. She was the one winning first price at every beauty pageant(选美比赛)。3. You will see many exchange students studying at UCLA.4. Reading a travel magazine, I dream of a life of adventure.5. Majoring in Chemistry, I still love art his

28、tory.6. He walk into the classroom, crying sadly.三名词后“过去分词（短语）及句首/句末“过去分词（短语）”的剪枝。e.g. Starcraft is a popular game (loved by many people). 星际争霸是一个（被许多人喜爱的）游戏。e.g. Questioned by so many reporters, the CEO felt very pressured.(在众多记者的质问下，)这个CEO感到很有压力小试牛刀：第一遍把下列句子的所有学过的剪枝部分用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号

29、内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. Secret is a bestseller loved by readers in many countries.2. She knows of a private place hidden in the forest.3. He is the most famous poet known in Europe.4. The movie was the original one made in France.5. Asked a question in English, I was nervous.6. Surrounded by gorgeous g

30、uys, I was on top of the world.第三章 名词后“定语从句和句首/句末状语从句”的剪枝定从从句一般也是在名词后修饰或限制名词的枝叶部分，减掉后句子更清爽。同比状语从句。e.g. I like the girl (whose hair is long). 我喜欢这个（头发很长的）女孩子。e.g. The girl (whom I like) has long hair. 这个（我喜欢的）女孩子有着长长的头发。e.g. (Although Mr. Bean is not handsome), many people （in the world） still love h

31、im.（虽然憨豆先生长得并不帅），但是（世界上）许多人仍然很喜欢他。小试牛刀：第一遍把下列句子的所有学过的剪枝部分用括号括起来，只读句子的核心部分，并试着翻译。第二遍翻译括号内的内容，并试着整合整个句子的意思。1. He likes students who study English hard.2. She wants a friend whom she can trust.3. He knows somebody whose hobby is playing golf.4. I like to avoid places where many people gather.5. Remembe

32、r the day you have to see your professor.6. As he was the best dresser, he won the contest.7. You can call me if you are in an emergency.8. Even though that many is pretty young, he is more mature than many adults.9. Since Starcraft is a complicated game, you need to practice a lot.10. I will stand by your side as long as you are alive.