最新电大开放教育《现代教育原理》形成性考核作业14参考答案【精编完整版】

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1、电大现代教育原理形成性考核作业1-4参考答案作业1（第一-三章）一、简答题1 教育的本质特性是什么？答：（1）教育是人类社会特有的一种社会现象。（2）教育是人类特有的一种有意识的活动。（3）教育是人类社会特有的传递经验的形式。（4）教育是有意识的以影响人的身心发展为目标的社会活动。2 现代学制有哪些发展趋势？答：（1）教育社会化和社会教育化。（2）重视早期教育。（3）初等教育入学年龄提前，义务教育年龄延长。（4）寻求普通教育与职业技术教育的最佳结合。（5）高等教育出现多级层次，学校类型多样化。（6）以终身教育思想为指导，实现教育制度一体化，发展继续教育。二、 论述题1 试述终身教育思潮对学校教

2、育制度的影响。答：学校教育必须积极地适应终身教育的挑战。（1）终身教育改变了传统教育的理念。（2）终身教育改变了教育的目的和功能。（3）终身教育改变了教育的内容和方法。（4）终身教育改变了教育的阶段和教育的组织。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展开论述；论述题二不能仅仅回答理论问题，必须有结合实际的内容。）2 试述素质教育的特征和实质。答：素质教育的内涵就是全面贯彻党的教育方针，以提高国民素质为根本宗旨，以培养学生的创新精神和实践能力为重点，造就有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的德、智、体、美全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人。其特征包括：一是全体发展

3、；二是全面发展；三是主动发展；四是和谐发展；五是充分的发展；六是可持续发展。实施素质教育，其实质是一种导向思想指导学校和教师按照党的教育方针和教育、教学规律、克服片面追求升学率的不良倾向，使学生得到全面的发展。即要把主要精力用在课堂教学上，通过教学改革，使学生在掌握大量知识的基础上发展能力与个性，使全面提高学生素质的理想目标具备坚实的基础。其次，素质教育的实施还要落实到教育活动的各个方面和环节。如教学、教育实践或实习、课外活动等，实现德育、智育、体育、美育的有机统一，这样才能完成全面素质教育的任务。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展开论述；论述题二不能仅

4、仅回答理论问题，必须有结合实际的内容。三、实例分析题（或辩析题）1有一种观点认为，学校当然是“校长”说话才真正算数。请结合学校的权利和义务谈谈你的看法。“学校当然是校长说话才真正算数”这个观点对不对，我们首先行分清“学校”和“校长”的关系，校长是学校的当然法人代表，但校长并不能够等同于学校，校长既然是学校的当然法人代表，那校长理当带领全校师生忠实地履行法律赋予学校的义务，享有法律赋予的权利，也即是说，校长只是上级行政机关或者全体师生委托实施法律赋予的权利义务的执行者，而不是说校长就是学校里的家长、校长依法行政的号令，那当然要算数了；校长的号令有违法乱纪国家的法律，任何师或生都有抵制或控告的权利

5、。2荣获2003年全国“十杰教师”称号的朱兆林，曾教过一个叫赵宁的学生。这个有着“领袖”能力的男生，曾带着自已的足球队员偷偷翻过围网进场踢球；曾为了保护“小同学”和人打架留下青紫的伤痕。他各科成绩倒数，却有一个威武的绰号-“将军”。“将军”十分喜爱军事，不论上什么课，赵宁都会借回答开始“军事话题讲演”。一天，朱兆林刚进课堂，赵宁就又成了“被告”。同学们七嘴八舌地向朱兆林报告今天“将军”闯祸的经过。她听了一会儿，扬手让大家安静：“同学们，我清楚了，他又“挺身而出”了是吧？”停顿了一下，朱兆林大声说：“挺身而出才是合格的军人！也许未来共和国将军中就有赵宁的的名字，他很可能是我们的骄傲！”全班黯然。

6、从此，“将军”被“提审”的次数越来越少，他对朱老师发自内心地折服了。一次，他没完成作业，朱兆林批评了他。转天，一份“诗经体”的检查放在朱兆林的案头：“呜呼悔矣，未完吾题。浩浩优化（指作业），所作无几。面对检查，羞愧至极。痛心疾首，满面流涕。呜呼惜矣，错失良机。心中悔恨，难以平息。高考已近，不思进取。恩师心碎，无颜见伊敢望恩师，严加看管。下不为例，决不再犯！”朱兆林读着这份整整800字的“检查”，深受感动。课堂上，她浓墨重彩地评说了这份“检查”，全班同学听得痴迷。这个入学初成绩全年级倒数的学生，最后竟以550分的高考成绩考上了中国人民解放军电子工程大学，踏上了他跨向“将军”的人生之路。临行前，赵

7、宁把他在国家级围棋赛上获得奖品-一支金笔送给朱兆林作纪念。告别老师时，赵宁的眼睛里噙满了泪水。他动情地说：“朱老师，收下。您不是说我能当将军吗？等我得了军功章，再拿它换这支笔好不好？”结合这个事例，你能谈谈自已对素质教育的理解吗？要点：（1）朱教师之所以成功地将赵宁引入了正道并获得成功，根本原因是顺应了赵宁思想性格发展的特点。（2）正确地激发了赵宁自身潜能的内驱力。（3）科学地处理了自由发展与教育引导的关系。（4）充分地尊重了作为“人”的各方面需求，从而使其的到全面发展。作业2 （第四-六章）一、简答题1 教育现代化的内容有哪些？答：（1）教育观念的现代化；（2）教育内容的现代化；（3）教育条

8、件设备现代化；（4）教育管理现代化；（5）教师素质现代化。2 人的身心发展的动因及其规律是什么？答：人的身心发展的动因：（1）根据马克思关于事物发展的动因学说，事物的发展是由事物自身的矛盾所决定，事物内部矛盾是事物发展的内因，外因通过内因起作用。人的身心发展的内部矛盾是“本我”与“自我”的矛盾，即个体的需要与已有水平之间的矛盾；其外部矛盾是“自我”与“超我”的矛盾，即个体现有的发展水平与社会要求之间的矛盾。正是这对矛盾构成了人的身心发展的内因和外因，共同推动人的身心发展。（2）规律：A、人的身心发展具有顺序性；B、人的身心发展具有阶段性；C、人的身心发展具有不均衡性；D、人的身心发展还具有个别

9、差异性。二、论述题1 如何理解教育优先发展是现代社会的普遍规律？答：所谓教育优先发展有两个内涵，其一是社会用于发展教育的投资要适当超越于现有生产力和经济发展水平而超前投入；其二是教育发展要先于或优于社会上其他行业和部门而先行发展。因此教育优先发展又可称为教育超前发展或教育先行。教育优先发展在当今世界成为各国政府的战略决策并加以推行，其理论根据就在于从教育在整个社会大系统中的定位，即教育的三性基础性、先导性、全局性出发。（1）人类社会的发展是由一系列要素和机制相互作用共同推动的，但从根本上是由一代代人主体地位的上升、素质的提高来实现的。人力资源在社会发展中有着决定作用，这种决定性和教育本体功能向

10、社会功能的转变，为教育的基础性、先导性、全局性的确认提供了理论基础。单一科技和经济的进步并不能导致社会的全面的、可持续的发展。教育、科学、文化、人的素质的提高是直接推动生产力发展，促进社会进步的决定性因素，也是衡量一国综合国力的重要指标。一切先进的科技与文化、现实的生产力与非现实的生产力都是由人所创造的，教育产业是所有其他非育人产业共同需要的上位产业、前提产业，即基础性、全局性产业。由于人力资源在社会发展中有着决定作用，根据未来社会的需要，培养未来人，这就表现了教育对各行各业的先导作用。（2）现代社会的发展越来越呈现高速度的态势，科技转化为生产力的周期越来越短。知识总量在激增，知识更新的周期在

11、迅速递减，教育周期却不能因此而缩短。由于教育对国家和个人的重大作用，出现了教育时段向两端的延伸，这就决定了教育必须根据社会发展的需要培养未来人的超前性。由此可见，教育优先发展已是现代社会的普遍规律。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展开论述；论述题二不能仅仅回答理论问题，必须有结合实际的内容。）2试述马克思关于人的全面发展的思想。答：个人全面发展的涵义：（1）量的方面智力和体力的尽可能多方面的发展；（2）质的方面智力和体力的充分的、自由的发展；（3）度的方向个人智力和体力的统一发展。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展

12、开论述；论述题二不能仅仅回答理论问题，必须有结合实际的内容。）三、实例分析题（或辩析题）1美国芝加哥大学教授舒尔茨被认为是教育经济学的创始人。他说：“教育作为经济发展的源泉，其作用是远远超过被看作实际价值的建筑物、设施、库存物资等物力资本的。”在谈到人力资源时说：“有技能的人的资源是一切资源中最为重要的资源，人力资本收益大于物力资本投资的收益。” 舒尔茨根据其人力资本学说，对美国历年高等教育费的收益率进行了计算。结果是，美国1929年到1957年教育投资在增加国民收入中作出贡献的比率是33%。由此出发，请谈谈你对教育所担负的经济功能的看法。要点：（1）从辩证唯物主义者的立场以及辩证法的观点看，

13、人在生产过程中是到关重要的，因此对人的教育投入就是对将来经济增长的最好投入。（2）有人说：“教育是生产力”，这一点都过分，因为决定生产力高低的人的素质，即教育水平的高低，直接影响着生产力的高低。（3）教育投入与成效的周期是漫长的持续的。（4）随着社会的发展，我们已进入知识经济时代，教育水平的高低，即人力资源水平的高低，完全控制着经济水平的高低。2有一种看法说：“一两的遗传胜过一吨的教育。”你认为这种看法正确吗？理由是什么？要点：（1）不能否认，遗传在人的成长过程中或者说对一个人的成功与否，起着重要作用。（2）但是，环境教育的作用都大大的胜过了遗传的作用。（3）正确地做法：尊重遗传的客观性，因材

14、施教，发挥教育的主观能动性。作业3（第七-九章）一、 简答题1我国基础教育课程改革的理念与策略是什么？答：我国基础教育课程改革的理念与对策是：（1）倡导全面、和谐发展的教育；（2）重建新的课程结构；（3）体现课程内容的现代化；（4）倡导建构的学习；（5）形成正确的评价观念；（6）促成课程的民主化与适应性。2现代社会教育有哪些特点？答：现代社会教育与学校教育、家庭教育相比具有以下特点：（1）开放性；（2）群众性；（3）多样性；（4）补偿性；（5）融合性。二、论述题1试述综合实践活动作为教育途径的重要作用。答题要点：第一，综合实践活动可以更好地培养学生的实践能力。第二，参加综合实践活动，可以增加学

15、生的生活体验。第三，综合实践活动可以形成学生的服务意识。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展开论述；二不能仅仅回答理论问题，必须有结合实际的内容。2针对学生学习方式的变革，教师应该如何指导，组织学生学习？答：学生学习方式的变革主要是由传统的“被动学习”、“个体学习”、“接受性学习”转变为“自主学习”、“合作学习”、“研究性学习”，教师的教学观念、方法也要随之相适应。首先，要促使学生自主学习。让学生在学习活动前自己确定学习目标，制订学习计划，作好具体的学习准备；在学习活动中指导学生对学习进展、学习方法做出自我监控、自我反馈和自我调节；在学习活动后帮助学生对学

16、习结果进行自我检查、自我总结、自我评价和自我补救。其次，提倡合作学习。合作学习可以培养学生的责任感，充分调动学生学习积极性。但教师必须做好前期的组织工作，明确团队成员的各自任务、责任，在活动中指导学生进行有效的沟通并对各人完成的任务进行小组加工；在后期对活动的成效进行评估，寻求提高有效性的途径。再次，倡导研究性学习。在教学中可以创设一种类似于学术（或科学）研究的情境，通过学生自主、独立地发现问题、解决问题的探究过程，让学生获得智力、能力的发展和深层次的情感体验、构建知识、掌握解决问题的方法。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展开论述；二不能仅仅回答理论问题

17、，必须有结合实际的内容。三、实例分析题（或辩析题）1.北京史家胡同小学正在实施“小博士”工程，要求孩子们利用课余时间，自愿完成一项“长作业”，少则两周，多则三四个月，自已研究探索某一个专题，或完成一部童话作品，拓展语文学习的领域，让学生在探索中自主学习。“小博士工程”涉及范围广泛，包括天文、地理、科技、历史等，不同年级，不同班级都有自已的“子工程”，确定的专题包括：“北京的四合院”、“国宝大熊猫”、“关于沙尘暴的调查报告”、“中国茶文化”等，以个人或小组合作方式进行研究。同学们利用课余时间，去图书馆、逛书店、上网搜寻等手段搜集材料。许多同学还走向社会，去考察、采访，去亲身体验。如四（二）班十几

18、名同学研究北京的胡同，每到周未，同学们便背上水壶、面包、笔记本、照相机等穿梭于北京大大小小胡同，结识了一些京城老人，更加深刻地了解了北京的历史文化。把收集到的资料进行分类整理，然后和老师、家长一起研究，最终得出自已的“结论”，最多的写了七八千字。为了达到广泛交流目的，学校每周一组织一次课题宣讲，“小博士”向老师、同学介绍自已研究的基本经过，课题的主要内容，进行课题研究的体会，并当场回答同学们提出的各种问题。请根据上面的案例与传统学习方式进行比较，分析新课程改革可以给学生的学习生活带来哪些变化？要点：（1）该案例是一则研究性学习的具体表现（2）对此传统的学习方式与研究性学习的优劣（3）结论：团队

19、合作精神的培养直接面对社会、自然、知识、开阔视野、深入实际培养学习的性趣思想情操培养训练。2“随着当代社会教育的蓬勃发展与非正规教育的广泛发展，学校教育作为教育的主导形态最终会被社会教育所取代”。请你谈谈对这种观点的看法。要点：（1）表明观点：不会。（2）阐释：历史发展的规律学校教育与社会教育的比较，各有其职能、长短。趋势：社会教育的重要性会突现，但三种力量的事例是努力的方向。作业4（第十-十一章）一、简答题1、“教师教育”概念的含义和意义是什么？答：教师教育是对教师培养和教师培训的统称，是师范教育与教师继续教育相互联系、相互促进、统一组织的现代体制，是实现教师终身学习、终身发展的历史要求。现

20、在的教师教育就是在终身教育思想的指导下，按照教师专业发展的不同阶段，对教师进行的连续性的、可持续发展的、一体化的教育。2、当代学生的主要特点有哪些？答：当代学生的主要特点有：（1）主体意识增强；（2）信息获得方式多样；（3）受多元文化冲击较大；（4）受同辈群体影响较大。二、论述题1试述教师职业专业化必要性和可能性。答题要点：教师职业专业化的必要性：（1）教师职业基本上属于脑力劳动，但它对教育理论的依赖性不强；（2）教师职业向社会提供的服务具有公共性，但不具有鲜明的独特性；（3）教师职业有一定的入职和解职标准以及职业道德规范，但要求不高，控制不严。因此，教师职业距离专业标准相差很远，有必要向专业

21、化方向努力。教师职业专业化的可能性：（1）提高教师职业对教育理论的依赖性；（2）延长教师培养年限，实现教师的终身学习；（3）严格教师的入职和解职标准，提高教师的专业自主性；（4）厉行严格的教师职业规范。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展开论述；二不能仅仅回答理论问题，必须有结合实际的内容。）2试述一个教师应该具备的当代学生观。答题要点：教师应该具备的当代学生观有：（1）以人为本的理念；（2）尊重的教育理念；（3）重视学生发展性的教育理念；（4）依法施教的理念；（5）自我教育的理念。（答题注意事项：论述题一不能仅仅回答要点，必须要有“论”的内容，也就是要展

22、开论述；二不能仅仅回答理论问题，必须有结合实际的内容。三、实例分析题（或辩析题）1据北京教科院基础教育研究所2001年7月9日的调查：78.5%教师主张“教师为了教育孩子，应做孩子的知心人。”但与此同时，50.2%的教师认为自已所在学校存在着教师体罚、讽刺、挖苦学生的现象，并有38.6%的教师认为“教师经常批评、惩罚学生是出于对学生负责和对学生有爱心。”虽然反映教师经常发脾气的小学生、中学生的比例只有7.3%和9.8%，但是反映教师不发脾气的小学生和中学生的比例也只有20.6%和13.4%，也就是说有79.4%的小学生和86.6%的中学生认为教师在他们面前发脾气，只是“经常”、“有时”、“偶尔

23、”之间的程度不同而已。对以上调查结果你有什么感触，请用当代学生观的理念进行分析。要点（1）摆出自己的观点：随着社会大环境的改善，人本思想、法制观点、认识水平、认同感等已经成为我们社会的起码共识。当然，我们的学生也毫不例外，在作为受教育者时的定位感也发生了变化。因此，对教育、对学校、对老师都有了新的要求和认识（仅供参考）（2）阐述依据（P389页）（3）对策。2“多一把评价的尺子，就多出一批人才”。请你谈谈对这种观念的看法。要点：（1）这是一个对教育、对教育对象、对人才的认识问题、也即是说，不要以一种模式去看待学生，古语有：“七十二行，行行出状元”（2）“人”的分析，人是全面的、多方的、丰富的、

24、立体的。（3）社会需要的分析，社会是丰富的、多元的、各行各业都有需求。（4）结论：科学客观地评价学生，认识教育成果，人才就会辈出。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for

25、 live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach l

26、egends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the lo

27、ng direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in men

28、s games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange

29、is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to

30、 the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the bal

31、l. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach b

32、askets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seekin

33、g a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the ch

34、ance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was descri

35、bed as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To

36、score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictat

37、ed the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players m

38、onopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball

39、was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play

40、basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was intr

41、oduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, st

42、ate militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the Na

43、tional Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until W

44、orld War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Ga

45、mes began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans

46、 along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and

47、the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olym

48、pic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-g

49、ame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be ass

50、igned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and marke

51、t share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Wome

52、ns World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence t

53、he name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first inte

54、rcollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In

55、 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it w

56、as agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to

57、Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest t

58、o play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers,

59、 others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and

60、more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SP

61、HAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to captu

62、re the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carls

63、on at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee re

64、versed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball

65、 and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for mo