大学英语写作教程第三册unit 9 sentence variety

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1、大学英语写作教程第三册大学英语写作教程第三册unit 9 sentence unit 9 sentence varietyvarietyTeaching objective today1.1.The importance of The importance of sentence variety.sentence variety.2.Learn to improve sentence variety in terms of length,pattern,emphasis and the sentence beginner3.Grammar:Use inversion correctly and

2、 avoid word-for-word-translation in writing composition4.writing:Short composition()-introductionTeaching focus1.Learn to improve sentence variety in terms of length,pattern,emphasis and the sentence beginner2.Grammar:Use inversion correctly3.Grammar:Avoid word-for-word-translation in writing compos

3、ition4.writing:learn to write effective introductory paragraphs for short composition9.1 Sentence Variety1.Definition of Sentence variety 1)Warm-up activities:p1422)Summary of Knowledge points:Sentence variety:The group of sentences in a paragraph should be regarded as a whole and should be differen

4、t enough in types to avoid boredom.This is called sentence variety9.1 Sentence Variety2.Ways to achieve Sentence Variety：To use different types of sentences1）types of sentences：Sentence classification 9.1 Sentence Variety 1）types of sentences：Sentence classification with different criteria 9.1 Sente

5、nce Variety 1）types of sentences：Sentence classification according to functions 9.1 Sentence VarietynDeclarative:nsentences that make a statement or an assertion.For example:Writing will become a survival skill in future.nInterrogative:nsentences that seek information in the form of a question.nFor

6、example:Do you think writing will become a survival skill in future?9.1 Sentence VarietynImperative:nsentences that give directions.n For example:Hand in your paper by this Friday.nExclamatory:nsentences that express strong emotions.They usually begin with what or how,and end with an exclamation mar

7、kn For example:How I hate writing!9.1 Sentence Variety 1）types of sentences：Sentence classification according to grammatical structuren Compound-complex9.1 Sentence VarietynSimple:nsentences that consist of mainly one Np+VP structure.nFor example:My writing assignment is due next Friday.n Compound:n

8、sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences connected by coordinators.n For example:I hate writing,but I 1ike that sense of achievement after finishing an article.n 9.1 Sentence VarietynComplex:n sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences connected by subordinators.n For examp

9、le:I hate writing because Ive never had that sense of achievement.n Compound-complex:nsentences that are basically a compound sentence,with subordinate clauses in its coordinate clauses.nFor example:I hate writing,but I like that sense of achievement after I finish an article.9.1 Sentence Variety1）t

10、ypes of sentences：Sentence classification according to Sentence length9.1 Sentence VarietynThere is no definite standard for this classification.Whether a sentence is long or short can only be judged by comparing it with its neighboring sentences.9.1 Sentence Variety2)Strategies for various sentence

11、-writing9.1 Sentence Variety(1)Expanding sentences by varying the lengthparagraph Word count of the shortest sen.Word count of the longest sen.Average sentence lengthSentence difference1686。622619117conclusionVarying sentence lengths may help improve sentence variety.9.1 Sentence VarietyStrategies f

12、or writing long sentences:Review:Unit 5-8：how to expand sentences Unit 5Attributes and relative clausesUnit 6 Participle and absolutesUnit 7 CoordinationUnit 8 subordination9.1 Sentence VarietynMisconception:Most students take for granted that short sentences are a symbol of the writers immaturity,a

13、nd that good writers should use long and complex sentences.nConclusion:Sentences with different lengths are more desirable in writing.9.1 Sentence Varietyn Follow-up activities:p144n Reference for the Classroom Activities:The boys leaned against the willow tree(growing)next to the stream,their fishi

14、ng poles resting on sticks,their eyes gazing at the bobbers on the ripples.The morning had been cool and comfortable,but the afternoon was becoming very hot.Both boys had taken great pleasure in planning for the trip on Friday,their only day off in the whole month.9.1 Sentence Variety(2)Expanding se

15、ntences by varying the pattern nVariety Sentence pattern involves sentences of different functions and structures.Suggested answers to the exercise Ex.p145Sentence functions:Declarative.1,2,3,5,7 Exclamatory:4 Interrogative:6Grammatical structures:Simple sentence:1,6 Complex sentence:2,4,5 Compound-

16、complex sentence 3,7Your finding:if you try to use different types of sentences,your writing may be less boring(as far as the language is concerned).9.1 Sentence VarietynFollow-up activities:p145Reference for the Classroom Activities p145:n In 1955,Ray Kroc,a milkshake machine salesman,opened his fi

17、rst restaurant.At that time,he gambled his life savings on the belief that Americans would rather wolf down a meal than linger over it,as the Europeans do.His gamble paid off because in 1978 Kroc opened the 5,oooth store in his chain.Now his chain sells nearly one billion hamburgers every three mont

18、hs,and Kroc has revolutionized the food industry with food that is clean,rich,and quick-the Big Mac.9.1 Sentence Variety (3)Expanding sentences by varying the emphasis emphatic patterns created with coordination and subordination9.1 Sentence VarietynFirst strategy-rearrangement by changing word orde

19、rnWarm-up activities:p146n Reference for the analysis of Classroom Activities p146。1nIn the first group,the first sentence is a sentence in the normal word order.By violating the normal word order and moving the idea to the most emphatic position,the second sentence draws readers attention to the un

20、derlined idea.The third and forth groups work in similar ways.n In the second group,both the second and the third sentences are emphatic.The adverb reluctantly is in the normal position in the first sentence(close to the verb it modifies),but is emphasized when the words are rearranged in the second

21、 and the third sentences.The third sentence is more emphatic than the second one,because the change is greater.9.1 Sentence VarietynYour findings：It works on two features of English sentences.n First,there exist some natural emphatic positions in English sentences.Generally,the end of a sentence is

22、the most emphatic position,the beginning is the second emphatic position,and the middle the least.nSecond,the word order in English sentences is usually fixed.In most cases,we follow the pattern of subject-verb-object/complement.Other elements,such as attributives and adverbials,are usually placed c

23、lose to what they modify.When we shift the word order,we usually create a certain emphatic effect.9.1 Sentence VarietynSecond strategy-using emphatic patterns,phrases,or words some of these patterns are:what.is do+verb it is/wasthat passive voice there bewho/that on earth extremely.9.1 Sentence Vari

24、ety(4)Expanding sentences by varying the beginner9.1 Sentence VarietyA.Varying the beginner-subject nIn most cases,sentences begin with nouns or pronouns used as subjects.If all the sentences proceed in this pattern,they may sound rigid and boring.If not,however,the sentences may sound unpredictable

25、,engaging,thus achieving sentence variety.nFor this purpose,we may either choose structures other than nouns or pronouns as sentence subjects,or not begin the sentence with a subject at all.9.1 Sentence VarietynExamples for different form of subjectnNounsn The film Harry Potter has attracted kids an

26、d adults aliken Pronounsn This is nonsense.n-ing participles:nTaking a trip during the National Day holidays takes patiencen Not leaving you is the best decision Ive ever made.n(This subject is not good enough,formal subject would be better)9.1 Sentence VarietynInfinitives:n To travel in a foreign c

27、ountry is not necessarily interesting.n To learn the culture is to get a sense of who we are.n Numerals:n Hundreds of people have lost their lives in this fire.n 60 percent of the existing languages may disappear within 100 years.n Clauses:n That youre holding many certificates doesnt prove that you

28、 possess those abilities.n Whether I should leave today or tomorrow is to be decided by my boss,not me.9.1 Sentence VarietynYour findings（P147）nSentence subjects may take many different forms in English.Besides nouns and pronouns,numerals(one,two,three,first,second.third.etc.),infinitives(to do),-in

29、g participles,and clauses can also be used as subjects.9.1 Sentence VarietynB Varying the beginner-adverbialn Besides subjects,we can also put other elements at the beginning of sentences.As the most flexible element in English sentences is the adverbial,They may includen-ly beginnersn Gently,he mix

30、ed the chemicals together.n Anxiously,the contestants looked at the clock.n to beginnersn To succeed in my course,you must attend every class.n To help me sleep better,I learned to quiet my mind through meditation.n To get good seats,we went to the game early.9.1 Sentence Varietyn Prepositional phra

31、se beginnersn from the beginning,I dislike my boss.n In spite of her work,she failed the course.n-ing phrasesn Jogging every day,I soon raised my energy level.n Having lost all his money,the boy didnt know what to do.n-ed phrasesn Tired of studying,I took a short break.9.2 Grammar9.2 Grammar:Inversi

32、onnWhat is inversion?nAn interchange of position of adjacent objects in a sequence,especially a change in normal word order,such as the placement of a verb before its subject.In English,an inversion may be required where a negative word is used at the beginning of sentence.9.2 Grammar:Inversion1)War

33、m-up activities:p1482)Summary of rules governing inversion:n 1.When a negative word or only used as an adverbial is put at the beginning of a sentence can we use the inverted structure;n 2.The inverted structure should appear in the main clause.9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation1)Warm-up activiti

34、es:p149nSuggested answers,Improved sentences:n 1.Nowadays,there is usually one child in every family.n 2.I think children should be encouraged to do what they need to do.n 3.Parents should realize that they should let their children deal with what they have to.9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation1)

35、Warm-up activities:p149nSuggested answers,Improved sentences:n 4.As students,it is enough for us to study well.n 5.They tried to help me,but they did it in a wrong way.n 6.Because I have grown up,I have to do it by myself.9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation2)Summary：Rules against w-to-w translatio

36、n nWriters should avoid translating their ideas from Chinese into English word for word.n Writers should try to write with proper sentence structures,and use idiomatic expressions.9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation3)More activities:classroom activities:p150:1-2nReference for the Classroom Activit

37、ies 1.a.Only on weekends can I find time to watch TV.n b.Seldom can they find their boss in his office.n c.(correct,)n d.Never can you find how they got their money.n e.Sometimes he gets late for school.9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translationn f.Only when I am free can you come to see me.n g.Only when

38、 you see him will you believe what I said is true.n h.(correct)n i.Hardly had she turned on the TV when the telephone rang.n j.(correct)n k.(correct)9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translation2.a.The clothes we wear are made from plastics./We wear clothes that are made from plastics.n b.This machine can b

39、e used not only for word processing but also for playing music.nc.Your English is better than mine./You are better at English than I am.nd.I have found that university students are very busy with their studies.9.2 Grammar:Word-for-word Translationne.Women usually like sports which require more atten

40、tion.nf.I think what her father,mother and grandma do is wrong.ng.My parents were always afraid that I might have an accident.nh.This article is not limited to environmental protection.ni.What he wants to talk about is the population problem in China./He wants to talk about the population problem in

41、 China.nJ.Now people cannot do without television in their life.9.3 Writing:Short Composition(II)-IntroductionnAs the saying says,“A good beginning is half done”,which also applies to writing.An effective introduction is very important for a good composition.9.3 Writing:Short Composition(II)-Introdu

42、ction1）Warm-up activities:p1512）Suggested answers to the questions on p151n 1.Yes,the introductory paragraph contains a sentence that tells us the main idea of the composition.That is the last sentence in the paragraph.n 2.The introductory paragraph is interesting because it presents a familiar phen

43、omenon to the reader and then questions its effect.n 3.An introductory paragraph should possess the following features:9.3 Writing:Short Composition(II)-Introduction3）summary:Features of an effective introduction a.It should tell the reader what the composition is going to be about,or it should pres

44、ent the thesis statement.A thesis statement is one sentence or two that contain the focus of the writing.Though it is possible to produce a good piece of writing without a thesis statement,such a piece of writing may be viewed as lacking in focus.The thesis statement usually appears at the beginning

45、 of the writing.But more frequently,it appears at the end of the first paragraph.n b.It should arouse the readers interest so that he or she will want to read more.9.4 FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES OF THE UNITnReference answers:n1.Paragraph An After years of trial and error,Disney finally found the character

46、he was looking for.This character,called“Mickey Mouse,”was first introduced in the cartoon Plane Crazy and later found ultimate fame in Steamboat Willie,the first sound cartoon ever made and a great achievement for Disney.By 1930,after his fame had spread all over the world,Mickey was established as

47、 the cinemas most popular cartoon character.Because Mickey was a moralist with a sense of fun,he became a character loved by all ages.In him,Walt Disney reached his peak of success.9.4 FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES OF THE UNITnReference answers:1.Paragraph Bn Environmental protection will benefit us a lot.Fir

48、st,by making our air purer and water cleaner,we can improve our living condition.As we all know,a healthful living condition is essential to our work and study.Second,environmental protection does good for the younger generation.It not only improves our childrens health,but also teaches our children

49、 a good attitude toward the environment.Third,environmental protection saves our resources.Since we can recycle used materials instead of throwing them away,we can get more material but produce less waste.9.4 FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES OF THE UNITnReference answers:2.There is only one child in many familie

50、s in China,so many parents and grandparents love the child to such an extent that they do not allow them to do anything when they think there may be a slight chance of their child getting hurt.Many parents escort their child to school every morning.Therefore,when the child grows up,he still cant do

51、anything.n Look at the picture.The girl wants to learn to ride a bike,but her parents and grandparents wouldnt let go.I think these parents should have let the girl ride the bike by herself.n It is bad for parents to love their children too much.If they help their children in everything,their childr

52、en will always be unable to do their own work.When they grow up,these children will find that things are totally different in their working place,n Therefore,parents should let their children do things on their own9.4 FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES OF THE UNITReference answers:3.a.A boy wants something very sp

53、ecial from his father.n b.A favor may not be a favor at all.n c.I do play roles.9.5 Review on sentencenSentence base:choice of subject,voice,tense and moodnExpand sentence base:seven types of attributes;relative clause;by adding participles and absolutesnJoining sentences together:coordination and s

54、ubordinationnSentence variety9.5 Review:GrammarnWord Order：Determiners，adjectivesncomma-split sentences;Fused sentencesnlack of unity;Faulty parallelismnmisplaced modifiers and dangling modifiersnInversion;word-to word translation9.5 Review:Writingn a simple note；nnotice；nprcis;nshort CompositionnIntroductory paragraphnHomework:view units5-8结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！53