对价值流优化方法应用的公司在建筑行业的协作网络【中文4800字】【PDF+中文WORD】

对价值流优化方法应用的公司在建筑行业的协作网络【中文4800字】【PDF+中文WORD】,中文4800字,PDF+中文WORD,价值,优化,方法,应用,公司,建筑行业,协作,网络,中文,4800,PDF,WORD 【中文4800字】 对价值流优化方法应用的公司在建筑行业的协作网络 摘 要 尽管汽车和航空航天工业中使用自动化技术和工艺及应用的精益制造方式是时下常见的，建筑行业的这些发展相对落后。 在此背景下，在价值流设计的帮助下，主要以大规模生产但最近也变密集的制造业，该工艺流程在单个公司或者这样的合作伙伴下，协作网络可以在一个高度以客户为导向的有效方式设计。因此，本文详细介绍了一种方法来设计的集成和定制的价值流建筑业要求，该方法的开发和基于应用研究与合作项目的验证. 关键词：生产过程；定制。 1. 简介 早在60年代初，该目标的工业化建设价值链是在为了对抗在低竞争力的欧洲国家成本效率和施工成本大幅降低，通过理顺施工过程中，施工预制元素和建设创新发展的机械链。 后来，随着发展方法的精益求精，丰田的生产系统甚至是新的组织方法建筑业都是可以使用的。尽管这些优化建筑活动在积极的推动和研究这个行业，但是只有少数的项目是可以实现的。 在这样的背景下，劳动力的生产率幅度可以检测建筑工业的施工。这个幅度的量在1995到2007年意大利约为15%。在职业领域安全和供应链的材料管理的重大缺陷可以被检测到，这是劳动力市场的能力下降的原因。最近的研究已经证明了显示的建筑业潜在的成本和时间为最低可以节省约30%的工艺优化。作为一个结果，超过30%的人是不奇怪的，但是这样引起了正在工作过程中参与施工企业的不满。 建筑业的另一个根本问题，就是行业间包括的项目：这需要竞争，而竞争中重要的则是成本集中，最低报价赢得话，在非常保守的行业投资时间、金钱或能源进行创新，从而实现唯一的增量变化。上述原因的共同作用，导致了一个恶性循环，产生了一个竞争的无形压力，尤其是中小型企业在建设部门和建筑相关行业受到更大的影响。 由于这些问题，使合作的目的成为制定和实施合作项目平台，对于一个工业化，集成化和智能化公司的建设，创建4个未来财团有限公司由意大利的博尔扎诺省和由意大利夫琅和费所协调一致的（IEC创新工程中心）。它涉及到的12个意大利负责建设、施工等相关产业，由一个跨学科的研究团队—意大利得而夫琅和费、博尔扎诺大学的自由机构和组织成的创新园。创建4个未来是重新思考和重新设计整个价值链，是从其他行业吸取所定制的建设涉及不同的选手的一个离散的数量，并达到一个水平的效率和产业化的目的。 2. 价值流的工程方法 价值流可以被定义为每一笔具体的行动在一定的的时间制造的产品。在这种情况下，原材料的物理转化到成品以及因此所需信息管理必须被视为价值流。为了能够看到，特别是理解价值流，一个精益的生产的方法称为价值流设计，并建立了描述和优化了生产过程。价值流设计支持工艺工程师把价值流比作精益求精的眼睛，十分喜欢戴，因为在不久之后便被一本刊物概括了起来。在这本刊物提出了指南来消除浪费的频繁，同时增值的过程，用来分享。价值流图的概念被首次受到重视，特别是对汽车产业实施有限的变异数系列生产后，来它扩大到各个行业和部门。在此基础上，研究工业工程的研究所（IAO）改编价值流设计方法，是以单件小批量生产的具体需求与产品类型和变异的多样性的方法。由此产生的方法，称为值流工程，采用工程模式，这是首次开发的方法，然后被标准化并投射。因此，在工业企业实施过程模式经常将根据运行情况实施，这种方法使得它可能代表的工作历程的每一步，及时前面的间接活动（例如开发），从生产到客户完全可以全部涉及。此外，价值流工程让工艺工程师不只是可视化的分析一个价值流特定的产品组，而且对不同产品可以合并到一个流程图中。除此之外，甚至可以为不同的客户群体进行考虑，可使用的资源由不同的产品或客户群体提出，由此确定并安排在一起使方法更加简单。因此，本价值流的工程方法是专为单件小批量生产效率的提高，产品类型的转变和变异的多样性做准备的。 3. 施工过程的定制方法 对价值流工程的基础设计，尤其在建设工程中，一个进程的映射需要整合不同工艺贸易企业，使它们沿着基于价值链的概念进行优化，并建立过程和组织。这样的概念将现有的精细化管理和精细化建设的方法，以及创新的契约方法进行折合处理。 此外，相对于其他行业，其一个整体施工过程必须拥有高度的灵活性和适应性，尤其是产品方面，而这些过程都是建筑公司不能操作的。一个固定的目标过程，因为依据客户不断变化的要求从一个项目到下一个。因此，合作的理想映射过程是建设项目是一个定制的集成不同精细化贸易的过程，并且使设计根据某工程的个人需求完成项目。价值流的工程方法代表强烈的结构化业务建模过程,主要包括间隙从定制系列生产。因此我们在建筑业从系列的初步阶段的代表队单件生产，价值流工程以作为新的发展的基础定制的映射方法，描述了下面的章节。 3.1.分类客户需求定义场景 随着各类建筑工程的各种不同（如工业建筑相比私人住宅建筑），建筑特点采取对个别施工带来很大的影响工程，从而对交易执行过程带来影响。为了使这一特定特征的建筑行业更清晰，图1示例演示了三个不同的用户场景其主要在三个直接的启示项目管理：质量，成本和时间。他们表现出不同的说明，影响个体建筑的是施工过程中倾入不同的项目，每个交易过程中都有条件复杂的内部阐述，这个称为了有效模板。因此，大多数中小型工业贸易企业（大约90%的欧洲建设工业）合作，同时在不同类型的项目需要艾弗里高性能的柔性水平进行研究。为了介绍建筑的项目的分类，最显著的特点是具有影响和可能的规格集思广益的项目。在为了将这些规格一致客户的情况下，形态箱是接受了作为一种科学的方式。在此基础上，客户的情况需要定义，特别是对当地市场进行定义。作为一个例子，这样的客户情况典型的南蒂罗尔的木屋，继现代和个人的设计可以明明。区分不同客户的要求的情况下，在三个主要的基础上定义的在工程项目管理的目标。根据这个，主要是低成本，低项目时间的同时，客户的最关键需求是高质量。除初步测定这三个项目的目标通过规划，甚至在执行过过程中的基础性客户。因此，三个类别定义的要求是：成本的依从性，合规性和施工时间质量合格。此外，该成本费用分为投资成本和运行费用，质量是另外划分为生态系统的使用，舒适的生活环境，建筑的易变性，还有客户的各种需求。单一的要求，现在可以根据其相关的研究客户的情况选择着重情况。因此，该方法配对的比较是用来排名的替代解决方案预定义的标准进行直接比较，以每一个单一的选择与所有其他的选择。有排名的替代品后，他们可以加权到后来进行取芯模型分析。并且对客户的要求进行排序与取重点，并使其成为一个实例。图2为客户的情况。 图1. 不同的用户场景暗示了不同的施工过程 图2.客户需求的权重 2.2. 展开和精益优化建模过程模式 过程模式的发展完成了基于在建筑行业问题分析，并进行了创建4个未来的项目。这些分析导致一个更好的理解——组织机构和高度结构化的过程分散的建筑业。因此，四个主要领域可确定的行动： 1. 在神经网络优化的管理和控制施工组织与信息（技术） 2. 施工现场物流化（接口生产建设的网站） 3. 规划和执行机构（加强） 4. 智能化管理 以这些领域的行动作为切入点的过程模式的发展，从这里开始，一个定义的目录的措施，使研究小组系统的提高对领域采用精益原则的行动。对此措施的一个例子：在施工过程中的优化规划与控制执行（表1）的实施规划过程模式，（图3）可以被此命名。这个规划系统是一个控制系统，它促进规划的实施和执行，是对跨学科的现场特别有帮助的组织与管理模式。 图3. 时间规划过程的可视化模式 表1.功能性集群与发展流程模式 优化施工现场的例子：物流（表2）是一个精益物流过程模式的建筑工地，被称为“奶牛”。到目前为止对施工现场材料供应可以以一种创新的交付，并与建筑相关联。另一个物流措施实施的“时间”的过程模式，合理的预制客户特定的产品在产业与供应及时对施工现场模式的过程中做的一个根据标准化的价值流工程无不好。 然而，调整价值变换工程施工方法，几个符号需要更改或添加为标准，在一个合适的能够描述施工过程的方法。进一步适应建筑行业的工作，必要时，考虑项目产品与合同相关的框架结构。 在研究实际的舞台，下面的过程模式4个功能群有氮的测定，为了能够选择一个功能聚类过程模式需要进行评估，对他们的领域应用的正确过程模式。在这样的背景下，集群2需要进行评估：1预加工或装配的适用性和公关，2施工现场制作或施工现场装配，3集群4的过程中的适用性不同类型的材料（建设模式材料，建筑构件，间接材料和操作材料），4用于工作需要进行评估。 发展精益流程模式从目录的措施后，他们的客户情况调查的使用性需要评估。因此，以下4个阶段过么评估申请在一个部分介绍客货所需要的要求。 3.3. 过程模式根据客户要求选择 在这一部分中，来自个人客户的情况与精益优化过程模式要求匹配将有所描述。 选择的方法是使用评分模型对选择从四个功能群对后来设计适当的过程模式研究施工工艺流程图。 1. 评分模型确定第一单值 2. 基于加权配对比较效益 3. 项目要求和评价过程模式 4. 从理想的过程模式得到最高的效益价值，从而达到适合于绘制施工过程。 使用这个为过程模式的方法，可以根据一个人价值流精益思维原理进行设计。从功能集群2选择流程模式4，同时其应用领域是决定性的。因此，仅适用于调查案件的处理模式被考虑。 表2. 四个阶段规模评估说明 4.案例研究 自定义方法的适用性上，为客户场景的木制房屋在中价位段的第一个原型的价值流进行了验证。 4.1. 中产阶级客户方案的木房子简介 调查客户案例代表一个公关制造住宅的木房子，柱和梁的施工技术，客户类型设置交钥匙订单处理（总承包商）于高价值，低价和生态建设。 该建筑技术使各种建筑元素，并在后来装配在施工现场的个人预先制作。公关制造的元件，从而定制的基于标准化建设配置 该项目的处理过程为特定的客户场景开始于客户订单的入口，与之前的概念设计和取样槽的构造函数。此后，制作图纸的各种结构元件被设计并传送到内部和外部捏造。对施工现场的建筑元素的最终组装完成后，该项目是由构造函数和准备占领接受。 为了更好地理解流程，专家访谈和对公关制造和施工现场组装的现场分析已经进行了在鲁布纳豪斯公司，一家国际知名的意大利的木房子厂家 4.2 选择合适的工艺模式和价值流图的设计 基于客户的情况下“中产阶级的中木房子”加权值得要求计算了单进程模式的效益。为过程模式中各功能群的图像显示的最高值效益选定设计价值流。这种选择是所示在下面过程模式的四个功能群中： 上述选择的过程模式为自定义原型过程图的一体化是如图4所示。这一步都是手工完成的，真的能够自定义的流程模式之间的接口。为了白纸映射简单易懂的最大A3页大小使用MS功率点模版完成。 从右上方的AP构造函数订货和规划阶段开始，根据选定的配置命令处理项目，图纸都是从技术的公司内部和外部的预加工的分布。 对预加工和装配在施工现场生产控制进行协作，根据规划过程模式构建的元素，如墙壁或天花板元素公关制造，制造工业按照流程生产原理。各施工要素最终装配使用施工现场的生产进行了。 对于采购物流，对建筑材料交付的主要“牛奶”的概念，如木材，选择。 对于内部物流，超市的概念：结合“取货”的实施，建筑元素，如窗户，门或外立面，建议将规划控制的使用场所根据及时的原则。其他调试材料，为最终的装配需要，委托和供应商/贸易交付施工现场。 表3. 选定的过程模式 图4. 以价值流为原型的为客户的情况制定的木房子 5. 结论 所提出的方法演示了如何设计一个集成和定制的建筑业价值流图。到目前为止，只有有限的选择过程模式已经在一个案例进行研究、开发和测试。 进一步的研究，特别是在开发、升级过程模式的建筑建设中是加强概念阶段。因此，过程模式中描述的“投标前期的“策略和新的合作模式与建设绩效奖励将深入研究。 另外，过程模式将成为能够处理甚至更好的避免施工中的许多规划的变化，使建筑冻结和延迟减少的方法。因此，过程模式做了一个深思熟虑的变更使管理方法得到了阐述。为此，为不同的客户方案流程图做的设计应已验证了本文提出的方法的合理性。 2212-8271 2013 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V.Selection and peer review under responsibility of Professor Roberto Tetidoi:10.1016/j.procir.2013.09.069 Procedia CIRP 12 (2013)402 407 8th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering Adaptation of the value stream optimization approach to collaborative company networks in the construction industry D.T.Matta,b,D.Krausea,*,R.Raucha aInnovation Engineering Center,Fraunhofer Italia Research,Schlachthofstr.57,39100 Bozen,Ialy bFaculty of Science and Technology,Free University of Bolzano,Piazza Universit 5,39100 Bozen,Italy*Corresponding author.Tel.:+39-0471-1966914;fax:+39-0741-1966949.E-mail address:daniel.krausefraunhofer.it Abstract While in the automotive or aerospace industry the use of automation technology and processes and the application of lean manufacturing methods are common nowadays,the construction industry is lagging behind these developments.In this context,with the help of value stream design,largely known in mass production but recently also in variant intensive manufacturing,the process flows within single companies but especially amongst the partners in such a collaborative network can be designed in a highly customer-oriented and efficient way 1.Therefore,this paper describes in detail a methodology to design an integrated and customized value stream map for construction industries requirements.The approach was developed and verified based on a collaborative project of applied research with the 2012 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V.Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Professor Roberto Teti Keywords:Production;Process;Customization.1.Introduction Already in the early 60 the target of an industrialized construction value chain was followed in order to be more competitive against the growing low cost countries in Europe.Efficiency and construction costs were drastically reduced by rationalizing the construction process,pre-fabrication of construction elements and the development of innovative construction machines 2.Later,with the development of the Lean Thinking approach derived from the Toyota Production System 3,new organizational methodologies even for the construction industry were available.Despite these construction optimization activities,which were actively pushed by research as well as industry,only a few punctual projects could be realized.In this context,a significant margin of labor productivity can be detected for the construction industry.This margin amounts in Italy to about 15%from 1995 to 2007 4.Also in the fields of occupational safety and supply-chain and materials management significant deficiencies can be detected,which are compounded by the declining skills in the labor market 5.A recent study has proven potential cost and time savings trough process optimization of about 30%as realistic for the construction industry.As a consequence,it is not surprising that more than 30%of the people involved in construction business are unhappy with the processes they work with 6.Another fundamental problem of the construction industry consists in the competition for projects that is mainly cost focused:the cheapest bid wins and the very conservative industry invests little time,money or energy in innovation and thus realizes only incremental changes.The co-acting of the aforementioned factors leads to a negative spiral,which creates an increasing competitive pressure especially on small and medium sized enterprises(SME)in the construction sector and construction-related industries.Due to these problems,the cooperative and aims to develop and implement a cooperative project platform for an industrialised,integrated and intelligent 2013 The Authors.Published by Elsevier B.V.Selection and peer review under responsibility of Professor Roberto TetiAvailable online at ScienceDirect403 D.T.Matt et al./Procedia CIRP 12 (2013)402 407 construction 7build4future-consortium is co-funded by the Italian province of Bolzano and is coordinated by Fraunhofer Italia(IEC Innovation Engineering Center).It involves 12 Italian SMEsa from construction and construction related industries as well as an interdisciplinary research team formed by Fraunhofer Italia,the Free University of Bolzano,the South Tirolean CasaClima Agency and the TIS Innovation Park.Tbuild4future is to rethink and redesign the entire value chain for customized construction involving a discrete number of different players,and to reach a level of efficiency and industrialization known from other industries.2.The value stream engineering approach A value stream can be defined as the sum of every specific action within the manufacturing of a certain product 8.In this context,the physical transformation of raw materials to a finished product as well as the therefore needed information management must be considered for the value stream.In order to be able to see and in particular to understand the value stream,a lean production 3 method called value stream design was developed for the description and optimization of production processes.Value steam design supports the process engineer to visualize the value stream and the like wearing lean glasses,as 9 shortly sums it up.Within this publication the authors propose guidelines to eliminate waste increasing simultaneously the value added share of a process.The concept of value stream mapping was first implemented by the automotive industry especially for series production with limited variant number 10.Later it was expanded to various industries and branches.On this basis,the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering(IAO)adapted the value stream design methodology to the specific needs of the single-part and small batch production with high diversity of product typologies and variants.The resulting approach,called value stream engineering,uses process patterns 11,which are first developed methodically,then standardized and finally projected.Thus,in industrial enterprises implemented process patterns are frequently projected according to the operational situation.This approach makes it possible to represent every step of the workflow,even preceding indirect activities(e.g.development),from customer to customer.Furthermore,a Alpi Fenster GmbH,Studio Arch.Ralf Dejaco,Erlacher Innenausbau KG,Euroclima AG,Eurotherm AG,EXPAN GmbH,Frener&Reifer Metallbau GmbH,Glas Mller Vetri AG,Lanz Metall GmbH,Plattner Bau AG,Tecno Spot GmbH value stream engineering enables the process engineer to not just visualize and analyze the value stream for a certain product group,but also for different product groups in one process map.Beside this,even different customer groups are considered.Thereby resources used by different product and/or customer groups can be identified and scheduled in an easier way.Thus,the value stream engineering approach is tailored for the single-part and small batch production with high diversity of product typologies and variants.3.Customized methodology for construction process design on the basis of value stream engineering In construction projects,a process map needs to integrate various different craft trade businesses along the value chain based on concepts optimizing the building process and organization.Such concepts may be existing lean management 12 or lean construction 13 methodologies as well as innovative contractual approaches 14,15 promoting cooperative project handling.Additionally,in contrast to other industries,the mapping of a holistic construction process has to be highly flexible and adaptable in terms of product and process as construction firms are not able to operate on basis of a fixed target process because of the changing customer requirements from one project to the next.Therefore,the ideal mapping process for cooperative construction projects is a customized integration of different lean trade processes,compounded and designed according to individual needs of a certain construction project.The value stream engineering approach for modeling and representing strongly structured business processes 16 covers mainly the gap from customized manufacturing to series production 10.As this represents a preliminary stage from the series production to the one-of-a-kind production,as we have in the building sector,the value stream engineering has been taken as a basis for the development of the new customized mapping methodology described in the following sections.3.1.Requirements definition for classified customer scenarios As various building projects can be very different(e.g.industrial buildings compared to private residential buildings),the building characteristics take a considerable influence on the individual construction process and thereby on the trades executing the processes 17.In order to make this specific characteristic of the building industry clearer,figure 1 exemplary illustrates three different customer scenarios 404 D.T.Matt et al./Procedia CIRP 12 (2013)402 407 and their direct implication on the three main targets of project management that are quality,cost and time.Fig.1.Different customer scenarios implicate different constructionprocessesTheillustrationdemonstratesthe differentimplications of individual building projects on theconstruction process.Thesevery differentprojectconditions complicate the internal elaboration of an efficient template process for every single trade.Thus,the mostly small and medium sized craft tradebusinesses(about 90%of the European construction industry 18)collaborating simultaneously in different typologies of projects need to perform on a very highflexibility level.In order to introduce a classification of constructionprojects,the most significant characteristics havingimpact on the process and their possible specificationswere brainstormed within the-project.In order to combine thesespecifications to coherentcustomer scenarios,the morphological box 19 wasintroduced as a scientific methodology.On this basis,customer scenarios,especially for the local market were defined.As an example for such a customer scenario thetypical South Tyrolean wooden house,following a modern and individual design can be named.The requirements,distinguishing different customerscenarios,are defined on the basis of the three primary objectives in project management.According to this,primarily low costs,low project lead time and at thesame time high quality are the crucial requirements a customer demands.Beside the initial determination of those three project objectives trough planning,even thecompliance during execution is fundamental for thecustomer.Thus,three more requirements were defined:cost compliance,construction time compliance and quality compliance.Furthermore,the cost aspect is divided into investment cost and operating costs.Quality is in addition divided into ecological usage of resources,living comfort,architecture and mutability.Altogether,there are ten customer requirements.The single requirements can now be weighted according to their relevance for the investigatingcustomer scenario.Therefore,the method of paired comparison 19 is used to rank alternative solutionsregarding predefined criteria by directly comparingevery single alternative with every other alternative.After having ranked the alternatives,they can beweighted to afterwards carry out a scoring model analysis 19.The ranking and weighting of the ten identified requirements is shown for an exemplary customer scenario in figure 2.Fig.2.Weighting of the customer requirements3.2.Development and modeling of lean-optimized process patternsThe development of process patterns was done based on a problem analysis in construction industry also carried out within the build4future-project.These analyses lead to a better understanding of theprocess organization of the small-structured and highly fragmented construction industry.Thus,four main fieldsof action could be identified:1.Optimization of management and control during n nconstruction execution(organization and information technology)2.Optimization of construction site logistics(interface between production and construction site)3.Linkage of planning and execution(strengthening of 4.Intelligent Change ManagementThese fields of action were taken as a starting point for the development of process patterns.Starting there,a catalogue of measures was defined,which enables theresearch team to systematically improve the fields of action using lean principles.An example for a measureoptimizing the planning and control during construction execution(field 1),the implementation of thePlannerprocess pattern(Figure 3)can be named.TheLast Planner System20 is a control system,which405 D.T.Matt et al./Procedia CIRP 12 (2013)402 407 promotes the implementation of execution planning and is particularly helpful forinterdisciplinary on sitemanagement and organization.An example for optimizing the construction sitelogistics(field 2)is a lean logistics process pattern for supply for the construction site could be delivered in aninnovative,building phase-related way.Another logistics measure implements a-in-pattern for a rational prefabrication of client-specificproducts inside the enterprise with a timely supply onthe construction site 7.The representation of the process pattern is doneaccording to the standardized value stream engineeringnotation.However,adapting the valuestream engineering approach to construction,several notation standards needed to be changed or added in order to beable to describe the construction processes in a suitableway.A further adaption to the construction industry willbe worked out when necessary,considering project-,product-and contract-related framework conditions.pFig.3Last Planner process pattern with timeline visualizationUntil the actual stage of the research,the followingfour functional clusters of process patterns have beendetermined:Table 1.Functional clusters and developed process patternsFunctional clusterProcess patternOrder fulfillmentEngineer-to-OrderConfigure-to-OrderOrganizational form of productionConstruction site productionWorkshop productionFlow productionProject controlCentral push-project control trough the siteforemanDecentralized pull-project control with Last PlannerProcurement logisticsReorder point controlled direct deliveryPlanning controlled direct deliveryProject plan determined direct deliveryPre-assembly and final-assembly by thesupplierCommissioning and final-assembly trough the supplier-construction sitesIn order to be able to select the right process pattern of a functional cluster,the process patterns need to beevaluated regarding their field of application.In thiscontext,for cluster 2 needs to be evaluated theapplicability for pre-fabrication or pre-assembly and construction site fabrication orconstruction site assembly.For cluster 4 the applicability of the process pattern for different types of material(building materials,building elements,indirect materials andoperating materials)21 and means for work need to beevaluated.After having developed lean process patterns deriving from the catalogue of measures,their applicability forthe investigating customer scenario(see 3.2)needs to beevaluated.Therefore,the following four-staged scaleevaluation is applied for the ten customer requirements introduced in section 3.1:Table 2.Description of the four-staged scale evaluationEvaluationDescriptionSuitableThe requirement is fulfilled by the process patternwithout any significant restrictionPartial suitableThe requirement cannot be fulfilled by the processpattern without any significant restrictionNot suitableThe requirement cannot be fulfilled by the processpattern;the process pattern is contradictory to theprocess patternNot relevantThe requirement is not influenced by the process pattern and is thus not relevant3.3.Selection of process patterns according to thecustomer requirementsIn this section,the matching of the requirementsderived from individual customer scenarios with the lean-optimized process patterns will be described.The selection approach uses the scoring model 19 toselect the appropriate process pattern from the four functional clusters to afterwards design the investigating construction process map.The scoring model determines first the single values of benefit based on the weighted paired comparison of the project requirements and the evaluated processpatterns.The ideal process pattern results from thehighest value of benefit reached and is thus suitable to beused for mapping the construction process.Using thisapproach for every cluster of process patterns,an individual value stream according to the lean thinkingprinciples can be designed.406 D.T.Matt et al./Procedia CIRP 12 (2013)402 407 Selecting a process pattern from functional cluster 2and 4,also their field of application is decisive.Thus,only the process patterns applicable for the investigating case are considered.4.Case StudyThe applicability of the customized methodology was verified on a first prototype value stream for thecustomer scenario of wooden houses in the medium price segment.4.1.Introduction of the customer scenarioiddle class wooden houseThe investigating customer scenario represents a pre-fabricated residential wooden house with post-and-beam construction technique.The customer type sets a high value on turn-key order handling(general contractor),price guarantee and ecological construction 22.n nThe building technique enables an individual pre-fabrication of the various construction elements,whichare subsequently assembled on the construction site.Thepre-fabricated elements are thereby customized based on standardized construction configurations.The project handling process for the given customer scenario starts at the entrance of a customer order and precedes with the conceptual design and the sampling trough the constructor.Afterwards,the production drawings for the various construction elements aredesigned and sent to the internal and externalfabrications.After the final assembly of the construction elements on the construction site,the project is accepted by the constructor and ready to be occupied.In order to get a better understanding of theprocesses,expert interviews and on-site analysis of thepre-fabrication and the construction site assembly havebeen carried out at Rubner Haus AG,an internationally well known Italian wooden house manufacturer.4.2.Selection of suitable process patterns and design of the value stream mapBased on the weighted requirements for the customere values of benefit for the single process patterns are calculated.For every functional cluster of process patterns,the processpattern showing the highest value of benefit has to bechosen to design the value stream.This selection isshown for the four functional clusters of process patternsin the following:Table 3.Selected process patternsFunctional clusterProcess patternOrder fulfillmentConfigure-to-OrderOrganizationalform of productionPre-fabrication:flow productionFinal-assembly:construction site productionProject controlDecentralized pull-project control with Last PlannerProcurement logisticsBuilding materials:-Run with supermarketBuilding elements:Planning controlled direct delivery(Just-in-Time)Means for work:Commissioning and final-assembly trough the supplierIndirect and operating materials:Reorder point controlled direct delivery combined with-The integration of the above selected process patternsinto a customized prototype process map is illustrated in figure 4.This step has to be done manually,to really be able to customize the interface between the processpatterns.In order to keep the mapping simple and understandable it is done on a maximum A3 page sizeusing MS Power Point templates.Fig.4.Prototype value streaBeginning on the right on top of the map,the constructor places an order and the planning phase begins.According to the selected Configure-to-Order project handling,the drawings are distributed from the technical offic