外文文献翻译-物联网的关键技术的研究和应用【中文3150字】
外文文献翻译-物联网的关键技术的研究和应用【中文3150字】,中文3150字,外文,文献,翻译,联网,关键技术,研究,应用,中文,3150
译文题目：
物联网的关键技术的研究和应用
原稿题目：
Research on Key Technology and Applications for Internet of Things
原稿出处：
Xian-Yi Chen1, 2, Zhi-Gang Jin3.[J].SciVerse Sciencedirect，2012，Physics Procedia 33：561-566.
【中文3150字】
物联网的关键技术的研究和应用
摘要
物联网（IOT）已经在在世界各地的各个行业和政府以及被学术界被越来越多的关注。本文就物联网的概念和物联网的体系结构进行了讨论。并且对物联网的关键技术，包括射频识别技术、电子产品代码技术、无线个域网技术进行了分析。数字农业的框架下也提出了基于物联网的应用。
1.1物联网
物联网的概念是在1999年在MIT（麻省理工学院）的Auto-ID实验室首次提出它是指所有的物品为了实现智能识别和网络管理通过类似于RIFD（射频识别RFID）等的传感器设备连接到互联网。其核心支持技术是无线传感器网络和射频识别技术。
物联网的概念是在2005年在国际电信联盟报告中提出的：物联网,由国际电信联盟（ITU）在突尼斯2005年11月17日的信息社会世界峰会(WSIS)中向全世界正式发布。据报道,一切在任何地方和任何时间通过无线射频识别技术、无线传感器网络技术、智能嵌入式技术和纳米技术可以连接到对方。由于没有统一的物联网的定义，它可以从以下技术角度来定义。物联网是万物的网络，可以实现互连，随时有完整的意识，传输可靠，准确控制，智能处理和其他特征的支持技术,如微型电极、射频识别、无线传感器网络技术、智能嵌入技术,互联网技术,集成智能处理技术，纳米技术。其他定义的内容可以在文献中找到。
1.2物联网的体系结构
根据国际电信联盟的建议，物联网的网络体系结构包括传感层、接入层、网络层、中间件层和应用程序层。
传感层：这一层的主要功能是获取感兴趣的信息集的不同类型的传感器，智能识别，并在有关单位网络中分享捕获的信息。
访问层：这一层的主要功能是通过现有移动网络、无线网络、无线局域网、卫星网络和其他基础设施将信息从感知层传到网络层。
网络层：这一层的主要功能是将网络的信息资源集成到一个大型智能网络与互联网平台，并建立一个高效、可靠的为上层社会服务管理和大规模工业服务的基础设施平台应用。
中间件层：这一层的主要功能是网络信息实时的管理和控制，以及为上层应用程序提供一个良好的用户界面。它包括各种业务支持平台、管理平台、信息处理平台和智能计算平台。
应用程序层：这一层的主要功能是将底部的功能系统完整化，并建立各种行业的实际应用，如智能电网、智能物流、智能交通、精准农业、灾害监测和远程医疗。
2.物联网的主要技术
2.1射频识别技术
射频识别RFID(射频识别)技术起源于早期的40年代,主要用于空战中机器识别敌人的飞机和友好国家的飞机。经过几十年的发展,它也可以用于生产管理、安全、交通、物流管理等领域。
RFID系统使用射频标签信息。为了实现自动识别,RFID标签通过非接触式传感器，无线电波和微波来和读者进行交流。RFID技术最突出的特点是：非接触式读写，可以识别几厘米到几十米的距离的高速移动物体，具有强大的安全性能，可以同时识别多个目标。
射频识别的关键技术包括high-adaptive无线通信技术、高保密性；低功耗、高可靠性的RFID设备，体积小、效率高的天线技术，低成本的芯片和读取功能。
2.2电子产品编码
EPC(电子产品代码)，它是由麻省理工学院的Auto-ID中心构建出来的，通过建立一个独特的标示符，然后使用射频识别、无线通信技术通过互联网平台来构建一个全球智能网络实时共享每一篇文章的信息。
EPC由EPC编码，EPC标签、阅读器、EPC专家，国家统计局服务器，PML，EPC-IS服务器和网络组建成一个完整的系统。
(1)EPC编码：EPC编码是一个字符串组成的四个领域包括一个数字，紧随其后的是EPC数据头，EPC管理器，对象分类，和一个序列号。代码长度包括64位、96位和256位，可以将一个惟一的编号分配给世界上所有的商品。这是由EPCglobal管理机构和州分段管理。EPC编码结构可以在文献中找到。
(2)EPC标签：EPC是存储在EPC标签的唯一的信息。EPC标签根据如何读和写可分为只读的标签和读/写标签。
(3)阅读器：用于读取或写EPC标签中的数据信息。
(4)EPC Savant：其主要任务是传递和管理来自阅读器的EPC信息。
(5)国家统计局服务器：ONS(对象名称服务)服务器坚决基于EPC编码和用户的请求，以确定哪些相关信息存储在EPC-IS。
(6)PML：PML （物理标记语言），开发可扩展标记语言(XML),采用一个通用的、标准的语法来描述自然对象。
(7)EPC-IS：EPC-IS（EPC信息服务）存储和提供各种产品信息对应的EPC代码。这些信息通常存储在PML格式中，也可以存储在数据库中。图1 为EPC网络的体系结构。
EPC系统的机制如图1所示：在EPC标签阅读器通过非接触式读取EPC信息，然后发送到EPC Savant。经过一系列复杂的处理，Savant试图寻找当地EPC-IS 的EPC产品信息，如果标签阅读器发现了信息，直接获取和发送信息到EPC Savant；如果没有发现信息，当地EPC-IS将在互联网上发送使用EPC码作为关键字的查询请求国家统计局服务器。当对象名称服务器返回远程EPC-IS服务器的IP地址，本地EPC-IS将查询请求发送到远程EPC-IS并获取产品信息，然后将其发送到EPC Savant写它在当地的PML缓存中。EPC Savant在整个过程中都处于核心地位。
EPC Savant的主要关键技术：
(1)数据过滤：冗余数据的识别和过滤；EPC数据的不完整的过滤。
(2)数据聚合：EPC信息可以早起传输之前快速并且可靠的聚合,可以在文学[7]中发现。
(3)信息传递：信息传输安全、实时以及高优先级和错误恢复机制。
2.3无线个域网
无线个域网是一种近距离、低速率无线网络技术，其物理层和MAC层协议和IEEE802.15.4几乎是一样的。无线个域网联盟，成立于2001年8月，增强了IEEE802.15.4；包括安全的网络层的定义和API是标准化的，这样就可以支持多种体系结构以及提供高可靠性的无线通信。
无线个域网广泛用于家庭自动化、数字农业、工业控制、医疗监控。无线个域网的无线传感器网络的特点如表2所示。
无线个域网网络的关键技术包括以下三个主要方面。
(1)硬件平台：设计低功耗、体积小、低成本的无线传感器节点，发展高微内核模块、节能的嵌入式操作系统。
(2)网络通信协议：物理层关键技术是当环境变化频繁时为行为特征和低功耗通信数据积累经验.MAC层的关键技术是开发信道分配和调度机制，避免冲突，构建节能节点的休眠机制。网络层的关键技术是构建和控制效率和稳定的网络拓扑结构，建立低功耗的自组织与自适应网络信息传输路径；在应用程序层的关键技术是检测和分类网络对象，跟踪多个移动目标，动态任务调度和分配资源。
(3)信息处理技术：它包括查询优化和处理信息集成，inner-network处理、数据压缩、分布式存储和信号处理。
3.数字农业中物联网的关键技术
互联网技术将广泛应用于数字农业、智能电网、智能家居、智能交通、智能物流、灾害监测、远程医疗等领域。数字农业的关键技术和应用程序框架在一下内容中进行解决。
3.1产品生产过程
在传统农业中主要通过作为字段信息获取手工测量经验或判断，需要大量的劳动力，而且数据的准确性较低。合理利用农业资源、降低生产成本、改善生态环境，提高农产品质量，大气、土壤、和其他信息可以实时、准确地收集并进行科学预测，利用无线传感器的网络技术进行精确控制和科学栽培，正如左边的图2所示。首先，如空气温度、湿度、风、降水、土壤水分、电导率和pH值等信息都通过各种类型的传感器来进行收集。然后，信息通过无线个域网传输到网关。最后，网关控制水的开关装置，施肥、通风和温度自动控制与应用服务器的支持。如图2所示。
3.2产品流通
因为缺乏有效的监管，目前在我国农产品流通领域存在有许多缺陷，如安全事故、知名品牌的劣质产品。使用EPC技术可以有效地解决这些问题，就像右边的图2所示。首先，标签是嵌入式的存在于农产品生产过程。其次，EPC的阅读器是安装在所有所需的位置，如商场、市场、和仓库。通过与各种应用服务器的支持，食品安全部门可以调节生产过程，批发和零售，消费者可以跟踪产品的来源，商业生产产品的质量，生产时间，和检疫。
4.结论
在电脑和互联网之后，物联网无疑将成为一个信息革命。美国已经确认智慧地球是新一轮国际竞争的重要战略，也已经是中国制造中的“中国意识”宏伟战略目标。物联网的关键技术将广泛应用于数字农业、智能电网、智能家居、智能交通、智能物流、灾害监测、远程医疗等领域。数字农业的关键技术和应用程序框架在本文中已经得到解决。
Research on Key Technology and Applications for Internet of Things
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IOT) has been paid more and more attention by the academe, industry, and government all over the world. The concept of IOT and the architecture of IOT are discussed. The key technologies of IOT, including Radio Frequency Identification technology, Electronic Product Code technology, and ZigBee technology are analyzed. The framework of digital agriculture application based on IOT is proposed
1.1 Internet of Things
The idea of Internet of Things [1] that all the items were connected to Internet by sensor devices such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification, RFID) in order to accomplish intelligent recognition and network management was first proposed by Auto-ID laboratory in MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in 1999. Its core support technology is a wireless sensor network and radio frequency identification technology.
The concept of Internet of things was addressed in ITU Internet reports 2005: the Internet of things, which was issued on the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in Tunisia on November 17, 2005. It reports that everything can connect to each other at any place and in any time by radio frequency identification technology, wireless sensor networks technology, intelligent embedded technology, and nanotechnology.
Since there is no uniform definition of Internet of things, it can be defined as the following from a technical perspective. Internet of Things is the network which can achieve interconnection of all things anywhere, anytime with complete awareness, reliable transmission, accurate control, intelligent processing and other characteristics by the supportive technologies, such as micro-sensors, RFID, wireless sensor network technology, intelligent embedded technologies, Internet technologies, integrated intelligent processing technology, nanotechnology. Other definitions of things can be found in the literature.
1.2 Architecture of IoT
According to the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union , the network architecture of IoT consists of the sensing layer, the access layer, the network layer, the middleware layer and application layers.
Sensing layer: the main features of this layer are to capture the interest information large-scaly by various types of sensors, identify intelligently, and share the captured information in the related units in the network.
The access layer: this layer's main function is to transfer information from the sensing layer to the network layer through existing mobile networks, wireless networks, wireless LANs, satellite networks and other infrastructure.
Network layer: this layer's main function is to integrate the information resources of the network into a large intelligence network with the Internet platform, and establish an efficient and reliable infrastructure platform for upper-class service management and large-scale industry applications.
The middleware layer: this layer's main function is to management and control network information real-time, as well as providing a good user interface for upper layer application. It includes various business support platform, management platform, information processing platform, and intelligent computing platform.
Application layer: this layer's main function is to integrate the function of the bottom system, and build the practical application of various industries, such as smart grids, smart logistics, intelligent transportation, precision agriculture, disaster monitoring and distance medical care.
2. Key Technology of IoT
2.1 RFID technology
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification, radio frequency identification) technology originated in the early 40 's, which was mainly used in machine recognition of enemy aircraft in air combat and friends. After several decades of development, it can be used for production management, safety, transportation, logistics management, and other areas.
RFID system uses radio frequency tags to bear information. To identify automatically, RFID tag and reader communicate by non-contact sensors, radio waves or microwaves. The most prominent feature of RFID technology is: non-contact reading and writing, distance from a few cm to dozens of meters, to recognize high speed moving objects, strong security, and can identify multiple targets simultaneously.
The key technologies of RFID includes high-adaptive wireless communication technology, high confidentiality; low power consumption, high reliability of RFID devices; small volume, high efficiency antenna technology; low-cost chip and reader.
2.2 Electronic Product Code
EPC (Electronic Product Code), which was developed by Auto-ID Center in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, can be used to construct a global intelligent network sharing information in real time by establishing a unique identifier for every single article, and then uses RFID, wireless communications technology through the Internet platform.
The complete system of EPC composes of EPC encoding, EPC tags, readers, EPC Savant, ONS server, PML, EPC-IS servers, and Internet.
(1) EPC encoding: EPC encoding is a string of four field composed of a number, followed by the EPC header, EPC Manager, object classification, a serial number. The code length includes 64 bits, 96-bit and 256-bit, which can assign a unique number to all the world's goods. It was managed by EPCglobal institutions and states subsection management. EPC encoding structure can be found in the literature [5].
(2) EPC tags: EPC is the only information stored in the EPC tags. EPC tags can be divided into readonly labels and read/write tags depending on how to read and write.
(3) Reader: is used for reading or writing of EPC labels information.
(4) EPC Savant: its main task is to deliver and manage the EPC information come from the reader.
(5) ONS server: ONS (Object Name Service) servers resolute based on EPC encoding and user’s requests, to determine which the related information is stored in the EPC-IS.
(6) PML: PML (Physical Markup Language), which develops from the Extensible Markup Language (XML), adopts a common, standard syntax to describe natural objects.
(7) EPC-IS: EPC-IS (EPC Information Service) storages and provides various products information corresponding to the EPC code. This information is generally stored in PML format, can also be stored in the database. Figure 1 The architecture of EPC network
The mechanisms of the EPC system as shown in Figure 1: the reader reads EPC information in EPC tags by means of non-contact, and then sends to EPC Savant. After a series of complex processing, Savant try to look for the EPC product information in the local EPC-IS, if Savant finds the information, it obtains and sends the information to the EPC Savant directly; if not, the local EPC-IS will send query request used EPC codes as a keyword to the ONS servers on the Internet. When ONS server returns the IP address of the remote EPC-IS, local EPC-IS send query request to the remote EPC-IS and get the product information, and then send it to the EPC Savant, writing it in local PML cache [6]. EPC Savant is at the core position during the entire process.
The Key technology of EPC Savant:
(1) Data filtering: identification of redundant data and filter; incomplete filtering of EPC data.
(2) Data aggregation: EPC information can be aggregated quickly and reliably before transmitting, which can be found in literature [7].
(3) Information transfer: transmit information secure and real-time, with high priority, error recovery mechanisms.
2.3 ZigBee
ZigBee is a short-range, low-rate wireless network technology, and its physical layer and MAC layer protocol are almost the same as IEEE802.15.4. ZigBee Alliance, which was founded in August 2001, has enhanced the IEEE802.15.4; including the definition of the secure network layer and API are standardized so that it can support multiple architectures as well as providing high reliability wireless communication. ZigBee is widely used in home automation, digital agriculture, industrial controls, and medical monitoring. The characteristic of ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network are shown in table 2.
Key technology of ZigBee networks includes the following three main areas.
(1) Hardware platforms: to design low power consumption, small size, low cost wireless sensor node; to develop high micro-kernel, modules, energy-efficient embedded operating systems.
(2) Network communication protocol: The key technology in physical layer is to be behavioral characteristics and accumulation of experience of low power communication data when the environment changes frequently. The key technology in MAC layer is to develop channel allocation and scheduling mechanism for avoiding conflict; to build the dormancy mechanism of energy conservation node. The key technology in network layer is to build and control the efficient and stable network topology, to establish the self-organization information transmission paths with adaptive network coverage; low power consumption. The key technology in application layer is to detect and classify the network object, to track multiple mobile targets, to schedule dynamic task and allocate resource.
(3) Information processing technology: it includes query optimization and processing, information integration, inner-network processing, data compression, distributed storage and signal processing.
3. The Key Technologies of IoT in Digital Agriculture
Internet technology will be widely used in digital agriculture, Smart grids, smart home, intelligent transportation, smart logistics, disaster monitoring, distance medical care, and other fields. The key technologies and application framework of digital agricultural are addressed in the next sector.
3.1 Production processes
As field information is obtained primarily through manual measuring experience or judgment in traditional agriculture, it takes lots of labor power and the data accuracy is low. To exploit agricultural resources reasonably, reduce production costs, improve the ecological environment, improve the agricultural products, the atmospheric, soil, and other information can be collected real time and accurately for scientific predictions, precise control, scientific cultivation by using wireless sensor networks technology, which is shown in the left of Figure 2. Firstly, the information, such as air temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, soil moisture, conductivity and pH values are collected by various types of sensors. Secondly, the information is transmitted to the gateway by ZigBee. Finally, the gateway controls the switch unit to water, fertilize, ventilate and control temperature automatically with the support of the application servers. Figure 2
3.2 Circulation
As lack of effective regulation, there are many defects in the field of agricultural products circulation in our country currently, such as security incidents, inferior products posing well-known brands. Using EPC technology can solve those problems efficiently, just as shown in the right of Figure 2. Firstly, the label is embedded to agricultural products in the production process. Secondly, the EPC reader is installed at the required position, such as mall, market, and warehouse. With the support of various application servers, food security sector can regulate production, process, wholesale and retail, consumer can track products of sources, produced commercial, quality, period, and quarantine.
4. Conclusions
IoT will undoubtedly be an information revolution following computers and Internet. United States has identified smarter planet as a key strategy for a new round of international competition, also "Sense China" ambitious strategic goals have been made in China. The key technology of IoT will be widely used in digital agriculture, smart grids, smart home, intelligent transportation, smart logistics, disaster monitoring, distance medical care and other fields. The key technologies and application framework of digital agricultural are addressed in this article.
7
收藏