大学英语《说明文写作》教程.ppt

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1、韩都衣舍淘宝店 http:/ 潮州新闻网 http:/ 韩都衣舍童装时尚女装 http:/ 网购韩都衣舍首选麦考林 http:/ 韩都衣舍官方旗舰店 http:/ 说明文写作 一、概述 二、写作方法及例子 三、图表作文 一、概述 说明文是描述某一事物、事由或过 程的文章。它用于说明客观事物的特点 和性能，或介绍某种操作的程序，或解 释某些抽象概念，或阐明某种科学原理、 自然现象等，完全是就事论事的描述， 所以也称技术性的描写文。词典、教材、 论文、实验报告、甚至广告等都属这类 文体。 二、写作方法及例子 1、下定义（ definition） 像词典那样直接地给字或词下定 义，也包括进一步通过举

2、例、对比、 比喻逻辑推理等写作方法解释事物， 使读者对事物的特点有更全面的了解。 例： Ambition means the goal in our life. To have ones ambition does not necessarily mean to become one of the chief state leaders. This is not the real sense of the word. True ambition encourages us always to look forward and not to lose hope in face of failur

3、e. Ambition differs from person to person and everyone has his own ambition. Yet not every one of us can succeed in what we desire to do. 2、举例子（ Illustration）。 例： Americans value manual labor. They have great respect for craftsmanship. Many Americans prefer craft hobbies. For example, some build sma

4、ll boats in their leisure time. Others make new furniture or refinish antique furniture. Others enjoy gardening or painting. Many low- income American families have beautiful furniture or paintings or pottery or boats. They make these things and they are proud of their manual skill. In fact some peo

5、ple are really very handy. 3、分类（ Classification）。 把事物分作若干类型并说明或描 述各事物的特点和差异。 例： All matter is in one of the three states. It may be in the state of a gas, a liquid or a solid. A solid has definite shape and definite volume. A liquid has definite volume, but it has no definite shape. It may flow or t

6、ake the shape of its container. A gas changes not only in shape but also in volume, for it expands and contracts easily. 4、比较（ Comparison）和对照 （ Contrast） 比较和对照在英语写作中应用非 常广泛。一般来说，比较时指对人或 事件之间相同点进行分析；对比是对 人或事物之间的不同点进行比较。不 过在很多情况下，这两种方法不能截 然分开。 例： It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy pu

7、blicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers cannot show their disappointment publicly. They cannot cry or grie

8、ve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness. 5、因果分析（ Cause and Effect）。 指分析某一事物或现象的前因后 果。有的文章以分析原因为主，有的 文章以说明造成的结果为主，一般说 来，不存在单独表示原因或结果的文 章。 例： Climate affects the culture of a country. Men mu

9、st learn to live within the limitations of their environment, and climate is an important part of the physical environment. Life in a tropical country is less strenuous and more casual than it is in a temperate one. Men work shorter hours and less vigorously in a hot climate. They cnnot play hard ei

10、ther. They tire easily. They can relax by reading, by sipping cool drinks, or by listening to soothing music. They must try to conserve their energy. The wisest ones learn to respect the demands of Nature. 6、叙述过程（ Process Analysis）。 例：如何做汉堡包 Making hamburgers is really very simple. All you need is a

11、 pound of minced beef, which you mix with the other things salt and pepper, a teaspoon of mustard（芥末） , and an egg as well. You break the egg in a bowl, and mix all the things together with a fork. When it is smooth and well-mixed, make round hamburgers from the mixture, and roll them in some flour.

12、 Then you need a frying pan and some oil. Fry the hamburgers on both sides for about 15 minutes, until they are really brown. When they are ready, get some soft bread rolls and cut them in half. Put the hamburgers inside them and eat them as soon as possible. (实际上，人们写作说明文的时候， 一般常采用综合法，在一篇文章中同时 交叉使用两

13、种或两种以上的方法，使文 章表达得更完整、更有力。 ) 三、图表作文 1、定义 2、特点及要求 3、技巧 4、两种类型 5、例文 6、写作练习 1、定义 图表作文是采用统计数据表 (table)， 坐标曲线 (graph)或圆形饼图 (pie chart) 等资料数据来阐述论题的作文。也是科 技文献中常用的一种表达手段。 2、特点及要求 图表作文利用图象，表格和曲线图 作为作文提示，并以此为依据要求考生 用 简洁生动 的语言，把图表中给定的信 息 完整而又准确 地表达出来。 图表作文不但要求作者具有一定的 英文写作能力，而且要求具有较强的 观 察力 ， 分析力 和充分的 想象力 。 3、技巧

14、无需一条不漏地将数据资料加以描 述，而是选择有 典型性 和 代表性 的重点 数据，同时要注意文章的整体结构，详 略得当。 4、两种类型 Type 1:要求客观陈述图表信息内容的作 文 侧重 对比分析 和 说明 资料数据之间的关系上。 最后分析和查找出规律，归纳得出结论。 Type 2: 要求深入分析原因内容的作 文 先阐述图表数据所反映的问题。 进而筛选出有关的数据资料进行深入的 分析讨论，分析原因。 最后找出解决问题的方法。 5、例文 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of

15、 no less than 100 words on Changes in Peoples Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to: (1) state the changes in peoples diet in the past five years; (2) give possible reasons for the changes; (3) dr

16、aw your own conclusions. Year Food 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45% Milk 10% 11% 11% 12% 13% Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21% Fruit and vegetables 24% 22% 20% 20% 21% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Sample: As can be seen from the table, great changes have been taking place in peoples d

17、iet over the period from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain has decreased by 4%, while the consumption of high quality food, such as milk and meat, has increased steadily. There are chiefly two reasons, I think, for the changes. In the old days, people could not often afford meat and milk whose

18、price was only within reach of well-to-do families. But now, with the improvement of living standard, most people have enough money to buy them. And people of today also pay more attention to nutrition. They want to eat not only more but also better. They are seeking the most reasonable diet structu

19、re which will do good to their health. In short, with the improvement of peoples living standard, changes in their diet will be more obvious and great. Shining points: over the period from 1986 to 1990, such as milk and meat, well-to-do, pay more attention to, not only more but also better, do good

20、to, more obvious and great, 评论： Score: 14 主题鲜明，论点明确，切中题意，内容 丰富，思想表达清楚，连贯。 6、写作练习 A Boom in Adult Education From the graph， we know the statistics of the adult education participation and the increasing number of the participants in X city In 1985 there were only eighty thousand people taking part in

21、 the adult education， but in 2000 the number has grown to two million four hundred thousand people Obviously there are more and more people who hope to get advanced degrees and gain more knowledge after they began to work There are many reasons responsible for the great change， and the following are

22、 the typical ones For one thing， its during the work that people begin to realize what they have learned before its far from enough and what kind of knowledge they urgently need Next， as the science and technology in China are developing so fast， adults after graduation have to go back to universiti

23、es to refresh themselves so as to improve their competitive ability in society The main reason is the population growth that affects peoples promotion chances Many people without bachelor degrees have become laid-off employees Therefore， such competitive social background stimulates many people to continue to study However， this graph may not predict the entire situation in the future I believe one thing is quite certain that education cant be separated from our social development