初中英语语法要点

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1、初中英语语法要点语法要点 2) They are doing a great business in Hebei. 名词、主谓一致 1 3) He got a firm hold of the rope. 冠词 3 4) We can catch a clear sight of the city. 代词 3 但有不少常用不可数名词是例外的，这些词有：数词 5 advice, control, conduct, danger, furniture, fun, 形容词与副词 6 health, material information, luck, music, news, 连词与从句 8 pr

2、ogress, trouble, weather, work, etc. 介词 13 1) What fine weather! 2)What great progress! 动词 15 不少不可数名词做的have宾语或There be的主非谓语动词 19 语时，及动作名词做make或take的宾语时，该一 不定式 19 名词前面有不定冠词a。have a walk, 二 分词 20 have a cold, take a seat, make a decision, etc. 三 动名词 21 1) There is a rain / snow / fog yesterday. 倒装语序 2

3、3 三可数名词 反意疑问句 23 1集体名词： 名词、主谓一致 如果说话者把它当作一个整体来看，谓语动词要一名词形式 用单数形式；如果把它看为一个个体的人或物，1. 形单意复：people, public, police, cattle, folk 谓语动词要用复数形式。常用的集体名词有：2. 形复意单, politics , physics, thanks, savings, army, cattle, class, committee, company, crowd, news, brains(头脑，智力), maths, etc. enemy, gang, family, gang go

4、vernment, group, 3. 单复同形：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, deer, fish, majority, party, population, public, team, etc. sheep, bison, grouse, swine, means, works, data, 1) The class is big. crossroads, horsepower, series, species, head(头数) 2) The class are listening to the teacher. 二不可数名词 四其他要点说明： 1物质名词：一般情况

5、下是不可数的，出现 1名词做定语有三种情况： students. 复数有下列两种情况： 钢材）( (1) 大多数用单数形式：a boy friend, two girl (1) 表示类别：teas，steels相似。Knife and fork, break and butter, 2) One dollar and eighty-seven cents was all Della lock and key, coat and tie, truth and honest, heart 3) One and half days is all I can spare. had. and soul,

6、 rain and shine, pork and peas, salt and (6) 不管主语概念如何，谓语动词只和主语形式water, soap and water, iron and steel, food, 保持数的一致。 clothing and shelter 1) The students each have a dictionary now. 1) He played a good knife and fork.吃饱了 2) More than one person was watching the strange 2) The fork and knife is used

7、at meals in the star that night. with you. western countries. 3) There are one or two things I want to talk over 3) Truth and honest is the best policy. 4) Many a child has lost their parents. 4) Our parents provide us with food, clothing and (7) 由分数 / 百分数+of +名词的结构做主语五主谓一致原则 shelter. 时，谓语动词与其名词保持数的

8、一致。 1语法一致原则 1) 30% of the students come from the south. (1) 动词不定式、动名词及从句做主语，谓语动 2) Two thirds of the water here is polluted. 词要用单数形式。 habit. 和数的有一致。 1) Going to bed early and getting up early is a good 1) Mary is the only one of the girls who is often 2) What I say and do is no business of yours. la

9、te for school. school. 3) What he has bought for me are only a few 2) Mary is one of the girls who are often late for 4) To see is to believe. magazines. 3) How many people does the doctor know who (2) 用and连接两个或以上的名词做主语，谓语 are dying of the disease? 动词要用复数形式，但如果两个并列名词是指同 2意义一致原则 一整体或同一概念时，谓语动词则用单数形式。

10、 ( (1) 集体名词做主语视其情况决定其谓语动词 1) The singer and the dancer are to attend our 的单复数。 evening meeting. 1) The class is in the charge of Mr. Li. 2) His father and mother are away on business. 2) The class are taking notes in English. 3) The writer and worker is to attend our meeting ( ( 2) 特殊名词 做主语， 视其意义决定其

11、谓语动词的单复 5) Bread and butter is a daily food in the west. 1) Every means has been tried. 数 (3) 两个名词由介词with, 2) Maths is the language of science. besides, like, but, except, together with, along with, 3) Traffic police are always very busy. no less than, more than, rather than, including及连(3) 代词all, n

12、one, rest, some, most等做主语，要 词 as well as连接的单位做主语，谓语动词与第视其意义而决定谓语动词的单、复数。 一个名词保持一致。 1) All is going on very well. 1) The book as well as the other two is borrowed 2) The first two questions are difficult, but the rest from the library. 3) All are here now. are easy. 2) The poor woman with her two chi

13、ldren was seen 4) The rest needs no telling. begging in a street corner. 3邻近一致原则 (4) 两个或以上名词由and连接且都受no, every, (1) 由neithernor, either or, not onlybut also each, many a 等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式 和 or 等连接的两个并列主语时，谓语动词与其 1) No teacher and no student wants to see the film. 邻近主语保持数的一致。 2 1) Not only money but al

14、so men are needed. 定冠词a。） 2) He as well as I agrees with you. 1) After some time, he turned doctor. 3) Do you or Tom come here often? 2) I turned a good fellow. (2) 在There be句型或其他倒装结构中，谓语动 4不定冠词的几种特殊用法： 词常与其邻近主语保持数的一致。 (1) 不定冠词与序数词连用，1) There is a pen, five pencils on the desk. 表示“又、再”。 2) Here come

15、s a taxi and some buses. 1) He read the book a second time. 注：(1)表语是复数时，谓语动词常用复数形式。 (2) 不定冠词与最高级连用，表示“非常，很”。 1) None of them are good singers. 1) Its a most beautiful day. 2) One thirds of the population in this area are (3) 不定冠词可用来做不确切的特指，就是特指3) What he wants are two books. workers. 具体对象，但很不明确。 (2)

16、 由kind / type / quantity of+名词做主语时，谓 1) Theres a letter for you. 语动词跟kind, type和quantity而不是跟后面名 2) A barber is a man whose job is to cut mens hair. 词保持数的一致。 二定冠词： 1) Great quantities of fish were caught in the river 1定冠词用于特指名词前面，尤其是有限定定 by the fishermen. 语的名词。 2) This kind of cakes tastes good while

17、 cakes of 2定冠词的位置： that kind are different. 一般放在所有定语前面，但是放在前位特殊限定冠词 词all, both后面。 一不定冠词： 1) Both the boys are students. 1一般地说，泛指的单数个体名词，第一次提 2) All the students are listening carefully. 及单数个体名词，要用a或an。 2定冠词的一些特殊用法： 1) He is a worker. He is an old worker. (1) The+ adj.表示一类性质和特征相同人或事 2) There is a boo

18、k on the desk. 物，是复数概念，做主语，谓语动词一般要用复 2不定冠词的位置： 数形式；若指抽象概念( the good, the truth, the (1) 不定冠词通常放在所有定语前面；但要在 right, etc. ) 则用单数。 特殊限定词后面。特殊限定词有：such, quite, 1) The poor need help. many, what, half, rather等( 其中half和rather也 2) The beautiful lives forever. 可前置) (2) 表示“两者中较为的一个”的形容词比较级 1) What a good boy

19、he is! him. 要加the。 2) He is such a good boy that everyone here love 1) Jack is the taller of the two students. (2) 如果名词前面的是由so, as, too, however (3) 在all, both, each, neither, either, most, how,等词修饰时，冠词a要放在该形容词后面。 many, much, few, a great many 等词或词组后面 1) Its so good a day! 2) How clever a girl! of短语

20、的名词要有the或其它限定词。( 但 a lot 3省略不定冠词的几种特殊情况： of, a number of, a deal of , plenty of 没有the ) (1) As后面的名词如果是唯一职务时。 2) Many of the girls love dancing. 1) He acted as interpreter. ( (4) 名词school, bed, market, hospital, church, sea, 2) He acted as an excellent interpreter. prison, war等表示抽象意义时，一般不用the；表 (2) 在

21、某一特定的范围内唯一职务。 temple 等，表抽象意义时，有冠词the。 1) He was elected mayor of London. 1) His son goes to school at 6. Yesterday he went to (3) 单数名词在as引导的让步状语从句中做表 the school to visit his sons teacher. 1) Child as he is, he knows a lot. 语。 2) She often goes to the temple every month. 2) Thought he is a child, he

22、knows a lot. 代词 (4) 单数名词做turn的表语时；some修饰数词表示 先男后女he and she； 承认过失，表示不吉祥的“大约”。 事，或不好的意思时，单数按1，3，2人称排列，1) For some reason I will be able to attend the 复数按3，2，1的人称排列。 meeting. meetings. 1) I, he and you will be punished for being late. 2) For certain reasons I will be able to attend the 2) They, you an

23、d we should leave there at once. (6) not any = no但not any不用于句首；句首要 2在非正式英语中be后面的人称 用no one, none或nothing 代词用宾格；只有一个词的句子要用宾格。 7Each与every 1) Whos that? Its me ( Its I. ) (1) 两个均能做定语用，表示“每”的意思。 2) Does anybody want another photo? Me. (2) Each 表示两者或以上的人或事物，侧重“各 二不定代词： 自”可做主语、宾语、定语和同位语；every用 All, every

24、, each, both, either, neither, one, no, none, 于三者或以上的人或事物，侧重“全体”，只能 some, any, many, much, few, little, another, other, 做定语。each不用于否定句，而every用于否定 such及合成词everything, everybody, everyone, 句表示部分否定。 no one, nobody, nothing, someone, somebody, 1) Each room can sit about 40 people. something, anyone, any

25、body, anything. 2) Every room is crowed with visitors. 1Both, neither, either用于两者, another, all, any 3) Not every student studies hard. none, every, some及其合成词用于三者或以上；8No one, none与nothing each用于两者或以上。 (1) No one只指人不指事物，nothing指事物, 两 2Both, all, every用于否定 者均不跟of短语; none 可指人或事物，可以跟 句，均为部分否定；全部否定要用等nei

26、ther, none, of短语。 no one, nothing等。 (2) 询问数量或有范围的人或事物时，要用none来 为否定词。 回答，否则要用no one或nothing。 4合成不定代词的定语形容词要放在这些词的 1) Who is in the room? No one. 后面；如Something important, nothing serious, 2) How many people did you see? None. anything new等。 3) How much did you want? None. 5Another+数词+复数名词与数词+more+复数 4

27、) What did you want? Nothing. 名词都表示“又、再”；注意两者的数词位置。5) Did any of my friends come here? None 如：Another ten apples, ten more apples。 6) Did any one come here? No one. 6Some与any 9Everyone, anyone, someone, no one是指人， (1) some及其合成词一般用于肯定句，any及其 不可跟of短语；every one, any one, some one是合成词一般用于否定句或疑问句及条件状语从 指

28、事物,可跟of短语, 既指人又指事物。 句。如If any (不用 if some)。 10. Other与another 1) I will go there if have any time. (1) Other 用于两者 (2) some用于貌似疑问句实为祈使句的句子中。 One+the other, 1) Would you like some tea? One / some + the others / the other复数名词； 2) Why not bring some flowers? 1) Some of the pencils are red, the others /

29、the (3) any表示“任何”也可用于肯定句中。 other pencils are blue. 1) Any child can go to school. 2) He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a 2) Make it any day you like. (2) Somesomeothers novel. (4) some与any用于疑问句中的不同。 3) Some are singing, others are dancing. 1) Is there anyone in the room? (3) Another修饰或

30、代替单数名词，用于三者或 2) Is there someone in the room? 以上人或事物。 4 4) This coat is too dark. Show me another, please (2) It用来代替原来那件东西或那件事情。 5) Please give me another book. 1) I thought I had lost my pen, but later I found it 11One的一些用法： in my school bag. (1) One 表示“一人或物”有复数形式ones，所 (3) One用来代替泛指的同类单数名词，ones用 有

31、格形式ones和返身代词形式oneself。 来代替泛指的复数名词, The one或the ones用来 (2) One只能代替可数名词以免重复，复数名词 代替特指的单、复数名词 要用ones。 1) Here are three pens. Which one is yours, this 1) Please pass me the book, the one on the desk. one or that one or the one in the box? (3) One可加the表示特指，也可以加a或an， 2) These books are better than those

32、ones. 表示泛指，但要有前置或后置定语。 (4) That用来代替不可数名词或特指的单数名词 2) The dictionary is a big one. (= the one )，those用来代替特指的复数名词( = 3) This factory is the one you visited last year. the ones ) (4) 不能说my ( 或your, their)one，要说mine 1) The weather of Beijing is colder than that of ( yours, theirs)；但可说this one 或that one N

33、anning. fox. (5) One 可以是数词也可以是替代词，强调数量 2) The cars of a rabbit are longer than those of a 比较或有only，要用one。 15. Such 和 that 一样指前面讲过的情况， Such 4) There is one boy and two girls in the room 前面可以有不定指示代词all, no, one, few, 5) There is only one boy in the classroom. several, some, any, hardly等以及基数词，此时单12Litt

34、le 与few 数名词不加冠词A。 (1) Few与a few修饰可数名词，little与a little 1) Such is life. intention. 修饰不可数名词；a few与a little表示肯定，few 2) I may have offended, but such was not my 与little表示否定；但前面加上定冠词，指示代 3) There is no such thing. 词，物主代词，序数词及等就失去否定意义。 4) Some such arrangement was necessary. (2) little有两个意思：not much “少”和s

35、mall 三代词It的用法： 1) The camel eats so little water. “小”。 1用做主语指时间、距离、天气等。 2) They are such little children that they cannot go 1) It is half pass three now. to school. 2) It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 3) Some few teacher attended the meeting. 3) It was very cold in the room. 4) Il

36、l remember the few days when I stayed 2常用来做先行主语或先行宾语。 together with you 1) Its very important for us to study hard. (3) 常说quite a little / few; very little / few. 2) We find it very important to study hard. 13That与this和these与those 3常用于It bethat / who的强调句型之中，此 (1) That / this可以用来表示程度，意思是so。 时注意不要用thi

37、s或that来代替it。 1) Can hard work change that much? 1) It was yesterday that I met him in the street. (2) This常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下作用( 4常用于其他it开头的固定句型之中。 that )；that一般指上面所讲的东西，有承上作( It be since; It be before; Its a pity ( that ); Its this )。 a wonder ( that ); It happens that; It occurs that; It 2) I want to t

38、ell you this: the English party will be is no use / good doing ( to do ); It ( This ) is+ the + held on Sunday. come. 序数词+time that S+ have done sth; It ( This ) 3) He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt was+ the +序数词+ time that S+ had done sth (3) Those who的结构中，只用those不用these, 5通常用来代替事物，但它可以

39、用来代替婴儿 this, that。 或未能辨别性别人数的人或心目中的人。 4) Those who want to attend the meeting gather at 1) Who is it? Its me. the gate at 2 this afternoon. 6It用作形式宾语的一种特殊用法。在一些表14It, that, one与those 示“情感”的动词hate, love, like, prefer, enjoy 和(1) 这些词都可以用来代替上文或下文出现的 appreciate(用if )以及take, see to, depend on等后人或事物，以避免重复

40、。 常用V+ it+ when / if / that结构。 5 1) I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 3基数词与more连用。 2) She didnt enjoy it when her husband drove fast. 3) The child wanted two more apples. 3) See to it that youre not late again.务必，一定要 形容词与副词 4) I dont like it when she tells me how to do 一形容词： 5) I li

41、ke it that you come. things. 1形容词比较级的三个句型asas; more 6) He would much appreciate it if you could do than; the mostin / of / among him a favor. (1) Asas; morethan 用于两者，形容词最高 7) You may depend on it that they will send us 级用于三者后以上。 some food and gas. (2) 注意as+ adj.+ a+ noun +as的句型。 数词 1) German is as d

42、ifficult a language as English 一大约数与确切数 (3) 比较级做最高级含义使用时，注意从同类中 1大约数 除开，要用other或else来排除。 表示大约数时，用量词的复数形式且带的介词1) China is larger than any other country in Asia. of短语。Tens / hundreds / thousands / dozens / 2) No other metal is so useful as iron. scoresof 其中scores of和dozens of表示“许 (4) 在使用最高级时，不要把被比较的人或

43、事物 2确切数 多”。 从同类中除开。 (1) 数词+量词+复数名词two thousand books, 1) She is the youngest of all her sisters. 和 head却常用three score of books, ten head of (5) 两者比较时，必须是同类的， 否则要用that, cattle数词+量词+ of +复数名词的形式. those, one等替带结构来进行比较。 (2) 复数名词前有the, your, these等限定词修饰 1) The students in that school are more than those

44、时或被修饰词是代词时，一般要带of：one in our school. Suzhou. hundred of them; six dozen of your books; two 2) The population of this city is larger than that of score of the pens. 3) A TV set made in Shanghai is better than one (3) Dozen表示确切数时，除了能与an, a 和基 made in any other city. 数词连用外，还能用some, many, several +复数 (6

45、) 形容词比较级与not, no, never等否定词连用 名词的形式表达: some dozen people; several 时，其含义是最高级。 better voice. dozen glasses 1) How beautifully she sings! Ive never heard a 二有关事物的编号的表达方法 (7) 用做表语的形容词最高级，如果不与其他 (1) The +序数词+名词：the second gate 的人或比较时，通常不加定冠词the；无the (2) 名词+基数词： Gate Two 或加a的形容词最高级表“非常、很”，不表示 三有关倍数的表达方法 比

46、较，只能用在表示感受的肯定句中。 (1) 数词+times + asas 1) We are busiest on Mondays. 1) Asia is 4 times as large as Europe. 2) They are most learned scholars. (2) 数词+times + morethan (8) Not more than与no more than的不同 2) Asia is 3 times larger than Europe. 1) This machine is not better than that one. 不好） / height / de

47、pth / width) + of 2) This machine is no better than that one.连用。 英语中有少数几个单音节词只有more形式，没1) He read the book a second time. 有-er形式，它们是：like, fond, worth, right, keen, ) 2Another与基数词连用。 1) He is more brave than wise. 2) The child wanted another two apples. 2) He is more diligent than clever. 6 3) He is

48、 more a writer than a teacher. 3) Who is the man opposite to you? (10) 不是所有的形容词都有比较级。只有性质 (3) 具有表语作用形容词后置。 形容词才有比较级，关系形容词如dead, blind, 4) All the people present are against it. Chinese, possible等没有比较级。 5) He was the only person awake at the moment. (11) More than 后接从句， (4) 及物动词的过去分词作定语一般后置 us. 形式上是比

49、较，其实质并非真正比较；这种结构 6) The experience gained will be of great value to 含有否定的意思。 7) These artistic handcrafts made in China are very 1) Its beautiful dress but its much more than I can popular abroad. 2) That is more than I can tell. afford. (5) 计量形容词deep, high, long, tall, old, thick, 3形容词常与某些介词构成固定短语，

50、应做为 wide等置于量词和疑问词 how之后。 一个单位去记。Be afraid of, be good at, be poor in, 8) How old is she? be anxious about, be famous for, etc. 9) The shirt is 2 feet wide. 4形容词后面一般跟不定式做宾语，且往往以主动表被动。, general, total,anxious, careful, content, determined, eager, sure, 和 involved等，做定语要后置。 China proper; the foolish, li

51、kely, lucky, ready, prepared, slow, will cost involved; postmaster general; the sum total; 等，其后的不定式与句子主语是主谓关系） secretary-general 1) The book is easy to read. 9有些形容词是以为-ly结尾的，如friendly, 2) The work is difficult to finish. lovely, lonely, likely, ugly, deadly, silly 等；但以5表语形容词alive, alone, asleep, awa

52、ke, well, -ly为结尾的词，如daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, ill, present, possible, worth 一般只做表语，不单early 等既是形容词又是副词。 独做前置定语，做定语一般后置，一般也不用10Last least likely or suitable表示“最不可能very来修饰( well, ill除外，present可前置或后的，最不适合的，最不愿意的” 置，其意义不同)。 1) He is the last person to tell a lie. 1) All the people present agreed to

53、 the plan.在场的 2) Hes the last person to trust with a secret. 2) This is the present member. 现在的 3) That is the last thing I should expect him to do. 6定冠词the+形容词表一类人，是复数概念。 4) This is the last thing Id like to do 1) The rich are not always happy. 5) He is the last man I want to see. 7形容词做定语的基本词序是：限定词

54、性质11有几个有赞美意味的形容词如good, nice, 形状颜色来源材料基本特征和用途+fine等与and连用并连接另一个形容词，在意义名词；一般情况下，一个句子只有两三个形容词，上相当于一个程度副词very，对后一个形容词起除了上述规律外，还有几条可遵循的解决问题的修饰作用。 办法：1）主观的、抽象的形容词置前，或短的1) I am good and tired = Im very tired 形容词置前。2）客观的、具体的形容词置后，2) The room is good and warm. 或长的形容词置后，特征用途紧跟被修饰的名词 3) He drove good and fast.

55、 1) He is a brave young man. 12在It be + adj + for / of sb to do的句型中，有2) This is a very beautiful, big, red, Chinese 些形容词既可反映不定式行为的性质，又可反映wooden writing table. 行为者的特征；侧重反映人的特征的用of，侧重3) This is a long, interesting, detective story. 反映行为的性质的用for；如逻辑主语是泛指的，4) There is a nice big new cup on the table. 不具

56、体的，用介词for，因为此时行为者不可能8形容词后置的情况： 成为褒贬的焦点，所以形容词只反映行为的性(1) Some, every, any, no+ thing, body, one, where质。这些形容词有： careful, careless, clever, cruel, 等合成词作定语。 foolish, friendly, good, grateful, kind, naughty, nice, 1) We are not going anywhere very exciting. polite, impolite, right, rude, silly, stupid, t

57、houghtful, (2) 省略介词的宾语所形成的形容词后置。 wise, wrong等 2) Is there any doctor available nearby? 1) Its silly for to wait. ( silly 指行为，即“你在等”7 这一行为是个“蠢举”) 不是代词）。 2) Its silly of you to believe that. ( silly指人，即1) There goes the bell. 4) Here it is. “你真傻”) 2) Here comes the bus. 5) Out he ran, 3) Its wrong for

58、 your child to have so much 3) Now comes your turn. 6) Away they went. money.(这件事不妥，孩子不是指贪的对象，3同一的词根两种副词形式比较 钱不一定是孩子自己要的。) (1) Wide, high, deep, close 与 widely, highly, 4) Its wrong of your child to spend so much deeply, closely.前者表示实际意义上的“宽、深、 money. (指责孩子，因为他花太多钱买零食。) 高、近”；而后者多表示象征意义或抽象意义， 5) Its

59、polite for the students to help the teacher. 分别为“广泛地，深深地，高度地，密切地”。 6) You think it right for people to marry for money. 有-ly表示“方法、方式”，无-ly表示“状态”。 二副词 1) People here like him. 1) They worked deep into the night. 2) He used to drop in on me on his way home. 2) I was deeply moved by the song. (2) 多数副词放

60、在动词后面，有宾语放在宾语后 3) The sun shines bright. 1) We all study very hard. 4) The sun shines brightly in spring. (3) 频度副词( always, usually, often, seldom, 6) He lives close t the school. hardly, never, just, ever, etc. ) 一般放在行为动词 7) The prisoners were closely guarded. 前面，动词或助动词后面，有多个助动词就放在 (2) Easy与easily

61、第一个助动词后面。 Easy只用在某些固定搭配的短语中：take it / 1) We often help each other. things easy; easy come, easy go; easier said than 2) He has never been scolded. done等，其他均用easily。 1) Speak louder. I cant hear you. 3) I was just thinking of my friends. 2) Someone knocked loudly at the door. 4) He had just come by t

62、hat time. 其他情况下两者均可通用。 5) Just have a patience. (NMET96) (4) 注意以下两种同根副词的不同含义，hard & ；near & nearly; late 或最高级后的定语从句中。） & lately； most & mostly；free 6) This is the longest novel that I ( have ) ever read. & freely，两者不同要混淆。 (never ) 这是我从未读过的最长的小说补充：1. 用形容词或副词的比较级对该词的原 这是我曾经读过的最长的小说 级表示强调一般有如下三种句型。 (4) 程度副词一般放在被修饰词前面。 (1) cant + be / do + 比较级。意思是“再没有 1) We dont quite agree to the plan. 1) I cant think of a b