电导机制课件

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1、电导机制PPT课件24.Electric Current電流Electric Current 電流Conduction Mechanism 電導機制Resistance&Ohms Law電阻和歐姆定律Electric Power電功率Electrical Safety用電安全电导机制PPT课件How does electric current heat this light bulb filament?電流如何對這燈絲加熱？Where does the energy come from?能量從何而來？Collisions between e&ions.e 與離子間的碰撞。e accelerat

2、ed by E.e 被 E 加速。电导机制PPT课件24.1.Electric Current電流Current(I)=Net rate of(+)charge crossing an area.電流(I)=通過一面積的淨(+)電荷速率。I =Ampere 安培Electronics:I mA 電子器材Biomedics :I A生物醫學器材Steady current:穩定電流QItInstantaneous current:瞬間電流d QId t+charges moving right+電荷往右走-charges moving left-電荷往左走Both charges moving

3、right兩種電荷都往右走Net current淨電流淨電流Zero net current無淨電流無淨電流电导机制PPT课件GOT IT?24.1Which of the following represents a nonzero current 下列何項代表一非零電流？Whats its direction?其方向為何？a beam of electrons moves from left to right 一束電子從左向右走，a beam of protons moves upward一束質子向上走，in a solution,positive ions move left&negat

4、ive ions move right,溶液內，正離子往左，而負離子往右走，blood,carrying+&-ions at the same speed,moves up through a vein,血液以相同的速率載着正和負離子，在一條血管內向上走，a metal car with no net charge speeds westward.一部金屬汽車，無淨電荷，往西奔馳。I,R to L 右到左I,up 上I,L 左no I無 Ino I無 I电导机制PPT课件Curent:A Microscopic Look電流：微觀看法v of charge carriers in media

5、with E=0 is thermal(random with v =0).在 E=0 介質中，電荷載子的 v 來自熱(隨機：v =0)For E 0,vd=v 0.drift velocity漂移速度QIt/dn A L qL vn=number of carriers per unit volume單位體積內電荷載子的數目q=charge on each carrier每個載子的電荷Charge in this volume is Q=n A L q.這體積內的電荷是dIn A q v电导机制PPT课件Example 24.1.Copper Wire銅線A 5.0-A current fl

6、ows in a copper wire with cross-sectional area 1.0 mm2,一個 5.0-A 電流在一條截面積為 1.0 mm2 的銅線內流動，carried by electrons with number density n=1.11029 m-3.載子是密度 n=1.11029 m-3 的電子。Find the electrons drift speed.求電子的漂移速率。dIvn A q29362195.01.1 101.0 101.6 10-AmmC42.8 10/-m s0.28/mm s TIP :Big difference between v

7、d mm/s and signal speed c.提示：vd mm/s 與訊號的速率 c 有甚大差別。电导机制PPT课件Current Density電流密度Current can flow in ill-defined paths(vd depends on position),電流可以順着不甚明確的路徑流動(vd 隨位置而異)，e.g.,in Earth,chemical solutions,ionized gas,例：地球，化學溶液，電離氣體，Better description of such flows is by描述這些電流最好用current density(J)=curren

8、t per unit area 電流密度(J)=單位面積的電流dn qJv J =A/m2dv Charge density 電荷密度 电导机制PPT课件Example 24.2.Cell Membrane 細胞膜Ion channels are narrow pores that allow ions to pass through cell membranes.離子通道是指容許離子穿越細胞膜的狹窄小孔。A particular channel has a circular cross section 0.15 nm in radius;某通道有一圓形截面，其半徑為 0.15 nm；it o

9、pens for 1 ms and passes 1.1104 singly ionized potassium ions.它張開了 1 ms，讓 1.1104 個鉀單離子通過。Find both the current&the current density in the channel.求通道內的電流和電流密度。QIt121.8 10-A12291.8 100.15 10-Am41931.1 101.6 101 10-Cs1.8pAIJA6225 10/A m225/MA m 4 times max.safe current density in household wirings 住宅線

10、路最大安全電流密度的 4 倍Lipid molecules脂分子ion channels離子通道0.3 nmAWG 10:10 號線22305.7/5.26AJMA mmm电导机制PPT课件24.2.Conduction Mechanism電導機制E 0 in conductor 導體內 non-electrostatic equilibrium 非靜電平衡 charges accelerated 電荷加速Collisions 碰撞 steady state 穩態JEOhms law,microscopic version歐姆定律歐姆定律，微觀版 conductivity 導電率Ohmic m

11、aterial:independent of E 歐姆材料：與 E 無關1JE resistivity 電阻率 Vm/A m (m)-1电导机制PPT课件No band gap 無帶溝Large band gap 大帶溝Small band gap 小帶溝Material 材料材料Resistivity電阻率電阻率 (m)Metallic conductors 金屬導體 (20C)Aluminum 鋁2.6510-8Copper 銅1.6810-8Gold 金2.2410-8Iron 鐵9.7110-8Mercury 汞9.8410-7Silver 銀1.5910-8Ionic solutio

12、ns 離子溶液 (in water 水中,18C)1-molar CuSO43.910-41-molar HCl1.710-21-molar NaCl1.410-4H2 O2.6105Blood,human 血，人的0.70Seawater(typical)(海水典型)0.22Semiconductors 半導體(pure 純,20C)Germanium 鍺0.47Silicon 硅(舊名矽)23.0Insulators 絕緣體Ceramics 陶瓷1011 -1014Glass 玻璃1010 -1014Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯 (保麗龍)1015 -1017Rubber 橡膠1013

13、 -1016Wood(dry)木(乾的)108 -1014电导机制PPT课件Example 24.3.Household Wiring住宅線路A 1.8-mm-diameter copper wires carries 15 A to a household appliance.一條直徑為 1.8-mm 的銅線把 15 A 送到一台家居電器。Find E in the wire.求線中 E。EJ823151.68 100.90 10Amm-IA99/mVm电导机制PPT课件GOT IT?24.2Two wires carry the same current I.兩條線上流着一樣的電流 I 。

14、Wire A has a larger diameter,A 線比B線有較大的直徑，a higher density of current carrying electrons,較高的電子密度，&a lower resistivity than wire B.和較低的電阻率。Rank order 請為兩條線中的下列各量排序 the current densities,(a)電流密度 the electric fields,(b)電場(a)the drift speeds in the two wires.(c)漂移速率JA JBEA EBvA vB电导机制PPT课件Conduction in

15、Metals金屬內的電傳導Metal 金屬:10-8-10-6 mAtomic structure:polycrystalline.原子結構：多晶Carriers:sea of“free”electrons,v 106 m/s 載子：”自由”電子海E=0:equal#of e moving directions v =0.往 方向走的 e 數目相等E 0:Collisions between e-ph vd const.e-ph 間的碰撞dvmmveEdt-Steady state:穩態：0dvdtdeEvm-dJne v-2neEmEOhms law歐姆定律=relaxation time

16、鬆弛時間TDue to high T Bose statistics of phonons由於聲子的高溫波司统計Cuc.f.,vth T电导机制PPT课件Ionic Solutions離子溶液Electrolyte:Carriers=e+ions 電解液：載子=e+離子 10-4-105 mExamples:例:Ions through cell membranes.離子穿透細胞膜Electric eels.電鰻。Batteries&fuel cells.電瓶和燃料電池。Electroplating.電鍍。Hydrolysis.水解作用。Corrosion of metal.金屬的銹蝕。电导机

17、制PPT课件Plasmas電漿Plasma:Ionized gas with e&ions as carriers.電漿：離子化的氣體，載子包括 e 和離子。Examples:例:Fluorescent lamps.螢光燈。Plasma displays.電漿顯示器。Neon signs.霓虹燈。Ionosphere.電離層。Flames.火焰。Lightning.閃電。Stars.星球。Rarefied plasma(collisionless)can sustain large I with minimal E.稀薄電漿(無碰撞)可以極小 E 維持大 I。E.g.,solar corona

18、.例:日冕。电导机制PPT课件Semiconductor半導體Pure semiC 純半導體:T=0,no mobile charge carriers.無流動電荷載子T 0,thermally excited carriers,e&holes.熱激發載子 e和洞 increases with T 隨 T 增Doped semiC 摻雜半導體:Mobile charge carriers from impurities.雜質提供流動電荷載子。N-type:carriers=e.Impurities=Donors.E.g.P in Si.負-型：載子=e。雜質=施子。例：硅中的磷。P-type:

19、carriers=h.Impurities=Acceptors.E.g.B in Si.正-型：載子=h。雜質=受子。例：硅中的硼。Thermal motion dislodges an e.熱運動逐出一粒 e leaving a hole behind.留下一個洞。e&h move oppositely in E 在 E 下，e&h 走的方向相反。Bound e jumps left,h moved to right受困的 e 往左跳，h 就往右移Phosphorous with 5 e有 5 e 的磷P fits into Si lattice,leaving 1 free eP 嵌入Si

20、 晶格中，留下一自由 e。电导机制PPT课件PN Junction正負接面Current flows in only 1 direction電流祇往一個方向走No battery 無電池無電池:e&h diffuse across junction&recombine.e&h 朝接面擴散並重組。Junction depleted of carriers.接面缺乏載子。Depletion region乏區Reverse bias 逆向偏壓逆向偏壓:e&h pulled away from junction.e&h 從接面抽離。Depletion region widens.乏區擴大。I 0.Fo

21、rward bias 順向偏壓順向偏壓:e&h drawn to junction.e&h 被拉向接面。Depletion region vanishes.乏區消失。I 0.电导机制PPT课件Application:Transistor 應用：三極體（電晶體）Large current change controlled by small signal(at gate):以小訊號(加於閘極)控制大電流變化：Amplifier,or擴大器，或Digital switch.數位開關。Normally channel is closed (I =0)as one of the junctions i

22、s reverse biased.通常通道是關閉的(I =0)，因為其中一個接面是逆向偏壓。+V applied to gate attracts e to channel:I 0閘極加上+V 會吸引 e 到通道：I 0电导机制PPT课件Superconductor超導體Onnes 昂内斯(1911):Hg=0 below 低於 4.2K.Muller 繆勒 et al 等(1986):TC 100K.Current record 目前紀錄:TC 160K.YBaCuO TC=Applications 應用:Electromagnets for strong B:強 B 電磁鐵：Labs,MR

23、I,LHC,trains 實驗室，磁振造影儀，大強子碰撞機，高鐵 SQUIDS for measuring weak B.量微弱 B 的SQUIDS。過渡温度過渡温度電電阻阻率率电导机制PPT课件24.3.Resistance&Ohms Law 電阻和歐姆定律VIROhms Law歐姆定律macroscopic version 巨觀版Open circuit 開路:R I=0 VShort circuit 短路:R=0 I VEJIJ AEAVALLRAResistor:piece of conductor made to have specific resistance.電阻器：有特定電阻值

24、的一塊導體。All heating elements are resistors.所有加熱元件都是電阻器。So are incandescent lightbulbs.白熾燈也是。电导机制PPT课件Table 24.2.Microscopic&Macroscopic Quantities in Ohms Law表24.2.歐姆定律中的微觀和巨觀量MicroscopicMacroscopicRelationVdErIdJALRA1JEVIRE LJ AEJVIR电导机制PPT课件Example 24.4.Starting Your Car發動你的車子A copper wire 0.50 cm i

25、n diameter&70 cm long connects your cars battery to the starter motor.一條直徑 0.50 cm，長 70 cm 的銅線把你車子的電瓶連接到起動馬達。Whats the wires resistance?線的電阻為何？If the starter motor draws a current of 170A,如果起動馬達需用 170 A 電流，whats the potential difference across the wire?線兩端的電位差為何？8220.701.68 100.25 10mmm-0.60mLRAVI R

26、1700.60Am0.10V电导机制PPT课件GOT IT?24.3The figure shows 3 pieces of wire.圖示三條電線。&(2)are made from the same material,while(1)和(2)由同樣材料做成，而(3)is made from material with twice the resistivity.(3)的材料則有兩倍的電阻率。(1)&(3)have twice the diameter of(2).(1)和(3)的直徑是(2)的兩倍。(2)(1)Which has the highest resistance?那一條有最大的

27、電阻？If the same voltage is applied across each,which will pass the highest current?如果每條線都加以同樣電壓，那一條可以通過最大的電流？电导机制PPT课件24.4.Electric Power電功率I VElectric Power:電功率：dPqVdtfor time independent V若 V 與時間無關PI V2I R2VRVI RPower increase with R(for fixed I)電功率隨 R而增(I 不變)Power decrease with R(for fixed V)電功率隨

28、R而減(V 不變)No contradiction無衝突电导机制PPT课件Conceptual Example 24.1.Electric Power Transmission 電力輸送Power功率:P=I V.Transmission loss傳輸損耗:PW=I 2 RW=P2 RW/V2 Low I,i.e.,high V,lowers PW for same P.低 I，即高 V，可在同 P 下降低 PW。PW=(V-VL)2/RW =(V-P RL/V)2/RW see Prob 56參考習題 56VL V because of power loss in wire因線內功率損耗，故

29、 VL 200 mACardiac arrest;breathing stops;severe burns 無心跳；無呼吸；嚴重灼傷电导机制PPT课件Ground fault interupter接地故障中斷器Large current thru operator大電流通過操作員No current thru operator無電流通過操作員Large current blows fuse大電流燒斷保險絲短路到金短路到金屬外殼屬外殼短路到金短路到金屬外殼屬外殼“水線水線”“地線地線”“火線火線”“地線地線”“火線火線”兩孔插座兩孔插座三孔插座三孔插座地地地地保險絲保險絲地地电导机制PPT课件5

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38、7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$

39、rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8

40、G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s

41、#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkSh9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6

42、E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXl

43、UiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F

44、3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmU

45、jRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B