The direct method(直接法)

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1、The Direct Method(DM)直直 接接 法法 1.Introduction 2.Background 3.Theoretical Basis 4.Main Features 5.Objectives 6.Techniques 7.Comments Brief Introduction of Direct Method Definition:The Direct Method is a method of foreign or second language teaching which insists that only the target language should be

2、 used in class,and meanings should be communicated“directly”by associating speech forms with actions,objects,mime,gestures,and situations.Background A reaction against the Grammar-Translation Method.In the mid and late 19th century,European industry developed rapidly.The rapid development of linguis

3、tics,psychology and education.The language teaching innovation turned into the Reform Movement in language teaching.Theoretical Basis Direct means takes the place of translation as the main technique in foreign language learning.Speech patterns should be the fundamental elements of language.Spoken l

4、anguage is a learnable system of sounds,and sounds are best described by phonetic transcription.Sentence is regarded as a more useful unit of language instruction than word,and a verb is no less important than a noun.Basic Principles of Basic Principles of the Direct Methodthe Direct Method 1.Classr

5、oom instruction was conducted exclusively in the 1.Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language.target language.Native language was thought to be an obstacle in the mastery of the target language and it should be avoided to a maximum.2.Only everyday vocabulary and sentences

6、 were taught.2.Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught.Its obvious that children learn social languages that are widely used in everyday life,especially in the form of vivid languages,in great contrast to the decent written languages and dead languages.Therefore,direct method should also

7、be based on real life so as to facilitate communication.3.Oral communication skills3.Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully traded progression organized around questions-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small intensive classes.4.Grammar was taught inductively4.Gr

8、ammar was taught inductively.Students will first of all learn the language materials and then summarize the grammatical rules based on the previous knowledge of the input materials which will in turn guide their future study.5.New teaching points were taught through modeling and 5.New teaching point

9、s were taught through modeling and practice.practice.As children learn language by first listening to others and then imitating and practicing,so much attention should be given to imitation and much oral drill.Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized.Both speech and listening comprehension

10、were taught 6.Concrete vocabulary6.Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration,objects,pictures;Abstract vocabularyAbstract vocabulary was taught through association of ideas.Objectives:1.To foster the students ability to communicate in the target language.2.To help students exprss themselv

11、es without referring to their mother tongue.Techniques:1.Direct association2.Question and answer exercises3.Conversation practice4.Error correction5.DictationAdvantages:1.Form the habit of thinking in the target language.2.Achieve automaticity of using the target language.Summary and Comments3.Pay s

12、pecial attention to pronunciation and intonation.4.Regarding lisening and speaking as the basis of reading and writing is strategic in fostering the four skills.5.Make foreign language learning more natural and efficient.Disadvantages:1.Overemphazing the similarities between naturalistic first language acquision and classroom foreign language learning results in the exclusive tone.2.Without explicit grammar explanantion,students lack a necessary knowledge of the target language.3.The Direct Method places a high demand on teachers.