名词的分类chapter3amp4

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1、noun and art.一名词的分类:个体名词:student 可数名词 普通名词 集体名词:people名词 不可数名词 物质名词:water 专有名词:China 抽象名词:sorrow 名 词:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词 名 词:可以用数目来计算的名词叫可数名词。可数名词一般有单数和复数两种形式(少数名词两种形式是相同的)。可数名词:不可数名词:一般无法用数目来计算的名词叫不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式,并且不能用不定冠词a(an)或数词one修饰。物质/抽象/专有名词1.1 名词复数的规则变化 (1)复数在后面直接加S map-maps bag-bags(2)以s

2、、x、ch、sh 结尾的,后面加es bus box fox pushbranchmatch coach 教练 inch gasass 驴子 class mass注:当ch读 k 时,其复数应加s,如stomach-stomachs(3)辅音字母+y结尾的词,变y再加ies baby-babiesfamily-familiespony-ponies小马 city-cities country-countries注1:元音字母(就是a,e,i,o,u)+y的名词,直接加s play-playsway-ways valley-valleys 山谷 donkey-donkeys key-keysto

3、y-toys boy-boys guy-guys注2:以y结尾的专有名词,直接加s.如he little Marys(4)以f或fe结尾的,变成v再加es.如 knife,thief;itself,shelf ,leaf ,half,wolf,wife,life,loaf.注:以下以f或fe结尾的,直接加roof-roofs gulf-gulfs 湾 chief-chiefs belief-beliefs proof-proofs safe-safes 保险箱 cliff-cliffsreef reefs 暗礁 brief briefs 纲要注:handkerchief-handkerchie

4、fs/handkerchieves staffstaffs职员-stafves棒杖(5)以辅音字母+O结尾的,多数+es hero negro黑人 tomato potato echo 回声;回响CU buffalo水牛,(北美)野牛 注:以元音字母+O结尾的,以及某些以O结尾的外来词,变成复数只加Sbamboo,zoo,radio,tobaco,two,studio工作室,Piano,kilo,photo,kangaroo袋鼠(6)有的名词有两种复数形式。如:zero zeros、zeroes,volcano cargo(船、飞机、车辆装载的)货物CU mosquito 蚊子C penny的

5、两种复数形式含义有所不同。如:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。1.2 名词复数的不规则变化1)变元音字母man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese analysis-analyses 分析 basis-bases基础 parenthesis-parentheses 圆括号 datum-data 数据 formula-formulae/formulas 公式 medium-media/mediums媒介 bacterium-bacteria细菌 louse-lice虱子mouse-mice phenomeno

6、n-phenomena现象 radius-radii 半径2)变词尾 child-children ox-oxen(牛)3)单复数同形fish,deer,sheep,means(方式),Swiss(瑞士人)Chinese Japanese,works(工厂),crossroads(十字路口),head(牲畜的)头,aircraft species,series系列,等 注1:fishes指不同种类的鱼,people是集体名词“人(民)”peoples指民族注2:以ese结尾的国籍名词,如Chinese,Japanese为单复数同形4)有些名词经常以复数形式出现,这些名词中有的表示由两部分构成的

7、东西(A),有的是以ing收尾的词(B),也有一些其他的情形(C),B)belongings 所有物,surroundings 环境,greetings 致敬doings 行为,savings 储蓄,findings 调查结果,shavings 刨花,earnings 挣的钱,sweepings 扫拢的垃圾。例如:A)scissors 剪刀,trousers 裤子,pants 裤子,shorts 短裤,jeans 工装裤,compasses 两脚规,scales 天平,glasses 眼镜。C)contents 目录,arms 武器,fireworks 烟火,overalls 工作服,rema

8、ins 残余,thanks 感谢,congratulations 祝贺,clothes 衣服,riches 财富,ashes 灰烬,mumps 腮腺炎,measles 麻疹,valuables 珍贵物品,annals 编年史,stairs 楼梯 forces(武装)部队,effects(个人)用品,tropics 热带,dues(交)费 wages工资,riches财富,ashes灰尘 blues 忧郁 exports出口货物 customs 关税 folks家人 5)此外有些名词在一定的词组中一定要用复数形式,例如:take pains 下功夫 present credentials 呈递国

9、书make arrangements 做安排 make preparations 做准备give regards to 问候 be at odds with 和不和sing the praises of 赞颂 give respects to 致敬意master of ceremonies 司仪 be in high spirits 情绪高have words with sb.同某人吵架,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。Winter sports 冬季运动 civil rights 公民权利High heels 高跟鞋 curre

10、nt affairs 时事Road works 道路工程 give ones best wishes to(6)复合名词的复数形式主体词的复合名词将主体词变为复数looker-on-lookers-on 旁观者passer-by-passers-by 过路人daughter-in-law-daughters-in-law 媳妇father-in-law-fathers-in-law岳父没有主体词的,在词尾加Sgrown-up-grown-ups 成年人good-for-nothing-good-for-nothings 饭桶没用的人go-between(s)中间人drawback(s)缺陷由m

11、an和woman构成的复合名词,两部分都要变复数。man teacher-men teachers Woman doctor-women doctors(7)有些名词形式上虽是单数,意义上却是复数 cattle 牛(总称)people 人民 police 警察 public 公众有些名词及一些学科名词形式上是复数,意义上却是单数 news 消息 politics 政治 physics 物理(8)可以具体化的抽象名词surprise,knowledge,success,failure,pleasure,interest,joy,help,honor,exercise;time,experienc

12、e,life 等。这类名词如果仅仅表示“概念”,是不可数名词,但如果表示具体的人或事,特别是前面出现形容词修饰时,就成了可数名词,前面需加冠词。如He answered in surprise.他吃惊地回答。(不可数名词)He suddenly appeared on a rainy night,which was a great surprise to us.(令大家吃惊的事情)(可数名词)。life is hard.Were living a happy life under the leadership of the Party.A knowledge of English is a m

13、ust in international trade.Would you like to have a walk(swim,bath,talk)with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(9)有些和数词连用的名词,表示复数时仍保持单数形式:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋three score and ten 七十forty head of cattle 四十头牲口three hundred ducks 三百只鸭子ten

14、 thousand trees 一万棵树two million dollars 两百万美金但:dozens of eggs,hundreds of ducks.等外,注意下面说法(有些数词后的名词用单数)Shes only five foot two.她身高五英尺二寸。Shes five feet(foot)tall.她身高五英尺。The ticket costs only two pound(s)fifty.票价只两镑半。Five pound of potatoes,please.请拿五磅土豆。The engine was fifty horse power.这台发动机有五十匹马力。1.6

15、不同国家的人的单复数 名称 总称(谓语用复数)一个人 两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人thean twoAustraliansAustralian Australians 俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人the Japanes

16、ea Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germantwo Germans英国人the Englishan EnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes advice(建议),furniture(家具),clothing(衣服),money,fun(乐趣),gra

17、ss,housework/homework(家庭作业),information(息),rice,equipment(装备),health,wealth,paper(纸),sugar(糖),work(工作),fruit(水果),medicine,harm(损害),news(新闻),progress(进步),luggage/baggagetraffic(交通),trouble(麻烦),weather(天气)courage,poverty,milk,butter,等 常考的不可数名词(二)不可数名词一般说来抽象名词,物质名词 ,专有名词为不可数名词,(1)抽象名词表泛指或用在介词后的抽象名词不与冠词

18、连用但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下1)抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如:抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词,可数名词)(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。(3)专有名词-单个单词形式的专有名词无复数,不与冠词连用;与普通名词构成的专有名词前用冠词。)注1:有些单词既是可数名词又是不可数名词,但是所含 意义不同(u代表不可数名词,c代表可数名词)youthdangeradventure beauty coffee/drink difficulty experience expression pract

19、ice success u 冒险 c 奇遇 u 美丽 c 美人 u 咖啡/饮料 c 一杯咖啡/饮料 u 困难 c 难事 u 经验 c 经历 u 表达 c 表情,词语 u 实践,练习 c 习惯、常规做法 u 成功 c 成功的人或事 u青春c一个青年人u危险c危险的事物或人注2:单复数形式分别表示不同的意义1.time 时间 times 次数,时代,倍2.3.wood 木头 woods 森林 sand 沙子 sands 沙滩 paper 纸 papers 试卷,论文,报纸iron 铁 ironsan iron 脚镣,手铐 cloth 布 clothes 衣服 4.5.6.熨斗glass 玻璃 gl

20、asses 玻璃杯/眼镜 water 水 waters 大片的水,海域 work 工作 works 工厂,著作,工程 force 力量 forces 军队 good 益处 goods 货物 manner 态度 manners 礼貌 7.8.9.10.11.12.ruin13.ruins废墟14brian brians脑脑力,智能毁灭spirit 精神 spirits 心情,情绪酒精content 内容 contents 目录 green 绿色 greens 蔬菜 13.14.15.look looks pain pains custom customs statistic statistics

21、 fur furs fog fogs frost frosts sweat sweats 看,脸色容貌痛苦辛苦,努力风俗关税毛皮皮衣,皮制品一场场雾统计资料统计学雾(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如:物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。(3)有复数形式的不可数名词如:some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些饮料,a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料,his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根

22、白发,glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。have breakfast The road is covered with snow.have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.如:Use your brains,please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrow

23、s meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains,no gains.After many failures,they finally succeeded.有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如:The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rai

24、ns.一般不分单复数,若要表示数量,要加适当的单位名词或单位名词词组。注意:1.有些物质名词要根据上下文来决定是可数还是不可数He ate a chicken.他吃了只鸡I dont like chicken.我不喜欢鸡肉A glass is made of glass.玻璃杯是由玻璃制成的2.有些物质名词在表示不同类别时可以用复数3.有些抽象名词可以用复数形式来表示具体的事物4.专有名词一般只用单数,但有时也用复数5.不可数名词常用of词组来表示数量tea 茶-teas 各种茶 fruit 水果-fruits 各种水果 fish-fishes各种鱼difficulty 困难-difficul

25、ties 困难的事,难做的事the Smiths 史密斯一家a piece of paper,two pieces of papera little rice,plenty of bread 名词的所有格(1)表示有生命的东西的名词,所有格一般在名词后加“s”,其构成形式如下:一般名词后加“s”。例如:my brothers bag 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,只在名词右上方加“”。例如:the workers club childrens day 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音z结尾,一般可在名词右上方加“”,也可加“s”,其读音分别为z、iz。例如:DickensDicke

26、nss book 但若不以读音z结尾,则仍用“s”。例如:Rosss book 复合名词所有格的词尾“s”加在后面名词之后。例如two sons-in-laws photos 如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只在后一个名词加“s”;如果不是共有的,两个名词后都要加“s”。例如:Jane and Marys room(共有)Janes and Toms books(不共有)=Jane s book and Toms book 在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的名词所有格后面,一般省略它所修饰的名词。例如:at the doctors 在诊所 to my uncles 到我叔叔家 at the barber

27、s 在理发店 at Mr.Greens 在格林先生家 at the tailors 在裁缝店 起修饰作用的名词如不表示所有关系,通常不用“s”。例如:room number coffee cups,若仅表示一种类别或类型,名词往往用单数形式。book club,word order,student life 例如:the gate of the school,the window of the room(3)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“s”来构成所有格。例如:Chinas industry,the stations waiting room,ten

28、minutes walk todays newspaper,(4)当表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用“of+名词s”的形式来表示所有关系。of后面的名词般都表示人,不能表示物。例如:that book of Li Mings,two friends of my brothers a few friends of Li Mings(5)复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如:a month or twos absence(2)表示无生命东西的名词,通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。试题1.If this dictionary is not yours,_ c

29、an it be?A.what else B.who else C.which elses D.who elses2.-Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke.I was very tired.-There is no _ for this while you are on duty.A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation3.I dont think its my _ that the TV blew up.I just turned it on,thats all,said the boy.A.error B.mi

30、stake C.fault D.duty4.We all know that _ speak louder than words.A.movements B.performances C.operations D.actions5.My parents always let me have my own _ of living.A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion6.The new law will come into _ on the day it is passed.A.effect B.use C.service D.existence7.For the s

31、ake of(为.着想)her daughters health,she decided to move to a warm _.A.weather B.temperature C.season D.climateDBCDAAD8 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his _-A ability B force C strength D mind9 I am sure Daivd will be able to find the library-he has a pretty good _of direction.A i

32、dea B feeling C experience D sense 10._is more useful than gold.A.Irons B.Iron C.An iron D.The iron 11.-what can I do for you?-I d like to have a _of China Daily.A.piece B.sheet C.lot D.copy 12.These days I hire two _in my house.A.man servant B men servant C man servants D men servantsDCBDD13.Mr Smi

33、th is a friend of _.A.Marys mothers B.Marys motherC.mothers of Mary D.Mary mothers 14._desks are in the same room.B.Johns and Susan B.John and Susans C.John and Susan D.Johns and Susans15.-Where did you spend last weekend?-At _.A.Mr Greens B Mr Green C the Mr Greens D the Mr Greens16.One day Crusoe

34、walked along _ towards his coat.C.the sand B.the sands C.sand D.sands 17.Toward evening,_ came,which made things even worse.D.cold rain B.cold rains C.the cold rain D.a cold rain 18.The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.A.the B.a C./D.oneADABDB12.No news _good news.A is a B.are C.is D.has

35、E.have 13.Maths still _ very difficult for me,though I have done my best.A.looks B.seems C.is D.are 14.The great wall of China runs across _ China like a huge dragon.the north B.north C.northern D.north of15.You are to gather at the _at 8:00 tomorrow morning.schools gate B.School Gate C.Schools Gate

36、 D.school gate CBB=the north of China D冠 词1.冠词的泛指和特指用法泛指是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特指的人或事物。冠词的泛指和特指用法可归纳为下表:单数可数名词一定要用冠词 复数可数名词不可数名词 a(n)the 泛指单一,每一,任一事物 指类别 特指 上文提到过的事物 被限制性修饰语所限定的事物说话双方所默认的事物 世界上独一无二的事物 指类别 the特指 零冠词 上文提到过的事物 被限制性修饰语所限定的事物 说话双方所默认的事物

37、泛指的一些事物 指类别 不定冠词修饰可数名词其意思为“一个”;定冠词可修饰可数/不可数名词,往往表特指其意思相当于“这个”,单数可数名词只要不用在抽象化的语境中,一定要加冠词(或者加不定冠词,或者加定冠词)。这时不妨可用“一个”或“这个(种)”来检验。(1)-Have you seen _ pen?I left it here this morning.-Is it _ black one?I think I saw it somewhere.A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;a(2)Most animals have little connection with _

38、 animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food.A.the;a B./;a C.the;the D./;/DB许多人都持相同的看法,在当前国际贸易交往中,英语知识是必备的知识 Many people agreed that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.(2)不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的一日三餐前。我每天早晨上班前吃点简单的早餐。Before I go to work every morning,Ive a light br

39、eakfast.(3)不定冠词a(n)用于有形容词修饰的季节、日期前。车祸是7月底的一个星期天发生的。The traffic accident happened on a Sunday towards the end of July.(1)不定冠词a(n)用于有或没有形容词修饰的抽象名词前。21不定冠词a(n)的几种特殊用法(4)不定冠词a(n)用于序数词前,表示一次,又一。用于形容词最高级前无比较级含义。“非常”再学一门语言是多么重要啊!这是一本很有用的书。How important it is to learn a second language!This is a most useful

40、 book.否定比较级表达最高级意义时,常借助于不定冠词a/an.-what do you think of the film?-Oh,我从没看过这最糟糕的电影。Ill never seen a worse one.(5)不定冠词a(n)表示“per”的意思。他的月收入是1000元。His income is one thousand yuan a month.(6)不定冠词a(n)用于有goodgreat many修饰的名词复数前。我参观过长城好多次。Ive visited the Great Wall a good many times.(7)不定冠词a(n)用于形式为复数,但意义仍为单数

41、的名词前。一千英里是相当远的距离。A thousand miles is a good distance.(8)不定冠词a(n)用于一些原来是动词的名词前 晚饭后,让我们围着操场散步吧!Lets have a walk around the playground after supper.(9)有一些抽象名词:advice(忠告),behavior(行为),fortune(运气),fun(娱乐),information(情报),progress(进步),damage(损害),harm(伤害)等,即使被形容词修饰,也不加不定冠词。一次性行为特别名词化的动词前:have/take a look a

42、t.,have a talk/swim/test,go for a swim/walk,come to an end,have/take a rest A good many+plural n;a large amount of11)a用于姓氏前表示某个只知道名字而不不熟悉的人。A Mr Liu is waiting to see you outside.12)在某些句型中可加aIt is a pity that you have missed the chance.It is a shame/a pleasure/a honour for sb.to do sth.13)a/an 用于说明事

43、物的同一性质、特点、程度或大小,表示“相同”之意,相当于the same.we are nearly of an age.Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚。卡尔马克思就怎样学好外语,提出了许多建议。Karl Marx gave us some advice on how to learn a foreign language well.(13)用在某些固定词组中。A few,a little,a lot of,a bit,a couple of,all of a sudden(突然),as a matter of fact(实际上)in a hurr

44、y(匆忙的),in a word(简言之),have a good time(玩得愉快),do sb.a favour(帮忙),pay a visit to(访问),as a rule(惯例),as a whole(总之),in a day or two(一两天),in a way(在某种程度上),of a size(大小相同),have a word with sb.(与交谈),make a living(谋生),take(a)pride in(自豪),take a walk(break,bath,seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座),a great deal of(大量),be a pit

45、y(遗憾),have a cold(headache,fever)(感冒(头痛、发烧),many a(许多),catch a cold(感冒)a piece/kind/number/set/pair/of take a seat/a train/a bus.39 Determiner:A;an;many a;such a+singular Several;a great number of;a few+plural A large amount of;a great deal of;a bit of;a little+uncountable 多:a good many;a large amou

46、nt of;quite a few;a good few;not a few;少:a few,a little 2.2 2.2 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有那(这)个的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把药吃了 2)上文提到过的人或事:He bought a house.Ive been to the house 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物

47、,the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人;the living 生者。5)用在序数词和adj/adv最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)They are teachers of th

48、is school.(指部分教师)the two of us=2 /two of us 27)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 用于表示海洋、河流海洋、河流、山脉、群岛;报纸、杂志、书籍、会议、条约、信仰等名词前。The Atlantic 大西洋 the Thames 泰晤士河 The Alps 阿尔卑斯山 the Chang

49、jiang(Yangtze)The Yellow Sea the Book of Poetry 诗经注意:Life 生活周刊 Times 时代周刊 News Week 新闻周刊含有Mount,Lake,Cape 等表示孤岛、独山,湖泊的名词前不加定冠词。Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖 Mt.Fushi 富士山 Mt.Ali 阿里山 但中国湖泊名词前却加定冠词。The Dongting Lake 也可用Lake DongtingBay 海湾在专有名词后时不加定冠词。Jiaozhou Bay 胶州湾9)用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前,但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词。She plays the piano

50、.她会弹钢琴。play erhu 10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示”一家人”or两夫妇:the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇)11)用在表示方向、方位名词前 介词短语中加Birds come back from the south in springLead to the weat of Urals is called Europe.但在某些方位词+介词短语中,方位词前不用冠词。north by east from east to west Note:suburbs 郊区及countryside(农村)之前要用定冠词 she doesnt live near the downtown

51、 area,but out in the suburbs.方位名词大写,指某个国家或世界的某一部分时,前面要用定冠词。The North is colder than the South.The Middle East the South Pole12)用在表示学校、星座、船只、舰队、铁路、飞机、三军、历代朝代等的名词前 the Univeristy of London the Air Force the Big Dipper 北斗星 The stone age the Sping and Autumn Period the Zhongshan 中山舰 the univeristy of Be

52、ijing Beijing Univeristy the Beijing Univeristy13)定冠词可以用以表示对人体部位的特指,在下列结构中指人体某部位 时 The stone struck her in the eye ,He patted the girl on the head 14)In the fifties 50 年代 in ones fifties 50 多岁 18)用在惯用语中:in the day,in the morning/afternoon/evening the day after tomorrow,the day before yesterday,the n

53、ext morning,in the sky(water,field,country),in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle(of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre15)序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意,但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一,再一”之意。why you took a second arrow16)在表示发明物的单数名词前,The telephone is widely used.17)用在表示单位的名词前。by t

54、he yard 按码 by the day/week/month/hour/dozen2.3 零冠词的用法 1)单个单词构成的专有名词前(国名,人名前通常不用定冠词):China has a larger population thanAmerican Mary;2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;They are teachers.他们是教师。3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;Man cannot live w

55、ithout water.人离开水就无法生存。5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。由Day 构成的与公历有关的节日名词前也不加冠词 June 1st is Childrens Day Womens Day Nationals Day Spring is the best season of the year.但 the Spring Festival,以上被一个限定性定语修饰,就要加冠词。He saw her in the spring of 20056)

56、称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时,一般不加冠词。;The guards took the American to General Lee.Ask nurse to put the child to bed.Professor Li.We made him our chairman.7)在三餐、球类和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;I cant write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。9)当by 与

57、火车等交通工具连用表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;10)every 作副词用,表示每.“每隔几.”时。plant a tree every few metres11)方位副词前 Japan lies east of china.(12)From to.以及”名词+介词+(同样)名词”的名词前不加冠词。face to face /mouth to mouth/shoulder to shoulder day by day/day after day hand in hand/arm in arm(13)Man作人类讲时。Man can conquer nature.(

58、14)as 引导的让步状语从句句型中的单数名词前。Hero as he is,he is still modest.Child as he is,he knows a lot.(15)介词BY+表单位的时间,长度,重量,面积,价钱等总称名词前。Ill pay you by time /by the hour We pay for our package by weight/by the gramBy the foot 按尺 by the yard 按码 by the dozen 按打 by the month 按月 by the day by the thousand 成千的 by the g

59、allon 加仑(16)介词in+颜色名词表穿着。The girl in red is LiPings sister(17)单数可数名词前已经被物主代词,数词,指示代词或名词所有格修饰时My story-book is more interesting than this book.One book is on the desk Li Mings picture is beautiful than my brothers.(18)toward(s),all 后紧跟时间名词时。Dont play all day.They didnt come back until toward evening.

60、(19)word 作消息讲时,用零冠词。Word came that he would go abroad.20)作表语用表示程度的形容词最高级前,不用冠词。Your help was most timely.This method is most effective.注意:如果有比较范围,形容词最高级前必须加定冠词:Of all methods,this is the most effective.21)不用冠词的序数词;a.序数词前有物主代词 b.序数词作副词 He came first in the race.c.在固定词组中 at(the)first,first of all,from

61、 first to last22)某些固定词组中不用冠词。名词词组中:husband and wife,brother and sister,body and soul,day and night,knife and fork介词词组中:to(at,from)school,in(to)class,to(in,into,from)church,in(to,at,from)university(college),to(in,into,out of)prison(hospital,bed),to(at,from,out of)work,to(in,from)town,at(from)home,to(

62、at)sea,at night(noon,midnight),by car(bus,bicycle,plane),on foot 在某些习惯用语中,用还是不用冠词,意义不同,有时甚至差别很大,使用时要特别注意。进餐 在桌子旁 at table at the table in hospital in the hospital by sea by the seago to sea go to the sea in future in the future 住院 在医院里 乘船(由海路)在海边 当水手 去海边 从今以后,将来 未来 1.2.3.4.5.2.4用冠词与不用冠词的差异究竟 在地球上,在世

63、上 上学(做礼拜)到学校(教堂)去 在(外部的)前面 在(内部的)前面 骑着马 在马背上 发生 代替 take the place of(replace)take place on the horseback on horseback in the front of in front of go to the school(church)go to school(church)on the earth on earth 6.7.8.9.10.我们当中的两人 我们两人(共计两人)毫无疑问,一定 不可能 大体上,一般地 全部地,整体 一个重要的会议 最重要的会议 又一次 第三次 the third

64、 time A third time the most important meeting A most important meeting as a whole=altogether on the whole=in general out of the questionout of question the two of us two of us 11.12.13.14.15稍远一些 在远处 许多 的数目 一会儿 目前,暂时 负责 由负责,在掌管之下在白天 按日计算 by the day by day be in the charge of be in charge of for the m

65、oment for a moment the number ofA number of in the distance at a distance(of)16.17.18.19.20.拥有 为所有能看见 据的见解 代替 在的地方 成年 同龄 征求意见 听从劝告 他仍在执政 他仍在办公室里 He is still in the office.He is still in office take the advice take advicebe of an age be of age in the place of in place of in the sight of in sight of i

66、n the possession of in possession of 21.22.23.24.25.26.冠词表类别的常见方式(1)定冠词+单数可数名词,表示一个,代表一类。The computer was invented in 1945.The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.The horse is a useful animal.(2)不定冠词+单数可数名词(表示任意一个,某一个)。A pen is a tool for writing.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful animal.注意:man,woman表示泛指时,不用冠词,且常用单数。如:Man is fighting a battle against pollution.Man tries to be the protector of woman.2.5冠词与形容词+名词结构 1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。The blac

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