医学英语医英immunesystemppt课件

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1、Lymphatic/Immune systemGang XINDepartment of Microbiology and I18923912518Smallpoxdeaths of an estimated 300 to 500 million peopleEdward Jenner1749-1823Father of ImmunologyIn 1796http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_JennerL.vaccinus,relating to a cow,vacca 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patient

2、s who feared it would make them sprout cowlike appendages.1979.10.26The announcement by the WHO that smallpox was the first disease that had been eradicated worldwide by a program of vaccinationLouis Pasteur1822-1895The“Father”of the Modern MicrobiologyVaccines:1880,chicken cholera1881,anthrax1885,r

3、abiesconsciouslyimmune systemWhat is it?Where is it?How does it work?What is immunity?immunitynImmune systemnImmune responsenImmunologynImmunologistnImmunodeficiencynImmunocompromised nIMMUNITY IMMUNIS(EXEMPT)Latin:Protection from legal prosecutionNow,in medical terms:free of disease.Bubble boyDavid

4、 Vetter(19711984)http:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bubble/peopleevents/p_vetter.html severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)InfectionLymphoma congenital immunodeficiencypresent at birthHIV and AIDSnHIV-human immunodeficiency virusnAIDS-acquired immune deficiency syndromeARC:AIDS-related complexARC is A pro

5、dromal phase of effects phase of infection with HIV.Symptoms can include recurring fever,unexplained weight loss,swollen lymph glands,diarrhea,or fungal infection of the mouth.Candida infectionsOpportunity Infection and CancernFungal,bacterial,viral and protozoal infectionnThe most frequent opportun

6、istic tumour,Kaposis sarcoma,is observed in 20%of patients with AIDS.nMalignant lymphomas are also frequently seen in AIDS patients.Kaposis sarcomaKaposis sarcomaKaposis sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient.lymphomaFunctions of Immune systemnimmune defence defense agaist infectious diseasesnimmune

7、 surveillancekill cancer cells nimmune homeostasis maintain internal equilibrium Where is immune system?OrgansCellsMolecules Immune organsCentral immune organsnThe site of generation,differentiation and maturation of lymphocytesnincludingbone marrowthymusBone marrowHematopoietic stem cellMyeloid pro

8、genitorLymphoid progenitorFunctions:The site of generation of all circulating blood cells The site of B cell maturationhemo-+G.poisis,a making ThymusLocated between the breast bone and heart.Function:T cell educationPeripheral immune organs and tissuesnThe site where lymphocytes are resident and res

9、ponse to foreign antigensLymph nodesSpleenMALT(mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue)SALT Lymph nodesnLymph nodes-Small bean-shaped glandsnLymph-fluid within lymphatic vesselsnLymphatic vessel-nLymphatic vessel-Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph node are called the afferent lymph vessel,and one

10、that carries it from a lymph node is called the efferent lymph vessel,from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node,may be returned to a vein,or may travel to a larger lymph duct.Collects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies it as it passes through systemReturns it to circulatory sys

11、tem Lymph nodesnMajor groups of lymph nodes are located in the tonsils,armpits,neck,groin and mediastinum.Functions:nFilter harmful substances from the tissuesnJohn,15/Mntooth aches in left side of facenone day later neck also started to hurt(only on the left side)nafter taking the penicillin for 2

12、days,tooth has for the most part stopped hurting and face doesnt ache nearly as much his neck seems more swollen.a tooth abscess and lymph nodes were swollenimmune system is working over time fighting the abscess Sites for Lymph Nodes NameLocationDrains fluid fromAxillary ArmpitsArmsCervical NeckHea

13、d and neckInguinal GroinLegs and pelvisMediastinal ChestWithin chest cavitySpleennin the upper left abdomenFunctions:nmajor site of immune response to blood-borne antigens nFilters out and destroys old red blood cells,recycling the ironMALT(mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue)Tonsil（扁桃体）（扁桃体）,Peyers

14、patch（派氏（派氏集合淋巴结）集合淋巴结）,appendix（阑尾）（阑尾）GALT (Gut)NALT (nasal)BALT (bronchial)Functions:Local immune response Secretory IgA(sIgA)Immune cellsHematopoietic stem cellMyeloid progenitorLymphoid progenitorLympoid:T lymphocyte;B lymphocyte;Natural killer cellMyeloid:neutrophil;basophil;eosinophil;monocyt

15、e;red blood cellNeutrophil Also called polymorphonulcear(PMN)leukocyte.The most abundant population of circulating WBCs and the earliest phagocytic cells to appear in the bacterial infection Functions:phagocytosis,intracellular killing,inflammation and tissue damage.Neutrophils phagocytosisMonocytes

16、 and macrophages After entering into tissue,monocytes differentiate into tissue macrophages.Play central roles in innate and adaptive immunity,and are important effector cells for the elimination of microbes.Functions:phagocytosis,intracellular and extra-cellular killing,tissue repair,antigen presen

17、tationMonocytes and macrophagesmacrophagesEosinophils cytoplasmic granules that are easily stained by eosin or other acid dyes.associated with parasitic infection and allergic reactions.Basophils cytoplasmic granules that are easily stained by basic dyes.associated with parasitic infections and alle

18、rgic reactions.T and B Lymphocytes Natural Killer(NK)cellsnalso known as large granular lymphocytes(LGL)nkill infected and malignant cellsMolecules nAntibody nComplements nCytokines Antibody&ImmunoglobulinPlasma cellNeutralizationClasses of IgnIgG;IgA;IgM;IgE;IgDComplement systemcytokinesecreted pro

19、teins that work as mediators of immune andinflammatory reactions.Cytokines provide a mechanism for cells of the immune system to“talk”to one another to coordinate a responseHow does the immune system work?Innate and adaptive immunityFirst line of defense(nonspecific)second line of defenseinnate immu

20、nitynBarriers The skin is an important physical barrier that protects the entire body from external pathogens.The acid in the stomach serves as a natural killer or destroyer of pathogens that enter the digestive tract.ucirculating cells(phagocytes，NK cells)ublood proteins and cytokinesInnate and ada

21、ptive immunityAdaptive immunity 3 Phases,2 TypesnSpecific nacquired57 Recognition Activation EffectorHumoral immunityCell-mediated immunityInnate and Adaptive ImmunityDose 1Dose 2:1 monthDose 3:6 monthsHBV vaccine:61The primary immune responseFour phases of the primary response na lag phase where no

22、 antibody is detectedna log phase in which the antibody titer rises logarithmicallyna plateau phase during which the antibody titer stabilizesna phase(decline)during which the antibody is clearedComparison of Primary and Secondary ResponsesHighaffinity63Primary and Secondary Responses differ signifi

23、cantlyThe properties of the primary and secondary antibody responses differ.nThe primary response has a long lag period,a logarithmic rise in antibody formation,a short plateau,and then a decline.IgM is the first antibody class produced,followed by a gradual switch to other classes,such as IgG.nThe

24、secondary response has a shorter lag time,a more rapid logarithmic phase,a longer plateau phase,and a slower decline than the primary response.Mostly IgG and other isotypes are produced in the secondary response rather than IgM,and the average affinity of antibody produced is higher.Natural immunity

25、 occurs through contact with a disease.Artificial:contrived by art rather than nature Artificial/natural immunizationPassive/active immunitynPassive immunity Results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animalnActive immunity Develops immunity following direct ex

26、posure to pathogennlocal treatment of the woundnvaccination nadministration of rabies immunoglobulinpost-exposure prophylaxisLymphatic systemLymphatic and immune systemnLymphatic SystemNetwork of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid,cleanses it,and returns it to circulatory systemPicks up fats

27、absorbed by digestive systemnImmune SystemFights disease and infections Lymphatic systemnThe lymphatic system consists of a conducting network of lymphatic vessels,lymphatic organs and lymph.nThe major(encapsulated)lymphatic organs are the lymph nodes.Anatomy and PhysiologynFirst,removes excess tiss

28、ue fluidCollects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies it as it passes through systemReturns it to circulatory system Anatomy and PhysiologynSecond,lymph vessels around the small intestine assist with fat absorptionPicks up absorbed fats Delivers to circulatory systemThese lymph vessels are c

29、alled lacteals(乳糜管)Anatomy and PhysiologynThird,lymphatic and immune systems work togetherForm a group of cells,tissues,organs,&moleculesDefense against pathogensuIncluding foreign invaders and own cells that have become diseasedLymphatic&Immune Combining Formsnadenoid/oadenoidsnimmun/oprotectionnly

30、mph/olymphnlymphaden/o lymph nodenlymphangi/o lymph vesselLymphatic&Immune Combining Formsnpath/odiseasensplen/ospleennthym/othymusntonsill/otonsilsntox/opoison n-globulinglobal proteinWord Building with adenoid/o&immun/oectomyadenoidectomy surgical removal of adenoidsitisadenoiditisinflammation of

31、adenoidslogistimmunologistimmunity specialistlymphadenectomysurgical removal of a lymph node;done to test for malignancy or metastasisLymphatic&Immune Vocabularyallergenantigen causing an allergic reactionallergistphysician who specializes in testing for and treating allergiesallergyhypersensitivity

32、 to a common substanceautoimmune diseasedisease resulting from immune system attacking its own body is if a pathogen;examples include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosusLymphatic&Immune Vocabularyhivesappearance of wheals as part of allergic reactionhuman immunodeficiency virus(HIV

33、)virus that causes AIDS;known as a retrovirusimmunocompromisedimmune system that does not function properly;also called immunodeficiency disorderimmunoglobulinsantibodies;assist in protecting the bodyLymphatic&Immune Vocabularyimmunologybranch of medicine concerned with treating immune system disord

34、ersinflammationtissues response to injury;redness,pain,swelling,and feeling hot to touchlymphedemaexcessive tissue fluid due to blocked lymphatic flowurticariasevere itching associated with hivesLymphatic and Immune AbbreviationsAIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndromeARCAIDS-related complexELISAenzym

35、e-linked immunosorbent assayGVHDgraft vs.host diseaseHDHodgkins diseaseHIVhuman immunodeficiency virusLymphatic&Immune AbbreviationsIgimmunoglobulinKSKaposis sarcomamonomononucleosisNHLnon-Hodgkins lymphomaNKnatural killer cellsPCPPneumocystis carinii pneumoniaSCIDsevere combined immunodeficiency syndrome