《方法与语言》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Translation Methods and Strategies Language, Culture, Power Linguistic turn Cultural turn Power turn Translating methods are the core problems in translation. Language: word-for-word (literal) translation vs sense-for-sense (liberal) translation Culture: adapted vs alienated translation Power: domes

2、ticating vs foreignizing translation Language transliteration, literal translation（ word-for-word ） , liberal （ free , sense-for-sense ） translation, the synthesis of the above Transliteration Translate the sound instead of the meaning, for proper names 受排斥的状态 意译：他们拒绝和他交往。 Oliver always robs Peter t

3、o pay Paul. 直：奥利弗总是抢彼得的钱来支付给保罗。 意：奥利弗总是借钱还债。 It is the last straw that breaks the camels back. 直：最后的一根稻草压断了骆驼的背。 意：实在是让人受不了啦！ Jane could face the music in the earthquake. 直：在那次地震中，简能够面对音乐。 (误 ) 意：在那次地震中，简能够临危不惧。 Literal translation helps to preserve the original flavor, i.e. the exotic (ethnical, na

4、tional) flavor or foreign flavor. Furthermore, it assists to continuously introduce some new words, vivid expression and fresh syntax to enrich, perfect and refine the TL. translate literally, if possible. A literal translation stresses fidelity to the linguistic form while a liberal translation foc

5、uses on the meaning but changes the form of the source language. Liberal translation Liberal translation is to preserve the content and the main language functions, having to give up the literal meaning of the source language. Liberal translation must be based on the faithful reproduction of the ori

6、ginal meaning, intention and beauty (artistic effect), paying close attention to the details. He was seized with the despairing sense of helplessness. 他被束手无策的绝望感 抓 住 了。 他忽然 产生了 束手无策的 绝望感。 1) Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. 直 : 不要等马被盗后 ,才去锁厩门 . 意 : 不要贼走关门 . 2) Smashing a mi

7、rror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate. 直 : 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮 ,也不能 使社会问题烟消云散 . 意 : 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题 . From example 1), free translation is better than literal translation. From example 2), literal translation is better than free translation. 3) For m

8、y father knows and I know that if you only dig enough a pasture can be made free. Literal: 因为我父亲知道 ,我也知 道 ,只要挖到一定程度 ,早晚可以 在这里辟出个牧场的 . Liberal: 因为我父亲知道 ,我也知 道 ,功到自然成 . 4) For Kino and Juana this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born. Literal

9、: 在 Kino和 Juana看来 ,这是他 们一生中最了不起的早晨 ,只有宝宝 出生的那一天 ,才可以与之媲美 . Liberal: Kino和 Juana以为 ,这一天非 常重要 . Liberal translation of examples 3) and 4), only express the general idea of the original sentences. It is too simple. Metaphor dissappeared. It is inferior and dull. So it is undesirable. But the literal tr

10、anslation of example 3) and 4) is clearer than the free translation. 11) I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her ( my wife ) my old age. Literal: 我把青春献给海洋，我 回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻 子 . Liberal: 我把青春献给海洋，等 我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已 经是白发苍苍了 . 12) Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.

11、Literal: 也许 Kino会割掉自己 的脑袋，把自己毁了 . Liberal: 也许 Kino走了绝路， 自己毁了自己 . From the example 12), the original cut off his head means having done something badly, falling into predicament. If a translator translated the original literally, his translating would make target language readers confused, after read

12、ing, target language readers would feel unacceptable. So translators should use Liberal translation in the example 11) and 12). 13) Cast pearls before swine. Literal: 把珍珠扔到猪面前 . Liberal: 对牛弹琴 . 14) Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. Literal : Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出 生的 . Liberal: Barbara出生最富

13、贵人家 . Example 13) and 14) are metaphor, having deep moral. If translated literally, translations are fluent and natural, but it can not express the deep meaning of the original, so it is unadvisable. The communiqu stirred a belated reaction. 公报引起了过晚的反应。 公报发表后迟迟才有反应。 The thought that Thomas might hav

14、e failed was intolerable, agonizing. 托马斯可能已经失败的想法是令人不 可忍受的，痛苦的。 他一想到托马斯可能已经失败，就感 到难以忍受的痛心。 Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 到了桥边才过桥 不要担心太早 不必自寻烦恼 Do you see any green in my eye? 你从我眼里看见绿色了吗？ 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？ If you ever think he is lazy, think again. 如果你认为他懒的话 , 再想一想吧 . 从表面上看十分忠实原文 , 但由于 忽略了特定环境

15、下英语习惯表达的 特点 , 实际上完全没有将原文的真 正意思译出来 . 如果你认为他懒的话 , 那你就错了 . I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin (river) and then lead his troops after it. throw his hat over: in bullfight, the fighter throws his cap aside in the arena to show his determination 我需要的是这样一个人，他决心 在钦敦江破釜沉舟，然后率领部 队前进。 Every

16、family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. (a secret of which a family or person is ashamed). 据说家家户户至少有一桩家丑 。 俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不 得人的事家家有。 You cant make an omelette (煎蛋 ) without breaking eggs. 不打破鸡蛋 ， 就做不成蛋卷 。 有所失才有所得。 Spare the rod and spoil the child. 小孩不打不成器。 省了棍棒惯了娃。 Watch out for

17、 Harlow, hes full of mickey mouse ideas. 要小心哈洛，他满脑子都是米老鼠的想法。 要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子歪门邪道。 （下流、不高明的看法） Her father was very fond of Hughie, but would not hear of any engagement. 她的父亲很喜欢休希，但不愿意听到任何 订婚的事。 她的父亲很喜欢休希，但一提到订婚的事 他就不干。 A good teacher should have his head in the clouds sometimes, but his feet always on t

18、he ground. 一个好老师的头有时要放在 云层中，但他的脚应该永远 站在地上。 好老师有时应该富于幻想， 但时时刻刻必须从实际出发。 Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 不能因为食品标明低脂肪， 而敞开食用。 别把标有“低脂肪”的标 签看成是可“敞开食用” 的许可证。 原句精彩诙谐，主要体现在 label和 license两 个词的使用。这两个词，一大一小，一轻一 重，前呼后应，幽默风趣，更兼有头韵之美。 第一种译法，原句文采顿失！首先，祈使语 气不见了，且口吻也与原句大相径庭，使人 联想到一副板着面孔的形象。这是因为第一 种

19、译法只注重了翻译的内容，忽略了翻译的 形式，将 label和 license这两个全句的中心， 最具有神韵的词统统丢弃，使得原句中诙谐 幽默的口吻荡然无存！当然，第二种译法也 有遗憾，比如，原句中的精彩头韵 low/label/license实在无法译出。 In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say,“United we stand, divided we fall.”(2005 考研题 ) 此句中的 stand 和 fall 分别直译为“站立” 和“跌倒” , 在翻译时我们可以以此为 依据

20、 , 稍加调整即可形成如下译文 : 在应对如此大规模挑战时 , 可以毫不夸 张地说 :“联合 , 我们就能挺住 ; 分裂 , 我 们就会倒下”。 也可以跳出“站立”和“跌倒”的 圈子 , 将 stand 理解为“生存” , 将 fall 理解为“灭亡”。 意译 A: 在应对如此规模的挑战时 , 可以毫不夸张地说 :“联合 , 我们就生 存 ; 分裂 , 我们就灭亡”。 意译 B: 面对一场如此严峻的挑战 , 我们可以毫不夸张地说 :“合则生 ; 分 则亡”。 Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures an

21、d traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. (2005 考研题 ) “ European identity”、 fabric 和 the Old Continent 都不宜照字面直译为“欧洲的身 份”、 “织物”和“旧大陆” , 需相应的调 整。 不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体 , 要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的 “欧洲品牌”绝非易事 , 需要人们做出战略 性的选择。 Both m

22、ethods are always used simultaneously, and quickly shifting from one to another according to the nature of the text being translated. It is beyond imagination that only one method is used throughout the course of translating. They are not contradictory and even compatible with each other. A too lite

23、ral translation will have a poor readability, while a too liberal translation will be a random one which may be far from the original both in content and in form. Literal translation and liberal translation can be understood as two artistic methods. As Lu Xun put it, “In the process of translation,

24、two sides must be taken into consideration, good readability and the original flavour.” “ 凡是翻译 ， 必须兼顾着两面 ， 一 当然为求其解 ， 一则保存着原作的 丰姿 。 ” Oh, Captain! My Captain! - Walt Whitman 哦，船长，我的船长！ 瓦尔特 惠特曼 江枫 译 Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done, 船长 ,我的船长 !我们险恶的航程已经告终 , The ship has weatherd every rac

25、k, the prize we sought is won, 我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪 ,我们寻求的奖赏 已赢得手中。 The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, 港口已经不远，钟声我已听见， 万千人众在欢呼呐喊， While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; 目迎着我们的船从容返航，我们 的船威严而且勇敢。 But O heart! heart! heart! 可是，哦心啊！心啊！心啊！ O the bleeding drops of r

26、ed! 哦殷红的血滴流泻， Where on the deck my Captain lies, 在甲板上，那里躺着我的船长， Fallen cold and dead. 他已倒下，已死去，已冷却。 In a Station of the Metro Ezra Pound 地铁车站 埃兹拉 庞德 The apparition of these faces in the crowd; 人群中这些面容的忽现； Petals on a wet, black bough. 潮湿的，黑色树枝上的花瓣。 人群 面孔 出现 黑湿 树枝 花瓣 1. Every life has its roses and t

27、horns. 2. He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. 3. After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground. 4. He carried his age astonishingly well. 5. Shed never again believe anything in trousers. 练习 6. Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shif

28、ting impression. 7. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 8. Mrs. Sawyer looked radiant, too, and for the first time gobbled up her dinner like a little pig. 9. It is the same old story of not being grateful for wha

29、t we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill. 10. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. 11. It

30、was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everythin

31、g before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. 12. A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stran

32、ger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. 1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 1. 此句的难点是对 Every life( 每个人的 生活 ) 、 roses 和 thorns 的翻译。对于 roses 和 thorns 这类比喻 , 无论是译作 “鲜花”、“荆棘” , 还是“苦”、 “乐” , 都不是简单的直译或意译 , 而 是根据

33、汉语的表达需要 , 摆脱了“玫 瑰”、“刺”这样的字眼。 人生道路既铺满鲜花 , 又布满荆棘。 ( 生活总是有苦有乐。 ) 2. He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. 此句应用意译 , 将 a dead shot 译 为“神枪手” ; Waterloo 可译为 “惨败” , 也可直译为“滑铁 卢”。 他是个神枪手 , 可这一次却遭到 惨败。 3. After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground. 此句中的

34、failure 不宜照字面直译为“失 败” , on slippery ground 直译为“在滑 的地面上” , 也就是“站不稳”的意思 , 结合 reputation( 名声 ) , 可意译为“岌岌 可危”、“开始下降”等 , 但不宜太过 , 如译作“一落千丈”等。 他上一篇小说写砸了 , 名声从此岌岌可 危。 4. He carried his age astonishingly well. 由于英汉表达上的差异 , 此句不宜直译。 carry ones age: 不显老。 他一点不显老 , 面容年轻得令人惊讶。 5. Shed never again believe anything

35、in trousers. 此处需注意西方妇女衣着打扮上的风 俗习惯 , 以及原文的情感语气。除了参 考译文之外 , 也可在 anything 上做文章 , 译作“那些不是东西的男人”。 她再也不会相信任何男人了。 6. Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression. 此处的 shifting impression 不宜照 字面译为“变换的印象” , 而应 意译为“日新月异”。 而中国是一个令人惊讶、日新月 异的国度。 7. He walked at the head of the funeral proces

36、sion, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 此处的 crocodile tears 可直译为“鳄 鱼的眼泪” , 亦可意译为“假惺惺 的泪水”。 他走在送葬队伍的前头 ,还不时用一 条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。 8. Mrs. Sawyer looked radiant, too, and for the first time gobbled up her dinner like a little pig. 此句中的 gobbled up her dinner like a li

37、ttle pig 可用直译加意译的办法 , 译 作“狼吞虎咽地大口吃饭 , 犹如一 头小猪”。 索耶太太也容光焕发 , 第一次大口 大口吃饭 , 活像一头小猪。 9. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill. 此句基本上可用直译法 , 但应当注意省 略代词、连词。将 old story 翻译成“老 话” , 既可保持原文风貌 , 又言简意赅。 还是那句老话 : 物失方知可贵

38、 , 病时 方思健康。 10. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty tasks, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life. 这几句话也可用直译法 , 但其中的 The days stretch out in an endless vista 需意译成汉语 四字结构“来日方

39、长 , 前途无量”。 当我们年富力强时 , 死亡几乎是难以想象的 事。我们很少想到死。来日方长 ,前途无量。 于是 , 我们忙于琐事 , 几乎意识不到我们对 生活的漠然态度。 11. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was th

40、e season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. 此为狄更斯 双城记 的开场白 , 除最后 going direct the other way( 径直走另一条路 ) 需意译为 “笔直下地狱”外 , 全可直译。此处意译是为了 便于理解。西方读者

41、知道 the other way 是与 Heaven 相反的路 , 而中国读者不同。如直译 “走 另一条路” , 会造成“条条道路通罗马”的误解。 这是最好的时期 , 这是最坏的时期 ; 这是智 慧的年代 , 这是愚蠢的年代 ; 这是充满信仰 的时代 , 这是互不信任的时代 ; 这是光明的 季节 , 这是黑暗的季节 ; 这是富有希望的春 天 , 这是充满绝望的冬天 ; 我们拥有一切 , 我 们一无所有 ; 我们全都走上天堂 , 我们全都 直下地狱。 12. A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a bac

42、k, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. 可采用直译、意译相结合的方法。能够直译就尽 量直译 , 不能直译再考虑意译。行文措辞适当变 通 , 兼顾韵律、节奏。尤其有几处需注意英汉表 达上的差异 , 如 :lend an ear, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child等。 一张贺卡可以温暖一颗心、握紧一双手、 倾听肺腑言、轻拍友人背 ; 它令人喜洋洋、 撩得心痒痒 、抹去泪汪汪 ; 它给孩子以惊喜 、 给恋人以温存、给新娘以祝福、给路人以 欢迎 ; 它可用以挥手道别、高声喝彩、送上 飞吻 , 也可用以平息争吵、减轻痛苦、提高 士气、解除忧虑、开创新风尚。