江苏省高考任务型阅读专项讲练

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1、江苏省高考任务型阅读专项讲练第一节 研读08考试说明指点“任务型阅读”解题迷津倍受社会关注和牵动广大师生心弦的江苏08高考考试说明在千呼万唤中终于揭开其神秘的棉纱，细读江苏08高考考试说明英语科的文本资料，我深深的感到，08高考英语科考查的词汇量大了，对学生综合运用语言能力的要求高了，因而我们高三英语教学的任务也变得更加难了。为了更好地领会江苏08高考考试说明的实质，及早筹划下一步的复习工作，特对08江苏高考考试说明英语科的有关变化进行简要分析，并对“任务型阅读”进行考点分析与解题点拨。一、08普通高等学校招生（江苏卷）说明英语科变化分析2008普通高等学校招生（江苏卷）说明英语科的命题指导思

2、想仍然是“四度”和三个“有利于”，即四度：“具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度”；三个有利于即：“有利于选拔人才，有利于中学实施素质教育，有利于推进基础教育课程改革”。新增根据教育部2003年颁布的普通高中英语课程标准（实验）的总体目标和分项目标，参照2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（英语科）考试大纲的要求，结合江苏省实施英语课程标准的实际，按照江苏省2008高考考试方案，制定命题方案，确定考试内容与要求，在2007江苏考试说明的基础上，对考试题型、分值及考试要求做了适当改革，总体感觉比较稳定，局部稍有变化，具体表现在如下四个方面： 1、分值从150分降到120分，总题量从8

3、5+1减到80+1小题；2、对语法和词汇量的要求有所提高，从07年的“要求考生能够适当运用基本的英语语法知识，掌握2，500左右的英语词汇及相关词组（附录词汇表中共约1940个词+410词组与短语=2350+附加词汇560个=2910个）”改为08年的“要求考生能够运用基本的英语语法知识，掌握3500个英语单词和400-500个习惯用语或固定搭配”（见说明附录词汇表）不包括词组和短眼语；不包括语法术语；不包括部分可根据构词法推导出的副词、名词等；不包括国家名称（55）及相关信息；不包括数词（含基数词、序数词计39个）、星期、月份等（19个）。因附加词汇在2007年命题时不作考点，只在试题中出现

4、时不给出注释，而这些词汇在08考试中皆属必考词汇（多数属7级要求），这实际上相当于在07基础上净增1203个词汇，约占总词汇量的三分之一；3、主观题（非选择题）在全卷中的比重增大，由原来的23 .33%（35/150）提高到现在的 29 .17%（35/120），对写的要求有所增加，书面表达字数要求从原来的120字左右提高到现在的150字左右；4、阅读理解的要求有所提高，阅读的形式有所改进，增加了“任务型阅读”新题型。该题型要求考生“认真阅读所给短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格或图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词”。要做好该题型考生要在“认真阅读所给语言材料，掌握其大意和文脉框架的基础上对相关信息

5、进行加工，在综合理解和审清题意的基础上在文章后表格或图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词，每处所填字数从1个到6个不等，题型的变数比较大，旨在考查学生的透彻理解和准确表述能力。二、任务型阅读的考点分析与解题技巧任务型阅读是根据普通高中课程标准（实验）提出的“优化学习方式，提高自主学习能力”的理念设计的，旨在考查考生根据学习任务的需要“用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力”。该题型要求考生在阅读所给语言材料的基础上对相关信息进行加工，在读透文章、把握主题、理清文脉和审清题意的基础上以完成表格或图表的形式完成相关文字表达的任务。从考试说明中提供了三个示例、四种设题模式来看，其中第一、二种模式属

6、文脉导引细节理解类，与湖南卷2007年的阅读填空题型基本相似，第三种模式属主题概括同意转述类，第四种属信息筛选定向梳理类。三个示例、四种模式均以文章框架为主体，以理解、概括、转述、细节比较和词汇的得体运用为抓手。现结合具体示例分析点拨如下：（一） 文脉导引细节理解类（示例l ） 请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。Traveling on the Information SuperhighwayIn the early 1990s, few people outside of governments and universities had ever he

7、ard the term internet. The World Wide Web was in its infancy（初期）, Back then if you said to someone, “Send me an e-mail with directions to your house.” All you would have received is a puzzled look . Technology has come a long way since those days. Today, the Internet connects millions of computers a

8、round the globe, making a worldwide exchange of information possible.The Internet is often called the “information superhighway.” Thats because vast amounts of information travel over it. If you searched the word grasshopper, for instance, you would have thousands of sites to look at. Some sites wou

9、ld give information on these insects. Other sites would be companies with “grasshopper” in their names. Still other sites might want to sell you books about grasshoppers.In addition to information, the Internet also offers one of the greatest inventions in communications, electronic mail, or e-mail

10、for short. E-mail is the brainchild of a shrewd（精明的）man named Ray Tomlison. He developed the program and sent himself the first e-mail in 1974. He isnt sure, but he thinks his first message was QWERTYUIOP （ the top row of letters on a key-board）. As a result of Tomlinsons invention of e-mail, the wa

11、y in which the world communicates has changed. Thanks to e-mail, you can communicate with a student in London and find out how his weather experiment is going. E-mail has also changed the speed with which we exchange information. In minutes, you can contact another person who shares your love of kit

12、es or stamps. Your aunt and uncle can send you pictures of their new puppy without ever leaving their home. If you are sick and cant attend school, your teacher can e-mail you the assignments you have missed. You can even send e-mail to a grasshopper expert and ask questions for a research paper.How

13、ever, there is one big disadvantages when you use e-mail. Unlike a letter you send through the mail, e-mail is NOT private. It can be reviewed by anyone with access to your receivers computer. Your receiver could also forward it to other peopleso be careful. Do not say anything in an e-mail that you

14、 wouldnt say in front of crowd!Type 1 ( be omitted )Type 2The internetThe internet offers information to us.The internet enables us to （1） in a new way.We can （2） information throughout the world, because the internet can connect millions of computers.The internet is often called the “information su

15、per high-way”,because vast amount of information travel over it.Thanks to （3） , we can keep in touch with others wherever we are.It has changed（4） of talking. Through it, we can talk with our students in London about the weather experiment.It has also enables us to exchange information at （5） speed

16、than traditional communicative methods. Within a short time, it lets us （6） mother person who has internet in （7） . It also helps us to send information without leaving home.（8） the advantages, we should （9） when using it. Because it may not be （10） if someone has access to our receivers computer.参考

17、答案1. communicate 2. exchange 3. e-mail 4. way 5. higher 6. contact 7. common 8. Despite 9. careful 10. private示例分析与解题点拨 示例一中的Type 1 和 Type 2纯属一类，要求相同，都要求：“认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词”。没有附加条件，但参考答案都是一个词。 设题和答案完全一样，不同的是载体即表述形式上的差别， Type 1 是一个图式结构，Type 2是常规表格，从信息所在的位置都能一目了然地看清楚文章的脉络结构。考生只要以文脉为导

18、引，理解段意，适当概括，关注细节，对号入座即可。如示例中第1、3、4、题都属主题概括题,它们都是与主题密切相关的词；第2、5、7 、8属根据信息稍做整合的换位转述题，如将shares your love of kites or stamps转述成 has interest in common，将However there is one big disadvantage转述成Besides/ Despite the advantages,；第6、9、10则是纯细节题。上述10个空有的是对某一个单词、某一个句子的理解，有的是对某一段段落大意的概括或对整个文章主题的提炼，但答案只有一个词。这就要求考

19、生在有限时间内准确理解词句、抓住文章大意，然后根据每小题特定的上、下文的要求用适当的文字做答。（二）、主题概括同意转述类（示例2 ）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空格1个单词，不得用文章中的单词。About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York city when a woman and a young boy own at the next table, I couldnt hlp overhearing parts of their conversatio

20、n. At one point the woman asked, “So, how have you been?” And the boywho could not have been more than seven or eight years oldreplied. “Frankly, Ive been feeling a little depressed larely.” This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. As far as I

21、 can remember, my friends and I didnt find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school.The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children dont seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than

22、they used to.Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Children as it once was no longer exists. Why?Human develoment is based not only on natural biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social role to another usu

23、ally involves learning the secrets of the new situation. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders.In the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation（揭示）machine has been installed in 98 perc

24、ent of American homes. It is called television. Television passes information, and indiscriminately（不加区分地），to all viewsa alike,whether they are children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation, many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less chaienging, more vivid moving picture

25、s.Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practiced. Children must read simple books before they can read complex m

26、aterials.Type 3Main comparisonsContextsDifferent （1） Children in the past did what they were （2） to. Children today （3） as if they were adults.Different （4） Children in the past never experienced （5） Sometimes sadness （6） children nowadays.The authors （7） to childrens change.Children in the past: in

27、 a （8） and guided process.Children nowadays: by （9） TV without control Title: Change in todays childrenA phenomenon worth notingThe authors （10） to childrens change.He prefers communication through print for children, which can control what children are to learn.（参考答案）1. behaviors 2. expected/suppos

28、ed 3. act 4. feelings/emotions 5. depression 6. happens 7. ways/methods 8. gradual 9. watching 10. attitude示例分析与解题点拨 示例二中的Type 3属主题概括同意转述类，它的雏形就是湖南的“填空式阅读”题和上海卷中的听力理解题。它是拌着2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲出现的新型阅读。该题型在大纲中出现时原本是听力改革。可湖南省当年就把它作为阅读写作新题型放进了高考试卷的第二卷，而且一直坚持下来,并形成特色。这种填空题要求考生在阅读所给语言材料的基础上对相关信息进行加工，在综合理

29、解和审清题意的基础上在给定的表格中的空格里填上最恰当的英语单词，即答案。与第一类和湖南卷不同的是它明确规定“每空格1个单词，不得用文章中的单词”。这就对语感的流畅度，思维的灵活性、词汇的辨析能力和语篇概括能力提出了较高的要求。如Type 3以当今孩子的变化为主题，用比较的手法讲述了孩子们过去和现在在行动、情感、认知等方面的不同，指出了孩子在认知过程中逐渐突现的以电视媒体代替纸质文本的现象，并提出自己的观点。虽然10个空填的都不是文中的单词，但有的是文中词汇的变式，即另一词性，有的是同意转换，有的是主题概括。上述10个单词中第1 小题的behaviors, 第5小题的depression分别由b

30、ehave 和depress转述而来；第8 小题的graduate由 slow同意转述而来；第9小题的 watching（TV） 则是由惯用法和语感直接产生答案；其余6小题都要根据主题和具体情节概括提炼出恰当的单词。（三）信息筛选定向梳理类 （示例3 ）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空不超过6个单词。The History of Numbers People have not always used numbers. It took thousands of years before people started to use number

31、systems, or sets of ideas that explained numbers. In the earliest civilizations, people used tallies to keep track of how many items there were of a kind. Tallies are groups of lines or marks that people draw somewhere to count something. Some people marked tallies on sticks or bones. Others counted

32、 piles of beads or shells. These simple methods for counting worked fine, because people long ago hardly ever had to count large numbers of items. Scholars who study the history of numbers believe that some people who lived long ago counted by pointing to parts of their bodies. Different parts, such

33、 as fingers and elbows, stood for different numbers. Today, people such as the Paiela people of Papua New Guinea still count this way, the largest number used by the Paiela is 28. They use this counting system when they farm or when they purchase goods, such as food and other supplies. When the firs

34、t towns and villages began to appear, people needed better ways to count. The farmers who lived in villages in one ancient, or very old, civilization in the Middle East used different sets of clay tokens to count different kinds of things. They used small, flat circles called disks to count sheep, b

35、ut they used egg-shaped tokens to count jars of oil. About 5,000 years ago, a new kind of number system appeared. The Sumerians, who lived in what is now the country of Iraq, developed this system soon after they had developed one of the first systems of writing. In the Sumerian number system, the s

36、ame set of written lines or shapes, called marks, was used to count every kind of thing. The ancient Egyptians, the people of Egypt, used a set of pictures I their system. The Mayan people Mexico and Central America used a series of written circles and short lines, called dots and dashes. Number sys

37、tems helped people do many new things and enjoy an easier life. The Egyptians used numbers to help them measure and build the pyramids. Numbers made it easy for them to buy and sell things, to manage their farms, and to tell time. Numbers helped the Mayan make one of the first accurate calendars. Th

38、e system of numbers that we use today in most parts of the world began in India about the year 500. This system uses ten numerals, or symbols that stand for a certain number, from 0 to 9. Their value, or meaning, depends on where they appear in a number. Place vavlue lets people quickly solve any ma

39、th problems that involve addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with large numbers. New and exciting ideas and inventions have caused us to think of very large and very small numbers. In the last century, the name googol was created for a number made up of the number 1 followed by one hu

40、ndred 0s.Type 4Ways that people have counted throughout history(1) _(2) _(3) _(4) _(5) _(6) _(7) _(8) _(9) _(10) _参考答案1.Tallies 2. Piles of beads or shells 3. Flat circles called disks 4. Egg-shaped tokens 5. Pointing to parts of the body 6. Indian system of numerals 7. Sumerian system of marks 8. E

41、gyptian system of pictures 9. Mayan system of dots and dashes 10. System of numbers used today示例分析与解题点拨 示例三中的Type 4属信息筛选定向梳理类，它的载体是图表，而且字数有较大的弹性空间，每空不超过6个单词。该题型要求考生通过阅读将有关文字信息按照一定的条件或要求进行梳理和罗列。旨在体现普通高中英语课程标准提出的“借助联想建立相关知识之间的联系”和“根据形式、意义或用法对新学语言项目进行分类”等认知策略方面的要求。10个答案中少则1个单词，多则6个，有的答案是文章中的原词或短语，有的答案需

42、要根据主题和表述的需要做适当概括或转述。如示例三中的第1、2、3、4、5小题均可在文章中找到现成的答案，而6、7、8、9、10小题则必须经过语言加工和概括，否则字数明显超过要求。如：答案6 (Indian system of numerals)根据： “began in India about the year 500.This system uses ten numerals, or symbols that stand for a certain number, from 0 to 9.” 概括整合得来，而答案10（System of numbers used today）则根据 “ Th

43、e system of numbers that we use today in most parts of the world”省略表达而成。做这类题时最关键的是信息梳理，细节理解和整合概括。做题时一般应注意如下四点：一是迅速浏览全文，领会大意，二是带着问题，核对细节，三是提炼主题，归纳概括，四是用语简洁，领会要求。比如上述第6、10小题的答案原材料不难找到，但由于题目明确要求回答词数不超过6个，这本身就是启发和提示，你的答案字数一般应少于或接近这个数，字数太少概括不全，字数多了容易跑题，都是要扣分的。这是三种类型中最难操作的一种。本题型有一个较为严重的问题：那就是示例设计很不严密，具体表现

44、在两个方面，一是答案呈现的方式不一，教学中操作难度大。由于词数区间太大，考生在做答案时详略很难控制。如示例中答案14都是名词或相关短语，但答案5却用了“pointing to parts of the body”，如果说这样表述信息完整，那么，第1小题应用 “using tallies to keep track”,第2小题也应用 “counting piles of heads or shells”；二是答案顺序排列混乱，阅卷时根本无法按序评判。按照题目要求，考生做题时要么根据“Ways that people have counted thought history”要求，按计数法发展演变

45、的先后顺序依次排列1到10个答案，或者按它们在文章中出现的顺序排列，但无论如何，答案6 （“The system of numbers that we use today in most parts of the world began in India about the year 500.）也不能排在7（About 5,000 years ago, a new kind of number system appeared）的前面。从时间看，5，000 years ago早于about the year 500，从在文中出现的顺序看，6的信息在第6段，排在7、8、9、10之后。这一点大家要搞

46、清楚，以免混淆视听，无所适从。总之，08江苏考试说明在命题指导思想上论述比较宽泛，在考试内容、考试要求和题型范例上都给命题中的细节性的东西留下了较大的空间。特别是任务型阅读的三个示例，四种承载形式，对考生提出的“借助联想建立相关知识之间的联系”和“根据形式、意义或用法对新学语言项目进行分类”等认知策略方面的较高要求。在练习和强化训练中要从主题概括，整合转述和细节理解等思维角度切实提高自己的阅读理解和对信息的整合概括能力，在归纳、领悟各种题型解题方法的同时，培养思维的敏捷性和发散性，做到举一反三，触类旁通。这样，无论2008年高考英语试题的任务型阅读采用哪一种模式，你都会有似曾相识或轻车熟路之感

47、，做题时必能做到下笔如神，超常发挥，进而收到事半功倍之效。第二节 任务型阅读专项训练Type 1 1认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空格1个单词。 White-collar workers going to great lengths for stress reliefA soldier of the South Korean special attack corps paints his eyes during a friendly Taekwondo match at a South Korean Army Base in Pochon, n

48、orth of Seoul.Stressed out white-collar workers are scaling（攀登） skyscrapers, camping out on rooftops, smashing up restaurants, pretending to be children and even visiting cemeteries in a bid to relieve the pressure of modern life.As the countrys economy continues to steam ahead, once popular forms o

49、f entertainment, such as karaoke, card games and even boxing bars, appear to be losing their appeal.Consider the members of Shanghais Cat Rain club. By day, this group of young women works executive jobs, but by night they climb buildings so they can spend the night on the roof.Its a good way to rel

50、ease our pressure. You feel relaxed when youre sitting on the roof, looking up to the sky and chatting with intimate（亲密的）friends, said Gong Ying, 25.The stress of work is not just limited to people in Shanghai.A recently opened restaurant in Beijing encourages customers to smash plates - as long as

51、they are willing to pay to replace them.Though there has been some debate about the extravagance（奢侈）of such services, some psychologists say the activity reflects the desire of some white-collar workers to vent their angst.Some workers even appear eager to return to their childhoods. This May, hundr

52、eds of people took part in a festival in which adults pretended to be children. It was an adults-only event, and participants could read comics and eat sweets all day.Scenic places such as parks and rivers can also help people relax and put things in perspective. But a cemetery?Cemetery companies in

53、 Shanghai organized visits to local graveyards for stressed-out workers in March. The participants were taken to quiet spots in the cemetery where they could contemplate（考虑、打算）life and their futures.Roof-camper Chen Bin, an IT marketing professional, said she had camped out on a rooftop about 30 tim

54、es. When shes not sleeping out under the stars, she also has several other adrenalin-fueled interests, such as downhill racing and paragliding.Pressure may bring us distress, but it doesnt mean we cant find ways out, Chen says. Life should be imaginative.White-collar workers going to great lengths f

55、or _1_ reliefThe ways for white-collar to relieve the pressure of _4_ life.Climbing buildings and spending the night on the _5_.Going to the restaurants which encourage customers to _6_ plates.Taking part in a festival in which adults _7_ to be children.Scenic places can also help people _8_ and put

56、 things in perspective._9_ out under the stars can also help.Old entertainment becomes less popular. Once _2_ forms of entertainment, such as Karaoka, card games and boxing bars, which were popular in the _3_, appear to be losing their appeal.Life should be _10_Pressure may bring us distress, but we

57、 can find ways out.2认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空格1个单词。 Do you raise salmon (鲑鱼) in your classroom at school? Do you ever have class while floating down a river in a canoe? Do you ever throw your school lunch leftovers into a compost (混合肥料) bin when you are finished? They are all part of

58、 a regular school day at Barnard Environmental Studies Magnet School in New Haven, Connecticut. Known as a “green” school, Barnard attracts students from all over the region who are interested in environmental studies. “We do Earth Day all the year round,” said Marjorie Drucker, Barnards Magnet Reso

59、urce teacher. With the schools special classes, its 325 students study the environment all day long. “Being green means that everything in the building is designed with the environment in mind,” Drucker told Scholastic News. For example, the lights go off when people leave the room, and special wind

60、ows provide “passive light”, cutting down on the need for electric lighting. When a window is open, the air-conditioning automatically turns off. Conserving energy is not all that students do to help the environment. While learning about the dying salmon population in the Connecticut rivers, student

61、s also do something to help out- they raise more salmon. In the classrooms there are fish tanks containing salmon eggs. The eggs are kept in water at two degrees Celsius. After the eggs hatch, students observe the baby salmon through all the stages of development, and then release the adult salmon i

62、nto Connecticut rivers. Composting is another part of taking care of the environment at Barnard Students deal with their lunches by throwing the remaining food into a compost bin in a greenhouse. The compost is used to help grow plants. At Barnard, almost everything has to do with the environment. S

63、tudents sing songs about the environment; their artworks have something to do with the environment; even their math classes are focused on protecting the environment. Barnard offers chances that students cant get in a regular school. The schools goal is to teach children to be good environmental rol

64、e models. They also learn to live in a different way. To attend the school, students have to apply and express their interest in protecting the environment. “Students come here because they care about the environment,” said Drucker.They learn to live in a different way.It is (10) _that they become goo