动词的被动语态教学设计

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1、 动词语态passive voice1 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时， 谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。被动语态由助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。时 态构 成例 句一般现在时态am / is / are + doneAn apple is eaten by me every day.一个苹果每天都被我吃掉。一般过去时态was / were + doneHe was taken to the park by his mother yesterday.昨天，他被妈妈带去了公园。一般将来时态will be + doneThe c

2、hild will be sent to his parents next week.那个小孩子下个月将要被送回他的父母那里。现在完成时态have / has been + doneMy homework has been finished by me.我的作业已经被做完了。现在进行时态am / is / are being + doneA big bridge is being built in our city now.一座大桥正在我们的城市被建造。含有情态动词情态动词 + be + doneTrees can be planted at the foot of the hill.树可以被

3、种在山脚下。注意双宾语直接宾语（物）作主语，动词后要用介词to或for。He gave me some money. 他给了我一些钱。 I was given some money by him./ Some money was give to me by him.介词不乱丢变被动时，不及物动词后跟的介词（或副词）不能丢掉。We are looking for a book on Asia. 我们正在找一本关于亚洲的书。 A book on Asia is being looked for by us.还原tohear / see / make sb. do sth.等变被动时，把to加上。S

4、he made me stand in front of the door. 她让我站在门前。 I was made to stand in front of the door by her.英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态： A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？ Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。 A

5、greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。 After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。 B. 强调动作的承受者 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you） A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a ne

6、w Hope School） She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。 Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。 C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物 The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。 Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。 D. 修辞的需要

7、，为了使句子更加简练、匀称 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖

8、恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。 E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己 Youve been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。 F. 科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程 The film is coated with

9、light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light. 胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。 G. 新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性 The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nations west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。 H有些动词习惯上

10、常用被动语态 He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。 The school is situated in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。 注意： 被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。 The vegetables didnt taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者） He arrived at the airport, where he was met by

11、 his friend. 他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。（没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整） Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。（需要by短语）3主动语态变被动语态中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。 中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。英美人常这样说： You are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那里。 这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。

12、由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。A. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语：1 They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。 - The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。 2 In the past the king possessed great wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。nIn the past great wealth was poss

13、essed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：1. We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。 The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。 Some books were given to the student. 几本书被给了这个学生。 2.His father bought him a computer last we

14、ek. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。 A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。 They awardedMo Yanthe Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。 The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 诺贝尔

15、奖被授予给他。 The host had caught us some fish. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。 Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for不可省）nC. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语： 1. All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。The houses were painted white by all the v

16、illagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。2. They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。We were kept waiting for a long time . 我们等了很长时间。3. We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医生。He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。注意： 有些使役动词和感官动词, 如: make, see, hear, watch, notice, fee

17、l, observe, listen to, look at, 等，在主动结构中跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上 to。如：4. We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。5. Wesawthe girl go upstairs with her boyfriend. 我们看见女孩和她的朋友上楼去了。The girlwas seen to go upstairs with her

18、boyfriend. 我们看见女孩和她的朋友上楼去了。D. 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+ be done”构成。情态动词 can/ could/ may/ might/ musthave / had to/ will / would/ shall/shouldneed/dare/ought to/used to / be going to /主动形式 can/ could/ may/ might/ musthave / had to/ will / would/ shall/shouldneed/dare/ought to/used to / b

19、e going to+ do被动形式 can/ could/ may/ might/ musthave / had to/ will / would/ shall/shouldneed/dare/ought to/used to / be going to+ be done 如;6. The machine must be operated with care. 这机器必须小心操作。7.Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。8.Whats done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。9.People had t

20、o be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。特别注意 E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等结构的主动句变被动句 含有“be going to do和 be to do 等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在这两种结构中，be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。10. The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会上讨论。11. This n

21、ew film is to be shown on TV next week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放映。F含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。12. They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。13. We havent decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决

22、定什么时候去野营。It hasnt been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。 提示：带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。14. We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。15. Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工程师。I was expected (by

23、my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为工程师。 G祈使句的被动语态 肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Dont + let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词（或Let + 宾语 + not + be + 过去分词）。16. Move the desks into the corridor.Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把课桌搬到走廊去。17. Dont trust her.Dont let her be trusted.Let

24、 her not be trusted. 不要相信她。H. 动词短语构成的被动语态一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。18. The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well.The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在这所医院里被护士们照料得很周到。

25、19. They have put off the meeting till next Saturday.The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 会议已推迟到下周六了。注意： 在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。20. Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。21. All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了处理。J下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by22. Smoke

26、filled the meeting room. 烟充满了会议室。The meeting room was filled with smoke. 会议室里充满了烟。 A cloth covered the table. 一块布把桌子罩了起来。The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上铺着一块布。K不能变为被动语态的结构 1受动词的限制 表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。 某些表示状态的及物动词，如：have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee,

27、 benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。27.She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。28.He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。29.This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。30.Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶吗？31.She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得

28、了重感冒，现在好多了。当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。 32.Do you get me 你明白我的意思吗？ 33.How do you take this passage 这段话你怎么理解？ 34.I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英镑。 35.His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。2受宾语的限制当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。 36.They simply c

29、annot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。 37.He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席会议了。 38For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。 39.I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。 40.The docto

30、r shook his head and then went out without any words. 医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。 注意：动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。 41. He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注视着这幅油画。 His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的两眼注视着这幅油画。当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。 42.This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值十美

31、元。The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重二十公斤。当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。 He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。 She dreamed a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能变换成被动语态。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被

32、动语态 He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。 The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 必背： 一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组 catch a cold感冒 eat ones words 食言 lose hear

33、t丧失信心 lose patience失去耐心 make a face做鬼脸 make up ones mind 决心 make bed 铺床 make room for 为腾出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安静 speak ones mind 表明见解 take place 发生 take ones time从容不迫，别着急 take office 就职 take ones leave 请假 take notes 作笔记 take up arms 拿起武器 take ones place 就位答案1. English is spoken in many co

34、untries ( by people ).2. A worker is repairing the bike3. Chinese was taught to me by him last term.4. The students must keep the reading room clean.5. I will be bought a T shirt by Mum tomorrow./ A T shirt will be bought for me by Mum tomorrow.6. I saw her reading a book.7. The boy is let to go by them.8. The little boy has taken the books away from the library.1-5BACAD 6-10DADCB 11-15AACBB 16-21DADCDC