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1、Pharyngeal cavity-the throat;LaryngealThe oral cavity-the mouth;Nasal cavity-the nose._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _voicelessvoicelessvoicelessvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedalveolaralveolaralveolardentaldentalbilabialpalatalpalatalvelarbilabialstopstopstopfricativenasalaffricateaffricateliquidnasalfric
2、ativePhonetics PhonologyPhonetics PhonologyPhonePhonemeAllophoneDistinctive features音素音素Phoneme 音位音位音位变体音位变体Their relationships:n In actual speech,a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone.nAllophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme.Distinctive features 区别性特征区别性特征word syllabicsonorantv
3、oiced nasalWord levelsyllable levelsegmentFeature levelnFor/p/,its distinctive features are-voiced,+bilabial,+stop.nHowever,+aspirated is not a distinctive feature for/p/in English.Task one:to identify phonemes in a languageTask two:to formulate rules to explain sound patternsTask one:to identify ph
4、onemes in a language音位对立音位对立 互补分布互补分布Minimal set:在英语中作为音节首音在英语中作为音节首音(Onset)的辅音的辅音连缀只有连缀只有CC 和和CCC 两种模式。两种模式。nCC的组合方式可以分为两类 第一类是,第一个辅音由/p,t,k,b,d,g,m,n,l,f,v,h/这些辅音中的一个充当,第二个辅音则由/l,r,w,j/中的一个担任,其组合模式有着严格的限制:np+l,r,j b+l,r,jnt+r,j,w d+r,j,wnk+l,r,j,w g+l,r,j,wnm+j f+l,r,jnn+j.+r,j,wnl+j +rnv+j h+jnCC
5、 组合的第二类模式是,第一个辅音为/s/,第二个辅音由/p,t,k,f,m,n,l,w,j/这9 个辅音中的一个充当。nExamples?ptk(l)r(w)j在英语中作为音节首音在英语中作为音节首音(Onset)的的辅音连缀为辅音连缀为CCC时：时：Nasalization and dentalizationEnglish Fricative Devoicing Schwa deletion rule in English:/C _ C V /C V C _ C V+stress+stressC means“any number of successive Cs from zero on u
6、p”.To sum up,schwa in an unstressed syllable can be deleted.a hotel,a boy,a use ,a wagona big man an apple,an honor,an old ladyAnother example of Epenthesis rule:an is used when the following word begins with a vowel sound.nHow are we able to identify a syllable and hence count the number of syllabl
7、es of each word?Recognition of the nucleus(音核)nThe nucleus is the essential part,usu.formed by a vowel.nBut l,n,m might also function as nucleus as in“apple,hidden,communism”Syllable structurenRhyme(韵基)=Nucleus+Coda Two words are said to be rhyming with each other if they have the same rhyme.Main an
8、d plainStreet and sheetn nIn the English language,there are various phonotactic constraints with regard to the possible combinations and sequencing of consonants in the onset and coda positions.nlig or vig.nfs or rnviolating some constraints on the sequence or position of English phonemes.They are p
9、ossible English words.nIn other words,consonants should be organized into the onset of a following syllable without violating the phonotactic constraints(i.e.permitted arrangements of sounds)in English.Onset Rhyme Nucleus Rhyme Nucleus Coda is t reinPractice:Syllabify the following wordsnAspirinnSpl
10、endidnextremeIn English,we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength.In one word,we accentuate ONE syllable.We say one syllable very loudly(big,strong,important)and all the other syllables very quietly.e.g photograph,photographer,photographicAssignment:n阅读 英汉音节结构比较和语音教学并摘抄新知识。I.Fill i
11、n each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress,tone,intonation,etc.2.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s _ rules.3
12、.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription.4.When pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are coll
13、ectively known as i_.5.P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.II.There are four choices following each of the statements below.Mark the choice that can best complete the state
14、ment:1.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones _.A.identical B.same C.exactly alike D.similar 2.Since/p/and/b/are phonetically similar,they occur in the same environments and can distinguish meaning,they are said
15、to be _.A.in phonemic contrast B.the allophones C.in complementary distribution D.minimal pair 3.A(n)_ is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit,a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phone B.sound C.allophone D.phoneme 4.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme.A.phones B.sounds C.phonemes D.allophones
语言学概论chpt2 phonetics and phonology
