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1、 Chapter 8 Trade Restrictions:Tariff BarriersChapter 8 Trade Restrictions:Tariff Barriers8.1 The tariff concept8.1.1 definition A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.Import tariff,which is a tax levied on an imported product.Export tariff,which is a t
2、ax imposed on an exported product.8.1.2 purposesProtective tariff is designed to insulate import-competing producers from foreign competition.Revenue tariff is imposed for the purpose of generating tax revenues and may be placed on both exports and imports.8.1.3 Means of Collecting Tariffsspecific t
3、ariff a fixed amount of money per physical unit of the imported product.ad valorem tariff a fixed percentage of the value of the imported pound tariff a combination of a specific and an ad valorem tariff.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariffa small nation imposes a tariff on imports competing
4、 with the output of a small domestic industry.Then the tariff will affect neither world prices nor the rest of the economy.8.2.1 Partial Equilibrium effects of a TariffThe Consumption effect of the tariff-the reduction in domestic consumption=20X(BN)The production effect-the expansion of domestic pr
5、oduction resulting from the tariff=10X(CM)The trade effect-the decline in imports=30X(BN+CM)The Revenue effect -the revenue collected by the government=$30(MJHN)Substitution effect or protection effect8.2.2 Effect of a Tariff on consumer and Producer Surplus consumer surplus is difference between wh
6、at consumers would be willing to pay for each unit of the commodity and what they actually payWhen Q,or=D0Consumers would be willing to pay OD0FGConsumers actually pay OD0FAWithout tariffSo,consumer surplus is:AFG When tariff=t and P=P*+tConsumers would be willing to pay OD1EB.So,consumer surplus is
7、:BEGThe tariff reduce the consumer surplus AFG BEG=AFEB=a+b+c+dConsumers actually pay OD1EBgProducer surplus is the revenue producers receive over and above the minimum amount required to induce them to supply the goods(profit)The tariff increases producer surplus by area a Without tariffProducers r
8、evenue=a+b+e+f+gProducers cost=fProducer surplus=eWhen tariff=tgProducers revenue=e+fProducers cost=b+f+gProducer surplus=a+e 8.3 The degree of protection afforded by a tariff8.3.1 Tariff Level Tariff Level=Amount of Import tariff/Amount of import x100%Tariff Level=C/P=(PxR)/P8.3.2 Nominal Rate of P
9、rotection-NRP NRP=(Pd Pa)/Pa Pd:the price of a commodity in domestic market Pa:The price of a commodity in abroad market NRP=tariff rate of the final commodity=t(without considering the effect of exchange rate)8.3.3 Effective Rate of Protection-ERP ERP indicates how much protection is actually provi
10、ded to the domestic processing of the import competing commodity ERP signifies the total increase in domestic productive activities(value added)that an existing tariff structure makes possible,compared with what would occur under free-trade conditions.ERP=(V V)/V V:value added in domestic productive
11、 activities V:value added in abroad,free trade conditions ERP=(V V)/V V=(P2+C2)(P1+C1)P2:price of final productC2:amount of import duty of final productP1:price of inputC1:amount of import duty of inputV=P2 P1 So,ERP=(P2+C2)(P1+C1)(P2 P1)P2 P1=(C2 C1)/(P2 P1)=(C2 C1)/(P2 P1)=ERP=(C2 C1)/(P2 P1)C2P2C
12、1P1P1P2X1 P1/P2P1/P2=ai the ratio of the cost of the imported input to the price of the final commodity in the absence of tariffsC2/P2=t the nominal tariff rate on consumers of the final commodity C1/P1=ti the nominal tariff rate on the imported input ERP=t ai X ti 1 ai 8.3.4 Varies of tariff rateImport Duty(Norma Tariff)a.Common dutiesMost Favored Nation Treatment b.Most favoured Dutiesc.Preferential Dutiesd.Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)Import Surtax a.Anti Dumping dutyb.Anti Subsidy dutyc.Emergency Tariffd.Penalty Tariffe.Retaliatory Tariff
国际贸易学（英）第8章Trade Restrictions Tariff Barriers
