英语句子成分讲解及练习.ppt

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1、英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,*句子成分（member of sentence）由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种： _ _ _ 和_,主语(subject)、,谓语(predicate)、,表语(predicative)、,宾语(object)、,定语(attribute)、,状语(adverbial),补语(complement),英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种 基本句型及其扩大、组合、省

2、略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一: (主谓) 二: (主系表) 三: (主谓宾) 四: (主谓间宾直宾) 五: (主谓宾宾补),基本句型 一:(主谓),主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词, 动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语: 谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态 变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词 (vi.)没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。,如: We come.,(不及物动词),1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked f

3、or half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的 意思。虽然这种结构中动词后面不加宾语，但是往往带有状语。后 面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,状语可由以下形式表示：,Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语 ) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He

4、 is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）,状语还可以由以下成分表示,Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） Wait a minute.（名词）,巩固练习： 1她昨天回家很晚。 2会议将持续两个小时。 3在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大。,1. She went home very late yesterday evening.,The meeting will last two hours.,Great changes have taken place in my home town in the

5、past ten years.,4五年前我住在北京。 5秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 6我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 7. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。,I lived in Beijing five years ago.,In autumn, some birds fly to the south.,My grandfather gets up early in the morning.,Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.,8. 他一直走到山边。 He walked as far as the

6、 hillside. 9.这支笔很好写。 The pen writes smoothly. 10. 这些苹果很好卖。 These apples sell well. 11. 水果不易保鲜。 Fruits cant keep well. 12. 这种布很易洗。 This kind of cloth washes easily. 13. 她高兴地跳起来了。 He jumped with joy.,基本句型 二: (主谓宾),此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都 具有实义, 都是主语产生的动作, 但不能 表达完整的意思, 必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做及物动词。,

7、主语 + 及物动词(及物动词后面可直接加宾语) + 宾语,1. My sister is writing a letter at this moment. 2. Jack enjoys collecting stamps. 3. Our teacher promised to see the movie with us. 4. I dont know which school he is in.,巩固练习： 1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this

8、afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,4他们成功地完成了计划。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。,They have carried out the plan successfully.,That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.,Jim cannot dress himself.,8我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男

9、孩。 9. 他不知道说什麽好。 10. 我开窗户你在意吗？,All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.,He did not know what to say.,Do you mind my opening the window?,基本句型 三: (主谓间宾直宾),有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个 指人(间接宾语); 一个指物(直接宾语)。,1. His father bought him a computer. 2. I sent a birthday gift to her

10、yesterday. 3. My mother taught me how to do it 4. She asked Lucy whose pen it was.,1. His father bought him a computer. 2. I sent a birthday gift to her yesterday. 3. My mother taught me how to do it 4. She asked Lucy whose pen it was.,常见的可以接双宾语的动词有,tell(告诉某人),tellsb sth (tell sth to sb) send(送给某人),

11、sendsb sth (send sth to sb) give(给某人), give sb sth (give sth to sb) bring(带给某人), bringsb sth (bring sth to sb),leave(留给某人), leave sb sth (leave sth to sb) pass(递给某人),passsb sth (pass sth to sb) read(给某人读),readsb sth (read sth to sb) write(给某人写), write sb sth (write sth to sb) take(给某人拿),takesb sth (

12、take sth to sb),show(给某人看),showsb sth (show sth to sb) teach(教给某人), teach sb sth (teach sth to sb) lend(借给某人),lendsb. sth (lend sth to sb) return(还给某人) return sb sth (return sth to sb) hand(递给某人) handsb sth (hand sth to sb) throw(扔给某人) throw sb sth (throw sth to sb),get(为某人弄到), getsb sth (get sth fo

13、r sb) pay(支付给某人), paysb sth (pay sth for sb) buy(为某人买), buysb sth (buy sth for sb) do(为某人做) do sb sth (do sth for sb) sing(为某人唱) sing sb sth (sing sth for sb) play(为某人演奏) play sb sth (play sth for sb),cook(为某人煮) cook sb sth (cook sth for sb) choose(为某人选择) choose sb sth (choose sth for sb) make(为某人做)

14、 make sb sth (make sth for sb) save(为某人留) save sb sth (save sth for sb) fetch(为某人去取) fetch sb sth (fetch sth for sb),巩固练习： 1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？,Mr. Johnson taught us German last year.,Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,Would you please pass me the dictio

15、nary?,4他把车票给列车员看。 5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。 7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,Shall I call you a taxi?,The new machine will save you a lot of labour.,He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.,基本句型四:(主系表),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子谓语 动词都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须

16、加上 一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合 谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做 连系动词。,系动词分两类: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类, 表变化。 be 本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的 作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,常见的系动词,（一） be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were （二） 表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go （三） 感官动词类: 眼（look ）耳(sound)鼻(smell)舌(taste)身(feel) （四） 表示

17、延续性的动词 ：remain 、stay 、keep,(是系动词) (表语),1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry. 7. His faceturnedred.,巩固练习： 1冬季白天短，夜晚长。 2十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 3孩子们很少保持安静。 4她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。,In wint

18、er, the days are short and the nights are long.,At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.,Children seldom keep quiet.,Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.,5他失业了。 6树叶已经变黄了。 7这个报告听起来很有意思。,He is out of work.,The leaves have turned yellow.,The report sounds interesting.,基本句型 五:

19、 （复合宾语） (主谓宾宾补),此句型的句子的共同特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上 一个补充成分来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。 可以用作宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式, 动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。,主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语,1. We must keep the classroom clean. 2. They consider Jack a brave boy. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. Lucy will make herself

20、known. 5. I saw the little girl dancing.,The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher ask the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.,名词/代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语/ 动词不定式/分词,接名词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有call, name, think, make,find,elect,c

21、onsider等。如： We call them mooncakes. They consider Jack a brave boy.,II. 接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有make, keep, think, find,consider,like等。如： At first I found Chinese hard. We must keep the classroom clean.,III. 动词不定式作宾语补足语时通常分为下面三种情况：,I）接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有tell, want, ask, wish, teach等。如： Tell him to come

22、here the day after tomorrow. 告诉他后天到这里来。,II）接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有hear, see, watch, let, make等。如： He made us laugh. III）接带to或不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的是help。如： She often helps her mother（to） do some housework.,IV. 接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有watch, see, hear, find, keep等。如： In the country, he can hear birds sing

23、ing. I saw the little girl dancing.,V. 接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词常见的有find, keep, take,consider,等。如： The boy found his pen on the floor.,VI. 接副词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有keep,let,find,put,push等.如:Let the fresh air in.They couldnt find the way back.,VII. 接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有want, see, hear, find, keep,get,leave等。如：Lucy will mak

24、e herself known.I want the work finished soon.,巩固练习： 1我们叫她Alice。 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。,They have set the thief free.,I want you to tell me the truth.,We call her Alice.,We all consider him honest.,5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发。 8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。,The guards ordered us to

25、leave at once.,Every morning we hear him read English aloud.,He has his hair cut once a month.,We wont let her go out at night.,12他感到很难跟你交谈。 13我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 14学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。,He felt it very difficult to talk with you.,I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.,The school

26、made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.,英语基本句型6 There be 句型 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+其他”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once

27、upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,There be + 主语 (例句),There was a big fire in the early April of 1978. There seemed to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There was said to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There happened to be a big fire in the early April of 1978. There

28、 couldnt have been a big fire in the early April of 1978.,巩固练习： 1这个村子过去只有一口井。 2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 3天气预报说下午有大风。 4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 5战前这儿一直有家电影院的.,Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.,The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.,The light is on. There must be someo

29、ne in the office.,There used to be a cinema here before the war.,There was only a well in the village.,6恰好那时房里没人。 7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 8公共汽车来了。 9就只剩下二十八美元了。 10铃响了。,There happened to be nobody in the room at that time.,Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.,There comes the bus.,

30、There remained only twenty eight dollars.,There goes the bell.,a. b. c. d. e. ,1. Pleas tell us a story. _ 2. She smiled. _ 3. I have a lot work to do. _ 4. His job is to train swimmers. _ 5. He noticed a man enter the room. _ 6. Please look at the picture. _,d,a,e,b,e,c,一、 定语：,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用 的词、

31、短语或句子, 译为的。,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。 复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后； 不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在 被修饰的成分后； 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom. The boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen. The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today. The pen bought by her is made in China. The boy you

32、will know is Tom.,二、状语：,状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的 句子成分, 说明方式、因果、条件、时间、 地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,-The boy needs a pen now. -The boy needs a pen very much.,可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。,In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里, 男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语) Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前, 汤姆总是一个男孩子。(条件状语) On Sun

33、days, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天, 教室里没有学生。 (时间状语),介词短语作状语：,分词(短语)作状语：,He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态) Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 因为不得不完成作业, 男孩需要一支笔。 (原因状语) Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. (因为)受了惊吓, 他无声地坐在那儿。 (原因状语),The boy needs a pe

34、n to do his homework. 男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语) To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 为实现梦想, 汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.,不定式作状语：,状语从句： 时间状语从句、地点状语从句、 原因状语从句、结果状语从句、 目的状语从句、比较状语从句、 让步状语从句、条件状语从句,-We chatted as we walked along. -Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.,三、同位语：,同位语 当两个指同一事物的

35、句子成分放在 同等位置时, 一个句子成分用来说明和解释 另一个句子成分, 这个句子成分就叫做它的 同位语。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语, 都是指同一批“学生”) We all are students. (all是we的同位语, 都指同样的“我们”),四、独立成分：,与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的 独立成分。 感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词: yes 否定词: no 称呼语: 称呼人的用语。 插入语: 一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。 如: The story,

36、I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 这个故事还远没结束.,(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he w

37、as ill.,(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject.,(三) 挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting fo

38、r the sound of the other shoe!,(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,(五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile

39、on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast., With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must p

40、ay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,划分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 4. The

41、 dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.,1.You will tell (your) friend that youve got to school. 2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window. 3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be Upstairs at dusk (when the window was open). 4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thundering Clouds held me entirely in their power.,主语,谓语,间宾,定语,直接宾语,原因状语,主语,谓语,宾语,