《英语单词药物》PPT课件.ppt

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1、1,常见化学元素,2,第 1 号元素: 氢 ，H， Hydrogen haidrEudVEn,Discovered : by Henry Cavendish in 1766 Isolated in London, UKOrigin : The name is derived from the Greek hydro genes, meaning water forming.,第 2 号元素: 氦 ，He，Helium hi:ljm, -lim Discovered : 1817 by J. A. R. Arfvedson Isolated in Stockholm, Sweden Origin

2、 : The name is derived from the Greek helios.,Helios5hi:liCs.【希神】赫利俄斯(太阳神),3,第 3 号元素: 锂 ，Li，Lithium 5liWiEm Discovered : 1817 by J. A. R. Arfvedson Isolated in Stockholm, Sweden Origin : From the Greek lithos meaning stone.,第 4 号元素: 铍 ,Be, Beryllium bE5riljEm Discovered : by N.L. Vauquelin in 1797 O

3、rigin : The name comes from beryllos, the Greek for the stone beryl. berylberil 绿玉, 绿宝石,4,第 5 号元素: 硼 ，B，Boron，5bC:rEn Discovered : by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard in Paris, France, and Sir Humphry Davy in London, UK in 1808Origin : The name is derived from the Arabic buraq, borax, its principal

4、ore.,第 6 号元素: 碳 ，C，Carbon 5kB:bEn Discovered : known from prehistoric times.Origin : The name is derived from the Latin carbo, charcoal.,5,第 7 号元素: 氮，N，Nitrogen，5naitrEdVEn Discovered : by Daniel Rutherford in 1772Isolated in Edinburgh, UKOrigin : The name is derived from the Greek nitron genes, mea

5、ning nitre forming. nitro-5naItrEJ表示“硝基, 硝石”之义,第 8 号元素: 氧，O，Oxygen 5CksidVEn Discovered : by Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, England and independently by C.W. Scheele in Uppsala, Sweden in 1774Origin : The name is derived from the Greek oxygenes, meaning acid forming. oxy-来自希腊语oxus 尖的，酸的 oxide 氧化物,6,

6、第9 号元素: 氟 ，F，Fluorine 5flu(:)Eri:n Discovered : 1886 by Henri MoissanOrigin : The name is derived from the Latin fleure, to flow. fluoride5flu(:)Eraidn.氟化物,第 11 号元素: 钠 ，Na，Sodium 5sEudjEm, -diEm Discovered : 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy in London. natrium5neitriEmn.拉=sodium,第 10 号元素: 氖，Ne, Neon5ni:En Di

7、scovered : by Sir William Ramsay and M.W. Travers in 1898,Neon 也有霓虹灯之意。,7,第 12 号元素: 镁 ，Mg，Magnesium mA5ni:zjEm Discovered : recognised as an element by Joseph Black of Edinburgh, UK in 1755Origin : The element is named after Magnesia, a district of Thessaly in Greece, where it was first found. 氧化镁 M

8、agnesium oxide, 也称作 Magnesia mA5ni:FE 镁氧(矿),第 13 号元素: 铝 ，Al，Aluminium E5lju:minEm Discovered : 1825 by Hans OerstedOrigin : From alumen, the Latin for the mineral alum. 氧化铝 aluminum oxide or alumina E5lju:minE,8,第 14 号元素: 硅 ，Si，Silicon 5silikEn Discovered : by J.J. Berzelius in 1824Origin : The name

9、 is derived from the Latin silicus, meaning flint. silica5silikEn硅石, 二氧化硅 源自 拉丁语 silex silic- 坚硬的石头，燧石,第 15 号元素: 磷 ，P，Phosphorus 5fCsfErEs Discovered : by Hennig Brandt in 1669Origin : The name is derived from the Greek phosphoros, meaning bringer of light, because it glows in the dark. (=phosphor)磷

10、光体, 发光物质，【天】启明星, 金星 phosphorus pentoxide 五氧化二磷,9,第 16 号元素: 硫 ，S，Sulfur 5sQlfE (=sulphur) Discovered : known to ancient civilisationsOrigin : The name may have one or two derivations: the Sanskrit sulvere or the Latin sulphurium, both meaning sulfur.,第 17 号元素: 氯 ，Cl，Chlorine 5klC:ri:n Discovered : 17

11、74 by C.W. ScheeleIsolated in Uppsala, SwedenOrigin : The name is derived from the Greek chloros, meaning pale green. chloric5klC:rikadj.化氯的, 含氯的 盐酸 hydrochloric acid,10,第 19 号元素: K，钾， Kalium 5keiliEm Potassium pE5tAsIEm Discovered : Sir Humphry Davy in 1807,第 20 号元素: 钙 ，Ca，Calcium klsm Discovered :

12、 Sir Humphry Davy in 1808,第 25 号元素: 锰，Mn，Manganese 7mANE5ni:z Discovered : Scheele, C.W. in 1774,第 18 号元素: Ar，氩，Argon 5B:Cn Discovered : 1899 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay Origin : From the Greek argos meaning inactive. Argos5B:Eus. 天南船座,11,第 26 号元素: Fe, 铁, Ferrum 5ferEm Iron 5aiEn,第 29 号元

13、素: Cu, 铜, Cuprum 5kju:prEm Copper,第 30 号元素: Zn, 锌, Zincum zINkEm Zinc,第 35 号元素: Br， 溴， Bromium Bromine 5brEumi:n,第 47 号元素: Ag， 银， Argentum B:5dVentEm Silver,第 50 号元素: Sn， 锡， Stannum 5stAnEm Tin,12,第 80号元素: Hg， 汞， Hydrargyrum hai5drB:dVirEm Mercury 5mE:kjuri,第 82 号元素: Pb 铅 Plumbum 5plQmbEm Lead,第 53

14、号元素: I ，碘， Iodium 5aiEdaiz Iodine 5aIEdaIn,13,英语中的数字表达,基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。,序数词 表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式：,A从第一至第十九 序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。 six sixth、nineteen nineteenth 特殊形式：one first， two second， three third， five fifth，eighteighth，nineninth，twelve twelfth,B从第二十至第九十九 整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i，再加“eth”构成。

15、twentytwentieth,14,英语中的数字表达,B从第二十至第九十九 表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“”和个位序数词形式一起表示。 Thirty-first 第三十一,C第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一,D序数词的缩写形式 除lst，2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。,15,英语中的数字表达,分数的表达,1. 分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。 基数词作分子，序数词作分母，除了分子是“1”以外，其它情况下序数词都要用复数形式。,2. 当分数

16、后面接名词时，如果分数表示的值大于1，名词用复数；小于1，名词用单数。,1/3 one third或a third , 3/4 three fourths或 three quarters,4/5 meter 五分之四米，5/6 inch 六分之五英寸,3. 表示“n次方”的说法：指数用序数词，底数用基数词。 107 the seventh power of ten（ten to the seventh power）,16,1,Simple Nomenclature of Organic Compounds IUPAC Rules International Union of Pure and

17、Applied Chemistry 国际理论和应用化学联合会,17,2,有机化合物主要根据其官能团(functional group)分类,烃 (hydrocarbon) 醚 (ether) 酯 (ester),醛 (aldehyde) 醇 (alcohol) 胺 (amine),酮 (ketone) 羧酸 (carboxylic acid) 酰胺 (amide),氨基酸 (amino acid) 有机化合物命名要反映出其官能团种类，及其分子中的原子组成和数目,18,3,烃的命名 烷烃(alkane)的命名 相关词头+后缀 -ane 从第五个成员戊烷(pentane)，烷烃的命名根据其碳原子数

18、目 的希腊数字派生。,19,4,命名有机化合物的数字前缀,己烷 hexane,庚烷 heptane,癸烷 decane,10个碳原子？ 命名基本原则： 个位数字相应前缀+十位数字相应前缀+ 后缀-ane,十三烷,个位：3 tri-,十位：10 deca-,后缀 -ane,tridecane,十八烷,octadecane,注意：十一烷和十二烷的写法,十一烷：undecane,十二烷：dodecane,20,5,命名有机化合物的数字前缀 20个碳原子？,20,eicosa-,30 triaconta-,从30起，之后的10的倍数均为相应前缀加上-aconta,40 tetraconta- 三十五烷

19、？,50 pentaconta- pentatriacontane,二十五烷？,pentaeicosane？,pentacosane,21烷的十位数前缀为 heneicosa-，22烷为docosa 2329烷的十位数前缀为 cosa-,21,6,命名有机化合物的数字前缀 un- / hen- do-,22,数序英文前缀,甲 meth- 乙 eth- 丙 prop-a- 丁 but- 戊 pent- 己 hexa- 庚 hepta- 辛 octa- 癸 nona 壬 deca-,methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octan

20、e nonane decane,23,反义的前缀,前缀 举例 a- acentric ab- abnormal an- anelectric,anharmonic anti- antiageing cotra- cotraclockwise counter contercurrent dif- diffident dis- disability,disappear,前缀 举例 il- illimitable im- immaterial in- incomplete ir- irregular non- nonexistent, nonperidic un- unequal, unbodied

21、,24,一般英文词汇的前缀,前缀 中文含义 举例 mal- 恶 malcontent,malfunction intra- 在内，内部 intraregional intro-向内，入内 introflection,introduce ex- 出外；前任； export expremier 做，使，起强调作用 extract exo- 外，外部 exosphere exobiology fore- 前，先，预先辈 forword foresee micro 微 microscope, microworld per- 高，过 perchloride,peroxide 加强意义 perturb 遍

22、，透 perspire,前缀 中文含义 举例 endo- 内 endolymph eu- 优，美 euthenics pre- 前 prewar post- 后 postdate sym- 对称 symmetry homo- 同 homotype hetero- 异 heteropolar, heteromorphic pseudo 假 pseudocrystal macro- 大，宏 macroclimate macroword,25,常用化合物的词头,aceto- 乙酰 acetoacetate, acetoacetic ether alkali- 碱 alkali-earth metal

23、, alkali metal benzene(benzol-) 苯 benzene ring benzene sulfonic acid bi- 在盐类前头表示酸式盐 sodium bicarbonate chloro-氯代,氯基 chloroacetic acid, chloroform cis- 顺式 cis-addition,cis-isomer cyclo- 环 cycloheptanone epoxy- 环氧 epoxypropane, epoxy resin hydro- 氢的，氢化的，含水的 hydrocarbon,hydrogenation hydroxy- 羟基 hydrox

24、y-ketone,hydroxy-acid,iso- 等，同 isotherm isotope meta- 间， 偏 metapheynlene meta-acid diamin e, nitro- 硝基 nitrobenzene ortho 邻位；正，原 ortho-derivative;ortho-acid oxy- 氧化；氧代 oxy-acid, oxydation para- 对位,仲para-derivative;para-acid petro- 石油 petrochemical phenyl 苯酚 phenolic resin phenyl- 苯基 phenylacetylene

25、poly- 聚 polymer, polymolecular sulfa- 磺胺 sulfamethylthiazole Syn 顺式；同 syn-form, syngensis thio- 硫代 thiosufate trans- 反式；超，越，过 trans-addition,26,有机化合物词尾构成（1）,-acetal 缩醇 acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal acid 酸 benzoic acid -al 醛 ethanal alcohol 醇 ethyl alcohol -aldehyde 醛 acetaldehyde -amide 酰胺 acetamide

26、-amine 胺 methylamine -ane 烷 propane -ase 酶 peptidase -cain(e) 卡因 buacaine -carbinol 甲醇 methyl ethyl carbinol Carbonyl 羰基 carbonyl chloride -carboxylic acid 羧酸 1-propanecarboxylic acid -ene 烯 pentene -ester(ate) 酯 acetylacetic ester （乙酰乙酸酯 ）, methyl acetate -ether 乙醚 ethyl ether -ic anhydride 酸酐 acet

27、ic anhydride -ol 醇 methanol -osan 聚糖 glucosan,27,有机化合物词尾构成（2）,-ose 糖 fructose , glucose -oyl 酰 acetyl ,caproyl -quine 奎 niquine -imine 亚胺 ethylidenimine, cyclohexanimine -ketone 酮 methyl phenyl ketone -one 酮 hexone -lactam 内酰胺 hexalactam -lactone 内酯 butyrolactone -nitrile 腈 succinonitrile -oside 糖酐

28、glucoside -sulfide 硫 diethyl sulfide -sulfonic acid 磺酸 naphthanesulfonic acid -sulfone 砜 ethyl sulfone -thiol 硫醇 methane thiol -thiourea 硫脲 ethyl-thiourea -toxin 毒 buthotoxin -yl 基 methyl, ethyl, ethylphenol, isopentyl, benzyl, sec-butyl -yne 炔 1,3-butadiyne, 2-butyne,28,a acid ABR acrylonitrile-but

29、adiene rubber a atomic ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene abs absoption CM-cellulose carboxymethyl cellulose CMC carboxymethyl cellulose abs.E absolute error ac activity PMM polymethylmethacrylate ALC analytic liquid chromagraph PE polyethylene PLC prepared liquid chromatograph PEG polyethylene gly

30、col HPLC high pressure liquid chromatograph PS polystyrene AR anlytical reagent PU polyurethane,CR chemical reagent PVA polyvinyl acetate ave. avg. average PVA polyvinyle alcohol CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor PVC polyvinyl chliride PFR plug flow reactor POM polyoxymethylene pet petroleum PP p

31、olypropylene RT residence time PPG polypropylene glycol e.g. exampli gratia (for example) PAM polyacrylamide Etc or so ppm part per million COD chemical oxygen demand proc. process; procedure BOD bichemical oxygen demand prep. preparation ; prepare,缩略语,29,Nomenclature of Polymer,Additional polymer (

32、 polymonomer) polystyrene (PS) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polyvinyl acetate (PVA) poly(methyl methacrylate) polyacrylamide polyethylene oxide/glycol (PEO/PEG) polybutadiene,30,Chromatography,Gas chromatography Liquid chromatography Column chromatography Thin layer chromatography Paper chromatography S

33、ize exclusion chromatography Gel permeation chromatography,GC LC CC TLC PC SEC GPC,31,Spectroscopy,Infrared spectroscopy Ultra-violet spectroscopy Fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic absorption spectroscopy Mass spectroscopy,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Electron Spin Resonance Electron Paramagnetic Reson

34、ance,IR UV FS AAS MS,NMR ESR EPR,32,7,烷基的命名 将烷烃的词尾的-ane去掉，加上-yl，则为烷基名称,CH3 ?,CH4 methane,CH3 methyl,CH3CH2CH2CH2,butyl,?,(CH3)2CHCH2 (CH3)3CCH2 (CH3)3CCH2CH3,? ?,2-methyl propyl 2,2-dimethyl propyl 2,2-dimethyl butane,33,8,烃的命名 烯烃和炔烃的命名 烯烃(alkene)：相关词头+后缀 ene 炔烃(alkyne); 相关词头+后缀 yne 烯基的命名 将烯烃的词尾 -en

35、e 改为 -enyl,34,9,烃的命名 芳香烃(Aromatic Hydrocarbon)的命名 因其含双键，故均以后缀-ene结尾。,35,10,烃的命名 芳香烃(Aromatic Hydrocarbon)的命名,？,methylbenzene,苯环上表示2个 基团的相对位置 命名可用邻o, 间m对p表,示。 1,2-dimethylbenzene o-dimethylbenzene 当芳香环上带有脂肪链时，以芳环作为骨架，脂链作为取代基。 ethenylbenzene ？,36,11,烃的命名 芳香基的命名,苯 基,苯 甲 基,phenyl phenylmethyl,37,12,烃的命名 卤代烃(Organic Halide)的命名 命名时将卤素作为主链的取代基 在其元素名主干后加字母o,chlorobenzene,1,4-dichlorobenzene p-dichlorobenzene,