英语阅读理解专题推理判断题解题技巧.ppt

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1、welcome,Reading Comprehension- Inference Questions,阅读理解专题-推理判断题,东莞市光明中学高三英语科组 易文辉,推理判断题,推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题, 既要求考生透过文章表面信息推测文章隐含意思, 又要求考生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展做出正确的推理判断，解答该类题时，学生一定要力求从作者的角度去考虑，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法而主观臆断，绝不可空穴来风，无中生有，一定高根据作者的字里行间来推测(Read between the lines),做推理判断题时要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断

2、，利用逆向或正面推理，从而推断出对应信息所隐含的深层含义。若对全文信息进行推断，则有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，从而确定最佳结论。,07、08广东高考阅读理解推理判断题:,阅读推理判断题,推断题分类,要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。 这类试题的题干中常含infer(推断), suggest(暗示), imply(暗示), indicate(暗示), conclude(得出结论), be li

3、kely to等词语。,名师指津,解答这类题时，首先通过寻读找到相关信息点；然后研读，理解相关信息点的字面意义；结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断，从而理解作者的言外之意。 选择答案时，注意排除以下干扰项，以便缩小选择范围： (1)原文信息的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。(考生易误选) (2)推理过度的片面结论。 (3)与文中内容不符或完全相反的结论等。 (4)符合考生已有常识，但文章中没有信息支持。(考生易误选),解题技巧： 通过寻读法-迅速找到相关的信息点，根据文章的字面意义，由表及里，由浅入深的推理、判断！一定要做到：,2.技巧点拨 :1 判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原

4、文 2).全面分析:不可断章取义,切忌片面思考 3).善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合,1. Question forms: It can be inferred from the text that . From the text we know that is most likely . When the writer talks about , what the writer really means is . The writer suggests that . The story implies that . We can infer/conclude from the pa

5、ssage that . 这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude等标志性词语。,一、如何推断隐含意义,考点击破 阅读下列短文或段落, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 (1) 2009年广东卷We once had a poster competition in our fifth grade art class. Everyone in the class made a poster. Some of us used parts of those fancy paper napkins, while others used nothi

6、ng but colored construction paper. Some of us would wander past the good students desks and then return to our own projects with a growing sense of hopelessness. It was yet another grown-up trick of the sort they seemed especially fond of, making all of us believe we had a fair chance, and then alwa

7、ysalwaysrewarding the same old winners.,I believe I drew a sailboat, but I cant say that with any certainty. I made it. I admired it. I determined it to be the very best of all of the posters I had seen, and then I turned it in. Minutes passed. No one came along to give me the grand prizeand I proba

8、bly never would have thought about that poster again. I was still sitting at my desk, thinking, what poster? When the teacher gave me an envelope with a ten-dollar bill in it and everyone in the class applauded for me.,50. We can infer from the passage that the author _. enjoyed grown-up tricks very

9、 much B. loved poster competitions very much C. felt surprised to win the competition D. became wise and rich after the competition,(1)C。由“another grown-up trick of the sort alwaysalwaysrewarding the same old winners(这是大人特别爱玩的一个把戏：好象给每个人一个平等的机会，最后得奖的却总是、总是那相同的几个人)”, “I cant say that with any certain

10、ty(我没有把握)”和“I was still sitting at my desk, thinking, what poster?(我坐在座位上想，谁的广告会得奖呢)”等可推断出，作者对自己得奖还是惊讶的。,(2) 2009年全国II卷I know what youre thinking: pizza？For breakfast? But the truth is that you can have last nights leftovers in the morning if you want to. I know lots of women who skip breakfast, and

11、 they have a ton of different excuses for doing it. Some say they dont have time, others think theyre “saving” calories (热量单位,卡), still others just dont like breakfast food. But the bottom line is that eating in the morning is very important when youre trying to lose weightAnd even pizza can be heal

12、thy if its loaded with vegetables, and you stick to one small piece.,42. What can we infer from the text? A. Working women usually have breakfast in a hurry. B. Many people have wrong ideas about breakfast. C. There are some easy ways of cooking a meal. D. Eating vegetables helps save energy.,(2)B。第

13、二段谈到许多人以各种不同借口不吃早餐，可见他们对吃早餐有错误认识。,(3) 2009年四川卷Pedestrian deaths went down by 12% from 5,449 in 1996 to 4,784 in 2006. But among those in 2006, 471 were killed in crosswalks, down slightly from 488 ten years earlier, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) says . 59. The report fro

14、m NHTSA suggests that . A. fewer people were injured in crosswalks B. crosswalk safety has been greatly improved C. much has been done to reduce traffic accidents D. pedestrian deaths in crosswalks remain a serious problem,(3)D。由But后的数字可知，行人死亡问题依然严重。,(4) 2008年湖北卷Another challenge Margaret has to fac

15、e is the reaction of other people when she tells them what she does for a living. “They think youre a cleaner because you dont know how to read and write,” said Margaret. “I used to think what my parents would say if they knew what Id been doing, but I dont think that way any more. I dont dislike th

16、e work though I cant say Im mad about it.” 64. The underlined part in the last paragraph implies that Margarets parents would _ A. help care for her childrenB. regret what they had said C. show sympathy for herD. feel disappointed in her,(4)D。字面意思“我以前常常想，如果我父母知道我是做清洁工，他们会说什么；但是我现在不这样想了，虽然说不上特别喜欢这份工作

17、但也不是不喜欢这份工作”。根据常识和前面两句话，不难推知，“父母知道我一直做的是清洁工会对我感到失望的”。,(5) 2008年天津卷As kids, my friends and I spent a lot of time out in the woods. “The woods” was our part-time address, destination, purpose, and excuse. We sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring. Exploring was a m

18、ore popular idea back then than it is today. History seemed to be mostly about explorers. Our explorations, though, seemed to have less system than the historic kind: something usually came up along the way. Say we stayed in the woods, throwing rocks, shooting frogs, picking blackberries, digging in

19、 what we were briefly persuaded was an Italian burial mound.,52. What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A. The activities in the woods were well planned. B. Human history is not the result of exploration. C. Exploration should be a systematic activity. D. The author explored in the woods aimlessly.,(5)

20、D。由第二段第三句“但是我们的探索与历史上的相比不够系统，有些东西通常都是在沿途中偶然出现的”基本可知，作者探索是aimlessly(漫无目的)；再根据Say(=for example)后面举的例子可以进一步确定，正确选项是D。,Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was a

21、bout to die. Thus the beetle is called the deathwatch beetle. （1分钟） The sound of this beetle _. A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people.,Practice:,1,(passage1),Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age; today

22、only two exist. The wood bison is the larger of the two, and is now found mostly in western Canada. Better known in the United States is the Plains bison, or buffalo. At one time, herds of these animals could be sighed almost everywhere from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountai

23、ns in the West. The author implies that several types of bison_. A. live outside the United Stated and Canada B. are well adapted to swampy terrain C. existed before the Ice Age D. have been killed or have died out,2,Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what i

24、s meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them. “To reduce pain, take two tablets with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablet

25、s in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount. For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice. Reduce the amount of if you suffer from restless or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”,It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine _. A.

26、 helps you to fall asleep quickly B. may be dangerous to small children C. cannot be taken if one feels sleepy D. shouldnt be taken by children under six,B,We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively. We achieve it actively by direct experience, by testing and proving an idea, or by reason

27、ing. We can achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, its not surprising that we depend on it in o

28、ur everyday communication with friends and co-workers.,Unfortunately, passive learning has a serious problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little time more than hearsay and rumour(谣言). (08 天津) What can we infer from the passage? A. Active learning is less important. B.

29、 Passive learning may not be reliable. C. Active learning occurs more frequently D. Passive learning is not found among scholars,Malaria, the worlds most widespread parasitic (寄生虫) disease, kills as many as three million people every year-almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. -

30、For decades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine, a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world, malaria parasites have become resistant to it. Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already av

31、ailable, but they have been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugs,should fail, nobody knows what would come next. (07 广东) It can be inferred from the passage that _ A. no drugs have been found to treat the disease B. the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people C

32、. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites D. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease.,It was a winter morning, just a couple of weeks before Christmas 2005. While most people were warming up their cars, Trevor, my husband, had to get up early ride his bike four kilomete

33、rs away from home to work. On arrival, he parked his bike outside the back door as he usually does. After putting in 10 hours of a labor, he returned to find his bike gone. The bike, a black Kona 18 speed, was our only transport. Trevor used it to get to work, putting in 60-hour weeks to support his

34、 young family. And the bike was also used to get factories, saving us from having to walk long distances from where we live. (全国),We can infer from the text that _. A. the couple worked 60 hours a week B. people were busy before Christmas C. the stranger brought over the bike D. life was hard for th

35、e young family,Many animals recognize their food because they see it. So do humans. When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose you food. You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You

36、may dislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice. Different animals use different senses to find and choose their food. A few animals depend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one sense. (全国) We can infer from the text that humans and anima

37、ls _ A. depend on one sense in choosing food B. are not satisfied with their food C. choose food in similar ways D. eat entirely different food,Imagine youre at a party full of strangers. You re nervous. Who are these people? How do you start a conservation? Fortunately, youve got a thing that sends

38、 out energy at tiny chips in everyones name tag. The chips send back name, job, hobbies, and the time available for meeting- whatever. Making new friends becomes simple. This hasnt quite happened in real life. But the world is already experiencing a revolution using RFID technology. When Marconi inv

39、ented radio, he thought it would be used for ship-to-shore communication. Not for pop music. Who knows how RFID and related technologies will be used in the future? Heres a wild guess: Not for buying milk.(湖北),The last paragraph implied that FRID technology _. A. will not used for such matters as bu

40、ying milk. B. will be widely used, including for buying milk. C. will be limited to communication uses. D. will probably be used for pop music.,Since the beginning of the spread of AIDS in 1981, about 11.7 million people have died of it. It is roughly calculated that in 1997 alone, about 2,3 million

41、 people died of it. Nevertheless, there are fresh reasons for optimism in the battle against AIDS. During the past few years, there has been a drop in new AIDS cases in wealthy nations. In addition, promising drugs hold out hope of better health and longer life. (07 湖北) It can be concluded from the

42、passage that_. A. promising drugs will soon stop AIDS B. the spread of AIDS could be controlled C. it is hopeless to win the battle against AIDS D. the death rate of AIDS patients has been reduced,Taylor said. “Waves are one of natures ways of picking up energy.” “The resource is huge,” said Janet S

43、wain of the Worldwatch Institute. “We will never run out of wave power.” Traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may someday run out. “Demand for energy to power our TVS and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world,” Swain said. In the futu

44、re when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity. (05 广东) It can be inferred that some day we might not worry about _. A. air pollution B. our boat traffic C. our power supply D. our supply of sea fish,A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls gr

45、ow up earlier than boys, tend to be more orderly and are likely to be better at languages. In a mixed class, boys who might do well in a single-sex class become discouraged and take on the rule of troublemaker. Certainly in the UK this situation has greatly alarmed(惊动) the government for it to be en

46、couraging co-educational schools to have some single-sex classes. In the UK the best schools are all single-sex, strongly suggesting that co-education is not the best answer. This may, however, not be as simple as it looks. It may simply be that the famous old schools that attract the best students

47、happen to be single-sex, rather than being single-sex makes them better schools.,In this paragraph the writer suggests that _. A. single-sex schools are the best schools in the UK B. being single-sex does not necessarily make a school better C. co-educational schools are better for both sexes in per

48、sonal development D. because boys cannot compete with girls in study, they go to single-sex schools,(5) In 1837, the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word “queue”(排队). He spoke of the French and their “habit of standing in a queue”. Forty years later Paris was the best place to w

49、ait in line. However, queuing became popular in Britain too. The Second World War was the golden age of queuing, and people joined any line in the hope that it was a queue for something to buy. This was the source of many Second World War jokes:,Shopkeeper to customer: Excuse me, miss, are you pregn

50、ant (怀孕)? Customer:Well, I wasnt when I joined the queue. Today, according to research in America, we (in Britain) can spend up to 5 years of our lives queuing(2005年广东),68. The joke in Paragraph 2 implies that the young woman _. A. has been waiting in the queue for a long time B. doesnt need to stan

51、d in the queue C. enjoys standing in the queue D. has stood in the wrong line,A,68. The joke in Paragraph 2 implies that the young woman _. A. has been waiting in the queue for a long time B. doesnt need to stand in the queue C. enjoys standing in the queue D. has stood in the wrong line,A,(6) Many

52、people no longer have the patience to stand in a queue. One way to make life easier is to introduce queue management. Customers at supermarket cheese counters can now take a ticket with a number which appears on a screen when it is their turn. And while they wait for their number, they can do a bit

53、of shopping,But some people just like queuing. One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale, and then returned home for breakfast at nine oclock the next morning without going into the shop. (2005年广东D 71) 71. We can infer from the passage that _. A. queue management doesnt work well B. t

54、here is still queuing in England C. we dont see much queuing in Paris D. the French like queuing more than the British,B,(2) Scientific experiments can sometimes go wrong and when they do the results may range from the disastrous to the troubling The story began in 1956 Then things began to go wrong

55、,But worse was to follow. Having taken over the countryside, the new bees, with their dangerous stings (叮) , began to attack its neighbors - cats, dogs, horses, chickens and finally man himself. A long period of terror began that has so far killed a great number of animals and about 150 human beings

56、.,This would have been bad enough if the bees had stayed in Brazil. But now they are on the move, heading northwards in countless millions towards Central and North America, and moving at the alarming speed of 200 miles a year. The countries that lie in their path are naturally worried because it lo

57、oks as if nothing can be done to stop them. (2006年广东),59. The last paragraph implies that . the bees have been driven to Central and North America B. the bees may bring about trouble in more countries C. the bees must be stopped from moving north D. the bees prefer to live in Brazil,B,(3) We have tw

58、o daughters: Kristen is seven years old and Kelly is four. Last Sunday evening, we invited some people home for dinner. I dressed them nicely for the party, and told them that their job was to join Mommy in answering the door when the bell rang The guests arrived. I introduced my two daughters to ea

59、ch of themEach of the guests made a particular fuss over Kelly, the younger one, admiring her dress, her hair and her smile. They said she was a remarkable girl to be carrying coats upstairs at her age.,I thought to myself that we adults usually make a big “to do” over the younger one because shes t

60、he one who seems more easily hurt. We do it with the best of intentions. But we seldom think of how it might affect the other child. I was a little worried that Kristen would feel she was being outshined. I was about to serve dinner when I realized that she had been missing for twenty minutes. I ran

61、 upstairs and found her in the bedroom, crying. I said, “What are you doing, my dear?”,She turned to me with a sad expression and said, “Mommy, why dont people like me the way they like my sister? Is it because Im not pretty? Is that why they dont say nice things about me as much?” I tried to explai

62、n to her, kissing and hugging her to make her feel better. Now, whenever I visit a friends home, I make it a point to speak to the elder child first. (2005年广东),59. We can conclude from the passage that _. A. parents should pay more attention to the elder children B. the younger children are usually

63、more easily hurt C. people usually like the younger children more D. adults should treat children equally,D,二、如何推断作者观点和态度：,说明文中作者的态度: objective neutral （ 中立的）； 在议论文中，有： (1)positive (积极的) (2)negative (3)neutral (中立的) (4)approval (5) disapproval (6) indifferent (7)sarcastic （讽刺的） (8)critical (批评的) (9)

64、optimistic (10)pessimistic,客观的,消极的,漠不关心的,(赞成的),不赞成的,乐观的,悲观的,1. Question forms: The writers attitude toward is_. The writer thought that_. According to the author _.,2.技巧点拨：根据作者的措辞，尤其 注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，才能推断出作者的弦外之音。,要求考生推断作者对某人或某事物的看法或态度。常见的题干有： (1)The writers attitude toward is_. (2)What is

65、 the authors opinion of? (3)According to the author, _. 解答时，要根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音，熟悉作者表达观点态度的词，如subjective (主观的)，objective (客观的)等。,名师指津,(1) 2009年陕西卷“Old wives tales” are beliefs passed down from one generation to another. For example, most of us remember our parents telling us to eat more of certain foods or not to do certain things. Is there any truth in these teachings? Some of them agree with present medical thinking, but others have not passed the test of time. Did your mother ev