2012届高考语法专题复习虚拟语气精品讲解

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1、2012届高考语法专题复习虚拟语气精品讲解1.虚拟语气用于条件句 条件句（真实条件句和非真实条件句）。 真实条件句：指if引导的条件句有实现的可能性。 非真实条件句：指假设的情况完全不存在或实现的可能性很小，这时就用虚拟语气来表示。此时的句子时态比真实条件句中的时态后退一步。即： 该用现在时，则用过去时 该用过去时，则用过去完成时 该用将来时，则用过去将来时 该用过去将来时，则用过去将来完成时（一）、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：从句：if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用were) + 主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ 例：

2、 1.If the weather were fine, I would go there. 如果天气好，我去那儿。（事实天气不好） 2.If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble. 如果没有你们的帮助，我们就会陷入困境。（而事实上得到了你们的帮助）（二）、表示与过去事实相反的条件句。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ 主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词+例如: 1.If you had taken my advice, you wo

3、uld not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。（事实上你没有听我的劝告） 2.If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam.(从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用have failed)如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。（三）、表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ should (或were) + 动词原形+主句：主语+ would (could, should, m

4、ight) + 动词原形+例如：1.If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做这样的事情，就会受到惩罚。 2.If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力学习的话，我会取得更大的进步。(事实上我不可能努力学习)错综时间条件句定义：有时在非真实条件句中，主句的动作和从句的动作并不同时发生，这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述句子结构，而需按照各自的时间来调整。eg.If you had followed the doctors ad

5、vice then, you would be all right now. 如果你那是听了医生的劝告，你现在就好了。（主句与从句发生的时间不同，应按照主句与从句各自的时间作调整） If you had followed the doctors advice then，you would have been all right then. 如果你那时听了医生的劝告，你那是就好了。（主句与从句发生的时间相同）含蓄条件句定义：有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示，而用其他方式来表示，这样的句子就叫含蓄条件句。a.用with, without 等介词短语，分词短语或者独立主格结构来代替条件从句 We

6、 mighe have died without your help.=We might have died if you hadnt helped us. Having known in time, we could have stopped it.=If we had known in time, we could have stopped it. 如果我们及时知道的话，我们就可能阻止它。b.用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构 常见的连词有：otherwise否则，不然.in case 假如 but that 要不是. on condition(that)条件是 unless 除非 so

7、long as 只要 supposesupposing(that)假如 provideproviding(that)如果. eg.I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.=If I had not been busy last week, I would have come to see you.虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装若符合下列条件，可以省略ifa.必须是非真实条件句，真实条件句不可以省略if 。b.只有当非真实条件句中有were,had,should,would等词时，才可以省略if。c.省略if时，主句与w

8、ere,had,should的位置必须相互调换。例如：If I were in your position,I would do it better.=Were I in your position,I would do it better.2.虚拟语气在一些从句中的用法1主语从句中的虚拟语气 主语从句通常用于“It is + 形容词或名词或动词的-ed形式 + that .”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed的含义，当表达建议，要求，惊讶等时，用虚拟语气。其谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。必背： 常见的要接

9、含有虚拟语气主语从句的词 形容词：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等 动词的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等 名词：pity, shame, no wonder,a honour等例：It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer. 有必要把程序输入电脑。 It is stran

10、ge that he should have learned so much in such a short time. 很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。 2宾语从句 虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。 常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有： 一个坚持：insist 两个命令：order,command 三个建议：suggest,advise,propose 四个要求：demand,require,ask,desire 在suggest（建议）, order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, comman

11、d (命令)，request（要求），advise（建议）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 should + 动词原形 （美国英语常省略should）。 The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求学生不要使用计算器。 They requested that he (should) sing a song. 他们要求他唱一首歌。 比较： 动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。 suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作

12、“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。 His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。（暗示） He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（建议） insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。 He insists that doing morning exercises does good to peoples health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。（强调） He insists that

13、 he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。（要求） 在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。 一般过去时were、did 表示目前不可能实现的愿望 I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是一只小鸟。 I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。 过去完成时 had done 表示过去不可能实现的愿望 I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。 I wish that I had seen her yesterday.

14、真希望我昨天见过她。 过去将来时 wouldcould do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望 I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。 I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。 提示： 由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。 The students hope that their football team will win the ga

15、me. 学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。 （可能实现） I wish I could see him now. 我希望现在就能看到他。（不可能实现）3表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”结构。 My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 3表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“s

16、hould + 动词原形”结构。 My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year. 我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。 必背： 表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有 advice 建议demand 要求desire 愿望decision 决定idea 意见 motion 提议order 命

17、令proposal 提议requirement 要求request regulation 规章suggestion 建议 4.在状语从句中的虚拟语气方式状语从句 由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。 a. 表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时 The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. 这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子） b. 表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时 I felt as th

18、ough we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年） c. 表示与将来事实不相符，用wouldmightcould It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨） 对比： He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻） He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻） 5.定语从句中的虚拟语气 在It is (high) time (that) .结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过

19、去式，表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。It is (high) time (that)+主语+should+vIt is (high) time (that)+主语+过去时 It is time that the children went to bed. = It is time that the children should go to bed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。 It is high time that we began the meeting. = It is high time that we should begin the meeting.正是我们开会的时间了。3.其他句型

20、中的虚拟语气 A If only. If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。 If only he knew the answer. 他要是知道答案就好了。（用过去时表示现在） If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！（用wouldcould表示将来） If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。（用过去完成时表示过去） 注意：if only和wi

21、sh的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。 If only it would rain. 但愿天能下点儿雨！= How I wish it would rain. If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早点儿认识她就好了！= I wish I had known her earlier. Bwould rather would rather, would prefer, would sooner 等后接从句，表示“宁愿”，动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。 I would rather you left today. 我宁可你今天走。

22、I would prefer he didnt stay here too long. 我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。 I would rather I hadnt seen that film yesterday. 我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。 提示： would rather 主要有两种用法。 1后接不带to的不定式 Id rather play tennis than swim. 我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。 Id rather not go to the movies. 我宁愿不去看电影。 Which would you rather have, tea or coffee 你喜欢喝茶，还

23、是咖啡 2后接不用连词的that从句 Id rather you went home now. 我希望你现在就回家。 I would rather my daughter attended a public school. 我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。情态动词总结I 情态动词的特征：1. 本身有词义。2. 不能独立作谓语。2. 后接动词原形一起构成谓语。3. 不随人称和数的变化。II 情态动词各自的基本意义及用法：1. can 与could用法对比点can could1、表“能力”Can you lift this heavy box?I couldnt understand what he

24、said at all.2、表“许可”You can use a different material instead.He said I could borrow his bike.3、“怀疑”No, no, it cant be true.What on earth can this mean?We thought the story could not be true. How could you be so careless?4、can与be able to 区别1. could代替 can，表示语气更为婉转。 Eg. Could I use your bike? Yes, I can

25、2. can (能够)=be able to(仅表能力时)，但be able to 表示一番努力后，才能做得到，且有更多的时态。2.may与 might用法对比点maymight1表“询问”May I ?(=Can I ?)Might I ?(=Could I?)(但比用may 更客气)2.表“允许”You may take the boy there.He told me he might come. (might 与told相呼应)3表“可能”“或许”She may nor like this place.Im afraid he might not like this play.注：1.

26、 May I?的答语。2. may可表示期望或祝愿 May you succeed !3. may (might) 用于目的状语从句。肯定：Yes, you may.否定：No, you mustnt 不行 （语气强硬）No, you may not 或No, youd better not.The emperor gave them some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.3. must与have to用法对比点musthave to1. 表“必须”（主观看法）必须；没有过去式，可用于间接引语中。He told

27、me I must do according to what he said.（客观需要）不得不，有多种时态。Its raining heavily, we cant go now.2. 疑问句Must I ? Yes, you must.（一定）No, you neednt./ you dont have to.(不必)Do you have to go today?Yes, we do.You dont have to worry about that.4. need与dare用法对比点needdare1.情态v.+动词原形 1）否定式 2）疑问式 He need not (neednt)

28、go.-Need we do it again?-No, you neednt do it again.He dare not say so.Dare she go out alone at night?How dare you say Im unfair?If he dare do that, hell be punished.I dare say. (固定用法)2.实义v. +to do 1）肯定式 2）否定式 3）疑问式He needs to go.He doesnt (does not) need to go.Does he need to do it again?No, he doe

29、snt need ot do it again.He dares to say.He does not(doesnt)dare to say.If you dare to jump into the water from here, so dare I .3. did not need to do表示过去没必要做She didnt need to attend the meeting yesterday, and she stayed with her children.(她没有参加)5. should与ought to用法对比点shouldought to1、表“应该”表劝告、建议You s

30、hould listen to the doctors advice.We should learn from Zhang Hua.“有责任有必要”做某事You ought to finish your work before you go home.We ought to help each other.2、表“估计”They should get home by now.“非常可能”的事，可译为“总应该”If we start to work right now, we ought to finish it before lunch. 注：1）should还可在虚拟语气中的使用2) 注意：

31、ought to的疑问式及否定式-Ought he to go? -Yes, I think he ought to. -No, he oughtnt to. 否定式：oughtnt to do (不说ought to not do) 反疑问句：oughtnt _?6. shall与will用法shallwill1. 征询对方意见或请求指示，用于第一、三人称：Shall I (we)? Shall he (she)? Where shall I (we)wait for you?1. 询问对方的意思或向对方提出要求：Will you (please)? Wont you?Would you l

32、ike to.? (would替代will更客气)Wont you go and see the film?你不去看电影吗-Yes, I think I will. 不， 我想去。2. 表示说话人的“意愿”有“命令”“警告”“强制”“允诺”“决心”等，用于第二、三人称。You shall do what I tell you ( to do).我叫你干什么你就干什么。Everything shall be done to save the ship.一定要竭尽全力来拯救这艘船。2. 表示“意志”“意愿”，用于各种人称：I wont do anything you dont like.我不会做任

33、何你不喜欢的事。Would表示过去时间的“意志”“意愿”Shylock would not take the money earlier.夏洛克先前是不肯要钱的。7. used to与would用法used towould1.表示过去的动作、状态，重在与现在情况的对比，不一定要有时间状语。I used to play cards a lot, but now I seldom play.My hometown is not what it used to be.1.只表示过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语。I would go to see my grandfather on Sunday wh

34、en he was in the middle school.2.would 后只接表动作的动词，不接表认识或状态动词He used to be nervous in the exam.2. 表示过去的习惯有时可互换：When we were very young, we used to / would go skating every winter.3. 表示过去的次数时，不能使用：( ）We went to the Great Wall five times when we were young.( X ) We used to go / would go to the Great Wal

35、l five times when we were young.注：used to do的否定式：usednt to do 或didnt use to do (usednt也可写作usent)疑问式： Did you use to do ? Didnt you use to do? Used you to do? Usednt you to do?II 情态动词表推测：1. 大多数情态动词（除表能力、许可、意志外），都可以表示推测，其程度有差异。按可能性程度的高低排列为：must will would ought to should 完全肯定 完全可能 很可能 can could may mi

36、ght 可能 有可能2. 区分情态动词的否定含义：may not或许不、可能不 might not可能不 cant 不可能mustnt不许、禁止 shouldnt不应该 neednt 不必3. 情态动词表推测具体运用：情态动词可以对现在、进行、过去推测。S主+情态动词 + be + adj对“性质”“特征”的推测S主+情态动词 + be + n对“职业”“事物”的推测S主+情态动词 + 动词原形对经常性行为的推测S主+情态动词 + be + V-ing对进行着的行为的推测S主+情态动词 + have + PP对过去的行为的推测情态动词表推测时：1、can只能用于否定句和疑问句2、must只能用

37、于肯定句（它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了）3、如句中有情态动词 + 完成时，定是对过去的推测 。4、句中如有表示不肯定的话语E.g I am not sure; I dont know 之类，常选may /might的各种形式。4. 表示反劝的特殊的表推测形式1). could + have + P.P.表示本来能做到，但事实上没有做到。He could have finished the task on time, but the heavy snow came.2) . couldnt +have + P.P.表示本来不能做到，但已经做到了。She could not have

38、covered the whole distance, but in fact she arrived ahead of time.3) neednt + have + P.P.表示本不必做的，但已经做到了。She neednt have attended the meeting yesterday, but she did.4. ) should/ought to +have + P.P.表示该做而没有做The plant is dead. I should/ought to have given ot more water.5) shouldnt/ oughtnt to +have + P

39、.P.表示不该做而做了。You oughtnt to / shouldnt have taken her bike without permission.5. 注意：must只能用于肯定句（它的否定句和疑问句其实就用can来代替了）1. must + have + P.P. 表示对过去肯定的推测，“一定是，准是”The road is wet. It must have rained yesterday.2. can + have + P.P. 表示对过去的推测（限于问句中）Can she have said so? 他可能这样说吗？3. cant + have + P.P. 表示对过去的否定

40、推测He cannot have said such a foolish thing.III 情态动词表推测的反意疑问句1. 情态动词表推测的反意疑问句，简单来说，就是以情态动词后的时态为淮，如句子里有明确的时间状语，则以其为准。2. 以 must 为例：E.g. 1. You must be hungry now, arent you? 2. He must be watching TV , isnt he ? 3 Tom must have lived her for a long time, hasnt he ?4. She must have arrived yesterday, didnt she?注：如选择题中（以She must have arrived yesterday, didnt she？为例）既有didnt she又有hasnt she则以didnt she？为最佳答案。6