专业英语翻译(刘金城)

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1、Velocity changes if either the speed or the direction changes如果（物体运动的）速率或方向发生变化，则（运动）速度随之发生变化We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale这里我们将提及两种温标：华氏温标和摄氏温标Oil and gas will continjue to be our chief source of fue石油和天然汽将继续是燃料的主要来源Distillation i

2、nvolves heating the solution until water evaporates, and then condensing the vapor蒸馏就是把溶液加热直到水分蒸发，然后再使蒸汽冷凝A material object cannot have a speed greater than the speed of light一个物体的速度绝不会大于光速 When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.当一个人看到某种东西、闻到某种气味、听到某个声音或触到某物时，他

3、是在运用感官在感受It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts严禁乱拆，以免损坏该设备的零件It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same 应该认识到，磁力和电力是不同的All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations,die由于生理上的局限性，一切生物总是要死亡的： Leav

4、es are to the plant what lungs are to the animalThere are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.A brief summary of the gas generation schemes facilitates the DR process description.植物叶子的作用好比动物的肺一样某些金属具有导电和被磁化的能力为了更清楚地阐述直接还原工艺过程，我们对气体产生的工艺流程也进行了简单介绍Hi

5、gh technology is providing visually and hearing impaired people with increased self-sufficiencyFor the purpose of our discussion, let us neglect the friction高科技设备在不断增强视力和听力损伤者的自理能力为了便于讨论，我们将摩擦力忽略不计Space programs demand tremendous quantities of liquid hydrogen and oxygen as rocket fuelThe properties

6、of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation航天计划需要大量的液氢和液氧作为火箭的燃料改变晶粒的位向可以改变焊件的性能1. Einsteins relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena2. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on a regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product3

7、. The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.4. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.5. Many elements in nature are

8、found to be mixtures of different isotopes.6. The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current.7. Almost any insulate body possesses to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge.8. The properties of the weld

9、can be altered by varying the grain orientation.9. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一的理论；10. 要使印刷品的质量达到要求部件调试及维修就必须定期进行；11. 影响植物生长最重要的因素中是水的供应；12. 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件 后者则是指生产大批量相同的零件；13. 人们发现 自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。14. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位 ，前者是电流的单位；15. 几乎任何一种绝织体都具有在某种程度上保留电荷一段时间的能力；16. 通过改变晶粒的位向

10、可以改变焊件的性能。17. idle：18. idle capacity 备用容量 idle coil 闲圈19. idle current 无功电流 idle frequency 中心频率20. idle motion 空转 idle roll 传动轧辊21. idle wheel (gear) 惰轮 idle contact 间隔节点22. idle space 有害空间 idle stroke 慢行程carrier：邮政业：邮递员 军事：航空母舰运输业：搬运工 化学：载体医药学：带菌者，媒介物 车辆制造：传动轧辊无线电： 载波 机械行业：托架，传导管After the spring ha

11、s been closed to its solid height, the compressive force is removed弹簧被压缩到接近幷紧高度之后，就没有压力了。The adjustment screw has stops at both sides调整螺钉的两端设有限位块The probe was on his course for Saturn探测器在去往土星的路上1. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors.2. The Curies believed tha

12、t there was something in nature which gave out radiation 3. Obviously , there is much room for the improvement in the structure.4. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.5. The facts have been set down in black and white.1. 正向不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样 不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同；2. 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中的某种物质能放出辐射；

13、3. 很显然 这种结构还有较大的改进空间；4. 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源；5. 事实已经很请处了。 1. Cold working is a useful strengthening mechanism. It is also a very effective tool for shaping materials using wire drawing, rolling, extrusion, etc. However, cold working leads to some effects that are sometimes undesirable for certain applicat

14、ions. Since cold working or strain hardening results from increased dislocation density we can assume that any treatment to rearrange or annihilate dislocations would begin to undo the effects of cold working. 冷加工是一种有效的强化机制。对于拉丝，挤压，轧制等材料成型也是一种有效的手段。但是冷加工也会导致在某些应用方面有时产生不想要的效果。由于冷加工或应变硬化增加错密度，我们可以假设，任

15、何一种使位错重新安排或抵消位错的处理手段可能会撤销冷加工的影响。 Annealing is a heat treatment used to eliminate some or all of the effects of cold working. Annealing at a low temperature may be used to eliminate the residual stresses produced during cold working without effecting the mechanical properties of the finished part. Or

16、, annealing may be used to completely eliminate the strain hardening achieved during cold working. In this case, the final part is soft and ductile but still has a good surface finish and dimensional accuracy. After annealing, additional cold work would be done, since the ductility is restored; by c

17、ombining repeated cycles of cold working and annealing, large total deformations may be achieved. 退火是一种用来消除一些或所有冷加工的影响的热处理方式。退火温度较低时可以用来消除产生于冷加工过程中不影响最终的零件的机械性能的残余应力。或者，退火可以用来完全消除冷加工期间产生的应变硬化。在这种情况下，最终的部件是柔软有韧性而且仍具有良好的表面光洁度和尺寸精度。退火后，延展性得到恢复；再经过冷加工处理，如此反复经过冷加工和退火处理，可实现大的变形量。1The mechanical behavior o

18、f materials is described by their mechanical properties, which are easured with idealized, simple tests. These tests are designed to represent different types of loading conditions. The properties of a material reported in various handbooks are the results of these tests. Consequently, we should alw

19、ays remember that handbook values are average results obtained from idealized tests and ,therefore, must be used with care. 材料力学行为是通过他们的机械性能来描述的，这是通过理想化，简单的测试测量的。这些测试的是在不同的负载条件完成的。材料的性能就是这些测试的结果记录在各种手册。所以我们应该记住，手册值是从理想的测试获得的结果的平均值，因此，必须小心使用。2The tensile test describes the resistance of a material to

20、 a slowly applied stress. Important properties include yield strength (the stress at which the material begins to permanently deform), tensile strength (the stress corresponding to the maximum applied load), modulus of elasticity( the slope of the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve), and %el

21、ongation and % reduction in area (both, measures of the ductility of the material). 拉伸试验描述了材料抵抗缓慢施加在本身的外加应力的能力。重要的性能包括屈服强度（材料开始永久变形的应力），抗拉强度（最大载荷相对应的应力），弹性模量（应力应变曲线上弹性部分的低斜率），断面收缩率(测量材料的延展性)。3The bend test is used to determine the tensile properties of brittle materials. raA modulus of elasticity an

22、d a flexural strength (similar to a tensile strength) can be obtained.弯曲试验通常用来确定脆性材料的拉伸性能。可以获得弹性模量和弯曲强度（与拉伸强度相似）。hardness test measures the resistance of a material to penetration and provides a measure of the wear and abrasion resistance of the material. A number of hardness tests, including Rockwe

23、ll and Brinell tests, are commonly used. Often the hardness can be correlated to other mechanical properties, particularly tensile strength.硬度测试是测量材料抵抗断裂和测量材料抗磨损 腐蚀的能力。有许多硬度测试，包括常用的洛氏硬度测试和布氏硬度测试，通常，硬度可以与其它力学性能相边，特别是拉伸强度。4The impact test describes the response of a material to a rapidly applied load.

24、 The Charpy and Izod tests are typical. The energy required to fracture the specimen is measured and can be used as the basis for comparison of various materials tested under the same conditions. In addition, a transition temperature above which the material fails in ductile, rather than a brittle,

25、manner can be determined. 冲击试验描述材料对于快速外力加载的反应。简支梁实验和悬臂试验最为典型。检测试样断裂所需的能量并且作为在相同条件下各种材料比较测试的基础。此外，在转变温度以上材料失去延展性但不至于变脆，这种方法是可以决定的。5Recovery: The original cold-worked microstructure is composed of deformed grains containing a large number of tangled dislocations. When we first heat the metal, the addi

26、tional thermal energy permits the dislocations to move and form the boundaries of a polygonized subgrain structure. The dislocation density, however, is virtually unchanged. This low-temperature treatment removes the residual stresses due to cold working without causing a change in dislocation densi

27、ty and is called recovery. 回复：最初的冷加工微观结构是由包含大量的缠结位错的变形晶粒组成的。当我们开始加热金属，外部加热的能量会使位错运动并且使多边形亚晶界结构的边界变形。但是位错的密度没有变化。这种较低温度的处理去除了冷加工过程带来的残余应力，并且没有改变位错的密度则称之为回复。 6The mechanical properties of the metal are relatively unchanged because the number of dislocations is not reduced during recovery. However, sin

28、ce residual stresses are reduced or even eliminated when the dislocations are rearranged, recovery is often called a stress-relief anneal. In addition, recovery restores high electrical conductivity to the metal, permitting us to manufacture copper or aluminum wire for transmission of electrical pow

29、er that is strong yet still has high conductivity. Finally, recovery often improves the corrosion resistance of the material.金属的机械性质能通常是不变的，因为相当数量的位错在回复过程中不会减少。但是当位错重新排列，残余应力减小甚至消除时，回复通常被称为去应力退火。此外，回复能够恢复金属的高导电性，我们生产铜或铝的导线输送高压仍然有很高的导电性。最后，回复往往提高了材料的抗腐蚀能力。7Recrystallization: When a cold worked metall

30、ic material is heated above a certain temperature, rapid recovery eliminates residual stresses and produces the polygonized dislocation structure. New small grains then nucleate at the cell boundaries of the polygonized structure, eliminating most of the dislocations. Because the number of dislocati

31、ons is greatly reduced, the recrystallized metal has low strength but high ductility. The temperature at which a microstructure of new grains that have very low dislocation density appears is known as the recrystallization temperature. The process of formation of new grains by heat treating a cold-w

32、orked material is know as recrystallization. 再结晶：当冷加工金属材料加热到某一温度，快速回复消除残余应力并产生多边形位错组织。新的细小的晶粒在多边形结构晶胞的边界处形核，消除大部分的位错。因为位错的数量大量的减少，再结晶的金属具有较低的强度但有很好的延展性。出现含有较低的位错密度的新的晶粒的温度称为再结晶温度。冷加工金属通过热处理获得新的晶粒的形成过程称为再结晶。8Quenching hardens most steels and tempering increases the toughness. This has been known for

33、perhaps thousands of years. For example, a series of such heat treatments has been used for making Damascus steel and Japanese Samurai swords. We can obtain an exceptionally fine dispersion of Fe3C (known as tempered martensite) if we first quench the austenite to produce martensite, then temper. Du

34、ring tempering, an intimate mixture of ferrite and cementite forms from the martensite, as discussed in Chapter 11. the tempering treatment controls the final properties of the steel. Note that this is different from a spheroidizing heat treatment. 淬火能使钢材变硬，回火能增加韧性。这是几千年来公认的事实。例如，上述一系列的热处理工艺被用来制作大马士

35、革钢和日本武士刀。如果我们首先由奥氏体淬火得到马氏体然后回火，我们可以获得特别细小弥散的Fe3C（称为回火马氏体）。通过回火，可以形成铁素体和渗碳体的混合物，正如我们11章的通论那样，回火处理控制钢的最终性能。值得注意的是回火处理与球化处理是有区别的。9Magnesium, which is often extracted electrolytically from concentrated magnesium chloride in seawater, is lighter than aluminum with a density of 1.74g/cm3,and it melts at a

36、 slightly lower temperature than aluminum.In many environments, the corrosion resistance of magnesium approaches that of aluminum; however, exposure to salts, such as that near a marine environment, causes rapid deterioration. Although magnesium alloys are not as strong as aluminum alloys, their spe

37、cific strengths are comparable. Consequently, magnesium alloys are used in aerospace applications, high speed machinery, and transportation and materials handling equipment. 镁，通常通过电解海水中的氯化镁而提取出来的，密度是1.74g/cm3,它比铝轻,熔点比铝稍低。在许多环境中，镁的耐包蚀性与铝接近；但暴露在盐类物质中，像接近海洋环境，会很快被腐蚀。虽然镁合金的强度不发铝合金，但是它的比强度与铝合金的接近。因此，镁合金被

38、用于航天领域，高带机械和运输装载转运设备。10. Yield Strength: As we apply a low level of stress to a material, the material initially exhibits elastic deformation. The strain that develops is completely recovered when the applied stress is removed. However, as we continue to increase the applied stress the material begi

39、ns to exhibit both elastic and plastic deformation. The material eventually “yields” to the applied stress. The critical stress value needed to initiate plastic deformation is defined as the elastic limit of the material. In metallic materials, this is usually the stress required for dislocation mot

40、ion, or slip to be initiated. 屈服强度：我们采用低应力水平的材料，最初的材料展品弹性变形。应变发展是完全康复时施加的应力被删除。然而，当我们继续增加施加压力的材料开始表现出弹性和塑性变形。物质最终的“产出”的应用应力。临界应力值需要启动塑性变形是指材料弹性极限。金属材料，这是通常所需的应力对位错运动，或是开始11.There is presently significant interest in the development of wrought magnesium alloys with high strength and light weight for

41、application as structural parts. The use of wrought magnesium alloys, however, has been limited because of their low formability. In particular, fabrication of magnesium alloys containing crystalline second phase particles is limited due to difficulties in forming and machining processes. Thus, for

42、further application of magnesium alloys, a novel strengthening method should be applied as an alternative conventional crystalline phase as reinforcement material.目前对高强度锻造镁合金和结构零件的轻量化发展非常关注。但是，锻造 镁合金因其低的成型性在使用上收到限制。特别是制造含有第二相粒子结晶的镁合金受限使得在成型和机加过程中产生的困难。因此，为了深化镁合金的应用，对于选择传统的结晶相作为增强材料的镁合金应该应用一种新的强化方式。1

43、2. Icosahedral quasicrystals phase (I-phase), with their unusual quasi-periodic lattice structure, have unique properties, such as high hardness, high corrosion resistance, low coefficient of friction, low surface energy, etc. 5. When alloys contain I-phase as a second phase,which formed in situ dur

44、ing solidification, the I-phase appear stable against coarsening at elevated temperatures due to the low matrix/particle interfacial energy 6, which provides strong bonding properties at the I-phase/matrix interface. Therefore, wrought magnesium alloys reinforced with stable I-phase appear to be ver

45、y promising structural materials.二十面体准晶相（I相）具有不寻常的准周期晶格结构，具有独特的性能，如硬度高，耐腐蚀性，低摩擦系数，低表面能，等。 5 。当合金含有I相作为第二相时，凝固时在原位置形成，由于具有较低的矩阵/粒子界面能，在温度提高时稳定I相的存在可以抵制晶粒的粗化。因此能够提供在I相/矩阵界面提供了较大 的结合性能。因此，存在稳定的I相增强相的锻造镁合金将是非常有前景的结构材料。13.It has been reported that Mg-rich MgZnY alloys containing a thermally stable I-phas

46、e exhibit a significantly high level of yield strength and elongation at ambient temperature 7. Singh et al. 810, Bae et al. 11,12, Kim et al. 13 and Zheng et al. 14 have employed thermomechanical processing (extrusion, hot-rolling or equal channel angular extrusion-ECAE) for manufacturing MgZnY all

47、oys. Strengthening due to quasicrystalline particles has been explained by the stability of I-phase and by their strength retention at high temperatures.据报道，富含Mg的 MgZnY合金含有热稳定I相，在室温下具有相当高水平的屈服强度和延伸率。由于。等人采用热机制处理（挤压、热轧、等径角挤压）来制造MgZnY合金，准晶粒强化的机制可以通过稳定的I相和在高温下仍保持较高的强度来解释。14.Moreover, it has been shown

48、that the strength of MgZnY alloys can be improved by the formation of quasi-crystalline precipitates during aging treatments 13. Yuan et al. 15 have reported the case of an as-cast MgZnGd-based alloy strengthened by quasi-crystalline and Laves phases, which exhibits much better creep properties as c

49、ompared to the AE42 alloy and high room temperature mechanical properties which are close to those of the AZ91 alloy.此外，研究表明Mg-Zn-Y合计的强度可以通过在时效处理过程中行成的准晶相来提高，yuan等人报道通过准晶和Laves相强化后的铸态MgZnGd合金与AE42合金相比表现出更好的蠕变性能，接近AZ91合金高的室温机械性能。15.Moreover, the MgZnGd-based alloy containing quasi-crystalline particl

50、es exhibits a good deform behavior16.In the present work, we applied the extrusion process to the as-cast MgZnGd alloy at two different temperatures of 573K and 673 K. The effects of extrusion temperature and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg95.9Zn3.5Gd0.6 alloy have been studied. Detailed microstructure of the alloy has been analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).此外，含有准晶颗粒的MgZnGd基合金展现出良好的变形行为 16 。在目前的工作中，我们对铸态MgZnGd合金在573k和673两个不同温度下的挤压过程进行了研究。研究了挤压温度和热处理对合金微观结构和力学性能的影响。使用OM和TEM分析合金的详细微观结构。