Unit10ChemicalBondsPPT优秀课件

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1、Unit 15 Chemical Bonds化学键 本周为第14周，下周期末考试，请同学们做好准备：I.Translate the following terms into Chinese or English：1.Phenomenon of double；2.原子钟 II.Translate the following separate paragraphs from texts or handouts into Chinese：III.Translate the following paragraph into Chinese 1.Canadian province considers e

2、stablishing Nanjing Massacre Remembrance DaySoo Wong,Standing Committee member on the Legislative Assembly,states the case for designating December 13 as Nanjing Massacre Remembrance Day,in Ontario,Canada,on December 8 2.Chinese ambitious plans 2017-Send lunar probe Change 5 to land on the moon and

3、return with lunar samples.2020-Complete aerospace projects currently under way,including manned space programs,lunar probes,the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System,and the Gaofen observation satellite program.China also intends to send an unmanned probe to Mars that is expected to orbit and land on t

4、he Red Planet and conduct scientific research.2025-Will complete construction of national civilian space infrastructure.2036-Plan to send astronauts to the moon under its manned lunar exploration program.To date,only the United States has successfully landed astronauts on the moon.lunar probe 月球探测器

5、lunar samples月球样本月球样本 Navigation Satellite System导航卫星系统unmanned probe to Mars 无人探测火星civilian space infrastructure民用空间基础设施建设manned lunar exploration program 载人月球探索计划3.Death toll in Nigerias church building collapse exceeds 100 In this image made from video taken on Dec 10,2016,local people survey the

6、 scene after a church roof collapsed in Uyo,Nigeria4.Nobel Prize award ceremony held in Stockholm;Bob Dylan absentSTOCKHOLM-The Nobel Prize award ceremony was held on Saturday in the Swedish capital,with the absence of US musician Bob Dylan.Dylan,laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature,was absent,

7、citing pre-existing commitments.The 75-year-old was the first singer-songwriter awarded the literature prize.Carl-Henrik Heldin,Chairman of the Nobel Foundation,said that the prize rewarded those who have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind.Just as in the era of Alfred Nobel,today there are da

8、rk clouds in the sky around the world.Terrorist acts are a part of many peoples daily lives,and wars are under way in many places,he said.International cooperation,cross-border movements and openness are being criticized.Science and knowledge are being questioned,the climate issue being one recent e

9、xample,Heldin said.Leading politicians-both in Europe and the United States-are winning votes by denying knowledge and scientific truths.Populism is widespread and is reaping major political successes,he said.The grim truth is that we can no longer take it for granted that people believe in science,

10、facts and knowledge,he added.laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature 诺贝尔文学奖的桂冠2.Populism 民粹主义3.The grim truth is that 严峻的事实是4.take it for granted that 理所当然地认为5.99-million-year-old dinosaur tail found in amber A perfectly preserved tail of a feathered dinosaur dating back to millions of years ago h

11、as been found in amber for the first time and is expected to make great contributions to the study of the feathers evolution.A perfectly preserved tail of a feathered dinosaur dating back to millions of years ago has been found in amber for the first time and is expected to make great contributions

12、to the study of the feathers evolution.Xing Lida from the China University of Geosciences in Beijing and Ryan McKellar of the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Canada led a research team that studied the fossil and published the finding in the journal Current Biology on Dec 8.Xing Lida,the first author,s

13、aid that he found the remarkable fossil at an amber market in Myitkina,Myanmar,in summer 2015.He tracked down the amber miner to see the place where the fossil was found.It is the first time that we have found a piece of amber with dinosaur material,said Xing.He believes the amber was formed in natu

14、re because of the resins flow pattern and the extinct ant wrapped in it.The fluorescent reactions could also have played a role in the formation.The fossil was tested and the result show that it dates back to mid-Cretaceous,about 99 million years ago.The preserved tail in amber is about 3.85 centime

15、ters long,full of feather,and researchers assume that the dinosaur would be about 18.5 centimeters tall.amber 琥珀China University of Geosciences 中国地质大学resins flow pattern 树脂的流动模式fluorescent reactions 荧光反应What holds matter together?In other words,why does glue stick,or what causes pieces of hard candy

16、 to stick together?Why is a diamond so hard;why is wax so soft?是什么把物质是什么把物质维系维系在一起？换言之，为什么胶在一起？换言之，为什么胶水能粘连？什么使得硬糖粘在一起？为什么钻水能粘连？什么使得硬糖粘在一起？为什么钻石会如此之硬，而蜡却如此之软？石会如此之硬，而蜡却如此之软？Or,in reverse,why do things break of fall apart?Why is table salt so brittle?Why does paint peel?Why do some substances melt at

17、 a rather low temperature,while others melt at higher temperatures?或者，反过来说，为什么东西会碎裂散开？为什么或者，反过来说，为什么东西会碎裂散开？为什么食盐这么易碎？为什么漆会脱落？为什么有些物质食盐这么易碎？为什么漆会脱落？为什么有些物质在相对低的温度下就能溶解而另一些物质却要在高在相对低的温度下就能溶解而另一些物质却要在高温下才能溶解？温下才能溶解？There and similar questions can be answered logically and be consistent with experiment

18、al evidence if we think of matter as one atom,bound to another.Granted,it is a little hard to consider the Empire State Building to the Washington Monument or a living organism as a conglomeration of atoms bonded one to the other.But large pieces of matter,even the Rocky Mountains,conform to the sam

19、e fundamental principles of nature as a small crystal of sugar or salt.如果我们认为物质成是由一个个原子相结合而成的，那如果我们认为物质成是由一个个原子相结合而成的，那么诸如此类的问题的就可以在逻辑上解释得通，而且这么诸如此类的问题的就可以在逻辑上解释得通，而且这也与实验现象相一致。诚然，要我们想像帝国大夏或华也与实验现象相一致。诚然，要我们想像帝国大夏或华盛顿纪念碑或是一个有机组织是由一团原子相互连接在盛顿纪念碑或是一个有机组织是由一团原子相互连接在一起而形成的，这确实有点强人所难。但即使如落基山一起而形成的，这确实有点强

20、人所难。但即使如落基山脉这样雄伟的山脉，也同糖或盐晶体一样要遵从基本的脉这样雄伟的山脉，也同糖或盐晶体一样要遵从基本的自然法则。自然法则。Most of the reasons for matter bonding to matter(or atom to atom)can be summarized by two concise nations.1、Unlike charges attract.2、Electrons tend to exist in pairs.物质与物质（或原子与原子）相连最主要的原物质与物质（或原子与原子）相连最主要的原因可以简要归结为以下两点：因可以简要归结为以下两点

21、：1、异种电荷相互吸引。、异种电荷相互吸引。2、电子趋向于成对存在。、电子趋向于成对存在。Couple these two ideas(one empirical;one theoretical)with the proximity requirement that only the outer electrons of the atoms(the valence electrons)interact,and you have the basic concepts that explain how atoms in over 6 million compounds bond to each o

22、ther.将这两种想法（一个实证，一个理论）与只有将这两种想法（一个实证，一个理论）与只有原子的最外层电子（即价电子）才会发生反应的原子的最外层电子（即价电子）才会发生反应的就近原则相结合，你就会对解释原子是如何在超就近原则相结合，你就会对解释原子是如何在超过过6百万种化合物中相互结合的有一个基本的概百万种化合物中相互结合的有一个基本的概念。念。Just how the different atoms use these principles to bond atom to atom is the subject of this article.We shall see that the ac

23、tion of an atom in the formation of a bond is dictated by its atomic structure and generalized by its position in the periodic table.不同的原子是如何通过这些原则将原子与原子不同的原子是如何通过这些原则将原子与原子结合的，这正是我们这篇文章的主题。我们应结合的，这正是我们这篇文章的主题。我们应当认识到原子键的形成是由原子结构所决定的，当认识到原子键的形成是由原子结构所决定的，并且在元素周期表有所归类。并且在元素周期表有所归类。Various interaction

24、s of the atoms cause the formation of five major types of chemical bonds.The types of bonds,along with some common materials in which they occur,are:原子的相互作用形成了原子的相互作用形成了5大类型的化学键。几大类型的化学键。几种键的类型，以及包含这些键的常见物质有：种键的类型，以及包含这些键的常见物质有：1、Ionic bonding Salts,such as table salt(sodium chloride);and metal oxid

25、es,such as lime,iron rust,ruby,and sapphire2、Covalent bonding Molecular compounds,such as water,methane,and sugar;and polymers,such as polyethylene1、离子键、离子键 盐，例如食盐（氯化钠）；金盐，例如食盐（氯化钠）；金属化合物，例如石灰，铁锈，红宝石，蓝宝属化合物，例如石灰，铁锈，红宝石，蓝宝石石2、共价键、共价键 分子化合物，例如水，甲烷，分子化合物，例如水，甲烷，糖；高分子，例如聚乙烯糖；高分子，例如聚乙烯3、Hydrogen bonding

26、Intermolecular bonding among molecules of water,ammonia,DNA,and proteins4、Intermolecular London forces Liquid helium and solid CO2(dry ice)5、Metallic bonding Metals and alloys3、氢键、氢键 分子间的键存在于水，氨，分子间的键存在于水，氨，DNA，蛋白质的分子中蛋白质的分子中4、分子间伦敦力、分子间伦敦力 液态氨和固体液态氨和固体CO2（干（干冰）冰）5、金属键、金属键 金属和合金金属和合金As always,it is

27、the properties of the substances that dictate and verify the related theories.It is properties such as chemical reactivity,volatility(ability to pass into the gaseous state),melting point,electrical conductivity,and color that often five some indication of how atoms are bonded to each other.正如大多数的情况

28、一样，物质的性质决定并证实了正如大多数的情况一样，物质的性质决定并证实了相关的理论。它们的性质，如：化学反应能力、挥相关的理论。它们的性质，如：化学反应能力、挥发性（变成气态的能力）、熔点、导电性和颜色，发性（变成气态的能力）、熔点、导电性和颜色，经常给出一些原子是如何相互结合的提示。经常给出一些原子是如何相互结合的提示。For example,since melting involves atoms or molecules becoming less firmly bound to their neighbors,a high melting point implies that a so

29、lid is help together by very stable chemical bonds.例如，熔化时，原子或分子之间的作用力就会减少，例如，熔化时，原子或分子之间的作用力就会减少，高的熔点就意味着固体是通过非常稳定的化学键连高的熔点就意味着固体是通过非常稳定的化学键连接成的。接成的。As we shall see shortly,compounds composed of a network of a tightly bound ions or atoms tend to have relatively high melting points,the volatility of

30、a substance also indicates how strongly molecules are attracted to each other.我们可以很快知道，由网络状紧密结合的离子我们可以很快知道，由网络状紧密结合的离子或原子构成的化合物具有相对较高的熔点。物或原子构成的化合物具有相对较高的熔点。物质的挥发性就显示了分子间作用力的强度。质的挥发性就显示了分子间作用力的强度。For example,in the case of carbon dioxide,CO2,we must assume that the bonding between molecules(intermol

31、ecular bonding)is slight,since it takes relatively little energy to break up solid CO2(dry ice).以二氧化碳以二氧化碳CO2为例，我们肯定会假设分子间为例，我们肯定会假设分子间的作用力（分子间键）会弱一些，因为将固体的作用力（分子间键）会弱一些，因为将固体二氧化碳（干冰）分解所需要的能量相对会小二氧化碳（干冰）分解所需要的能量相对会小些。些。A:TRUE OR FALSE 1.Like charges attract.FALSE,like-unlike(P94)2.Only the inner ele

32、ctrons of the atoms interact.TRUE 3.There are three major types of chemical bonds.FALSE,three-five(P95)4.Copper chloride is formed by ionic bonds.FALSE,ionic-metallic(95)5.Methane is formed by covalent bonds.TRUE 6.Iron is formed by hydrogen bonds.FALSE,hydrogen-metallic(95)7.Solids held together by

33、 very stable chemical bonds always have high melting points TRUE Theoretical 离子的 Ionic 红宝石 Salt 共价的 Ruby 金属 Covalent 挥发性 Polymer 盐 Metal 理论的 Volatility 高分子Conjunctive words（科技英语中常用的）关联词一、表示附加意义的关联词In addition,and,similarly,likewise,as well as,moreover,besides,furthermore,and then,also,too,not onlybu

34、t also,even.e.g.Oxygen as well as carbon dioxide is important gas in the biological system.二、表示顺序的关联词first(ly),initially,to begin with,next,after that,following this,afterwards.e.g.To begin with,we will talk about the environmental pollution problem.三、表示结果与总结的关联词as a result,thus,so,therefore,consequ

35、ently,thereby,eventually,then,in that case,admittedly,in short,in summary,in conclusion.e.g.Thereby,we can draw the conclusion that solar energy is one of the most useful energy without pollution.四、表示肯定意义的关联词obviously,certainly,of course,undoubtedly.e.g.Undoubtedly,they have already passed the produ

36、ct evaluation test.五、表示条件的关联词If,unless,whether,provided that,depending on.e.g.Whether the temperature drops or not will not change the structure of the plastics.六、表示定义的关联词refers to,means,that is,consists of.e.g.Visible light refers to the electromagnetic wares with the wavelength range 400 nm(nanome

37、ter)to 700 nm,which can be seen by human eyes.七、表示转折、对比的关联词However,on the other hand,in spite of,although,but,compared with,instead of,in contrast,but.e.g.Hydrogen is lighter than oxygen,on the contrary,carbon dioxide is heavier than oxygen.八、表示举例的关联词For example/instance,just as,such as,namely.e.g.M

38、etals,such as copper,iron and steel,are most important materials in heavy industry.九、表示理由的关联词九、表示理由的关联词_since,as,so,because of,due to,owing to,the reason why,in other words,leads to.e.g.The transmission is stopped due to instrumental errors.十、表示时间的关联词十、表示时间的关联词_before,since,as,until,meanwhile,at the moment,when,whenever,as soon as,just ase.g.Calculation has not finished until all the data reach maximum value.