Lecture6-肯定与否定.ppt

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1、肯定与否定（正反互译、反义翻译法）,一、英语和汉语的否定形式 二、英语肯定译为汉语否定 三、英语否定译为汉语肯定 四、英语双重否定的翻译 五、英语否定的“陷阱” 六、汉语肯定译为英语否定 七、汉语否定译为英语肯定,英语的否定形式： 含有否定词no, not , never, nothing, nobody, neither； 带有否定前缀non-, un-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-等和否定后缀-less的词语的句子. 汉语的否定形式： 含“不”、“没”、“非”、“未”、 “否”、 “无”、 “莫”、“勿”、“别”等否定词以及使用了这些字组成的词语，如“绝不”、“毫无”、“未尝”

2、等的句子。,一、英语和汉语的否定形式,原因：英、汉两种语言的概念命名、话题表述、情态表达、侧重面、强调角度等方面存在差异；审美情趣不同 方法：源语中有些肯定表达在目的语中往往使用否定表达；而源语中的否定表达在目的语中则往往用肯定表达。 目的：适应目的语表达习惯和审美情趣，使措辞更加自然通畅。 注意：有些表达正译、反译均可，其选择依赖具体语境。（P.167）,二、英语肯定译为汉语否定,常见于标示语、警示语。 Keep upright! Keep off the lawn! Wet paint! Staff only. More on P.170,切勿倒置。 请勿践踏草地！ 油漆未干！ 非职员请勿

3、入内。/闲人免入,2. 英语的肯定形式中包含一类特殊的表达，即具有肯定的形式，而语义中有明显否定含义的词、短语，对这类表达也可采用反译的方法。 1）动词或动词短语：deny, miss, fail, refrain , neglect, refuse, lack, exclude, ignore, escape, keep from, protect from，etc; 2）名词：ignorance, absence, zero , vacancy, failure, refusal, etc; 3）形容词或形容词短语：little, ignorant, absent , free, diff

4、icult, afraid of, safe from, short of, etc;,4) 介词或介词短语：above, against, beyond , except, off, without, apart from, in place of, etc; 5) 连词： rather than, more than, unless, or, etc. 6) 副词： barely, rarely, hardly, otherwise, seldom, too ( to) etc. More on TB. P.171,I think that you are missing the poin

5、t here. 我觉得在这一点上你们没有抓住问题的本质。 Please keep your little brother from playing on the road. 请不要让你的小弟弟在马路上玩耍。 Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不愿见到她那张毫无表情的脸。 The government official was removed from his office because of his neglect of duty. 那位政府官员因玩忽职守而被撤消了职务。,3. 英语的一些特殊句型的翻译也可应用正说反译的方法。 He sh

6、ould be the last man to blame. 怎么也不应该怪他。 He is old enough to know better than to spend all his spare time playing compute games. 他长大了，应该不会把所有的业余时间都用在玩电脑游戏上。 Catch me making the same error again! 我绝不会再犯同样的错误！ More on TB. P.172,4. 有些正说反译涉及视角的转换。 She has been a widow only for six months. 她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。

7、（Is there a special rate by the month? Yes, there is a 10% discount. ） 按月计算有什么优惠吗？ 有，可以打9折。,三、英语否定译为汉语肯定,The examination left no doubt that the old man died from the car accident. 调查结果清楚表明老人死于车祸。 He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. 他这种人办事优柔寡断，而且总是出尔反尔。 The doubt was still unso

8、lved after his repeated explanation. 尽管他一再解释，但疑团依然存在。 More on P.168,双重否定句比一般肯定句的感情色彩更加浓厚，肯定的语势更加强烈。翻译时，往往保留双重否定的形式。 Today, theres scarcely an aspect of our life that isnt being affected by the Internet. 今天，我们生活中的方方面面无不受到互联网的影响。,四、英语的双重否定,not because The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finishe

9、d. 引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转的。 Gates didnt drop out because he wanted to avoid work but to start his company. 盖茨辍学并不是想逃避学业，而是为了开办自己的公司。,五、英语否定的“陷阱”,2. cannot too The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated. 这次会议的重要性怎么强调也不过分。 3. all/every not All that glitters is not gold. Everything is not stra

10、ightened out. 并非每一个问题都弄清楚了。,五、英语否定的“陷阱”,4. It is + adj. + n. + that (否定) Its a good horse that never stumbles. 好马也有失蹄时。 It is a good workman that never blunders. 智者千虑，必有一失。,五、英语否定的“陷阱”,Exe.,The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of

11、our trust. He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.,这项建议差点通不过。 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 他随便看了一眼字条就走了。,Men only weep when deeply hurt. The soldiers should fight to death before they surrendered. This machine is far from being complicated. The darkness was thinning, but the street was still di

12、mly lighted.,男儿有泪不轻弹 （只因未到伤心时） 战士们宁愿战斗到死，决不投降。 这部机器一点也不复杂。 天渐渐有些亮了，然而街上还亮着暗淡的灯光。,The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us. 这些事件引起了我们的重视。 Many mistakes in her composition escaped the careless teacher. 那位老师很粗心，没有看出她作文中的许多错误。 John was dying and only strangers stayed around him. 约翰快要死了，周围一个亲

13、人也没有。 The song is like nothing on Earth. 此曲只应天上有。,Are you a father? 你有孩子吗？ Hedivedintothewaterfullyclothedandrescuedthechildren. 他衣服没脱就跳入水中，把孩子救了上来。 Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized that he was not alone in the garage. 他突然听见背后有声音，便意识到车库里还有别人。 Nodepositwillberefundedunlessticketpre-

14、sented. 凭票退还押金。,I have read your article, and I expected to meet an older man. 我看过你的文章，没想到你这么年轻。 Western society cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive “standard of living” without exhausting the earths resources. 西方社会要让欠发达国家的51亿人口都达到西

15、方消耗型的”生活标准“，必然将地球的资源消耗殆尽。 No one ever gave me directions like this on a golf course before: “Aim at either Microsoft or IBM.” 平生第一次有人在高尔夫球场向我发出这样的指令：“瞄准微软或IBM方向。”,He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life. 叫他干什么他都愿意，只要不再过以往那种日子就行。 All the chemical energy of the fuel is not c

16、onverted into heat. 并非燃料中的所有化学能都可转为热能。 She loved him too well not to detect from the deepened line between his eyes that he had received an unexpected blow. 她深爱着他，从他眉宇间那加深了的皱纹间，她不会看不出他受到了突如其来的打击。,他在这上面费了很多力。 He took no little pain over it. 我对你万分感激。 I couldnt thank you enough. 智者千虑，必有一失。 Even the wis

17、e are not always free from errors.,六、汉语肯定译为英语否定,直到喷气发动机发明以后，飞机才能以超音速的速度飞行。 Not until the invention of the jet engine could airplanes travel at supersonic speeds. 他依旧保留着他的诚实和素朴。这诚实，这素朴，却是多年来一直为我所钦佩和赞赏的。 He kept up his simplicity and honesty, the simplicity and honesty from which I had never swerved i

18、n approval and admiration.,汉语的否定概念可以用两种英语的肯定句式来表达：一种意义和形式都肯定；另一类则是形式上肯定，意义上否定的表达方式。 我年轻的日子已经一去不返。 Gone are the days when I was young. 谅你不敢再这么干。 Do that again if you dare. 女孩儿未出嫁，是颗无价宝珠。 A girl before marriage is a precious pearl.,七、汉语否定译为英语肯定,人民军队离不开人民，就像鱼儿离不开水一样。 The people is to the peoples army w

19、hat water is to fish. 密云水库远山叠翠，绿波万顷，和我记忆中的太湖不相上下。 The Miyun Reservoir with its vast area of green waves and row upon row of verdant mountains in the distance can be equally matched with the Taihu Lake in my memory.,不看秦始皇兵马俑，不算真正到过中国。 a. A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures

20、 cannot claim to have visited China. b. No one who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures can claim to have visited China.,Exe. 那位老人能不停地游泳达三个小时以上。 The old man could swim continuously for more than three hours. 开始学英语时，讲英语不可能不犯错误。 At the beginning of learning English, you cant speak it witho

21、ut making mistakes. 汤姆这次期末考试不及格。 Tom failed in the final examination. 玛丽不愿意去很远的地方工作。 Mary is reluctant to work in the far place.,没有设备，我们就自己制造。 Short of equipment, we make it on our own. 他的解释不能让人满意。 His explanation is far from satisfactory. 他无权签订这份合同。 Its beyond his power to sign this contract. 我们的生活条件和他们一样糟。 Our living conditions are no better than theirs.,