高中英语情态动词精讲与解析

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1、高中英语情态动词精讲与解析| 文章作者：佚名 | 文章来源：本站整理 | 文章录入：henry982 | 更新时间：2006-12-13 | 字体：小 大 |概 说助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类：基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个：do, have和be；情态助动词有十三个：may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是，在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时，

2、具有作用词的功能：1） 构成否定式：He didnt go and neither did she.The meeting might not start until 5 oclock.2） 构成疑问式或附加疑问式：Must you leave right now?You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you?3） 构成修辞倒装：Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.Hardly had he arrived when she started complaini

3、ng.4） 代替限定动词词组：A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?B: Tom can.A: Shall I write to him?B: Yes, do.情态助动词的特征基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是，基本助动词本身没有词义，而情态助动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想：What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）You may have read some account of the

4、matter. （或许已经）除此之外，情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征：1） 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式：We used to grow beautiful roses.I asked if he would come and repair my television set.2） 情态助动词在限定动词词组总总是位居第一：They need not have been punished so severely.3） 情态助动词用于第三人称单数

5、现在时的时候，没有词形变化，即其词尾无-s形式：She dare not say what she thinks.4） 情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式：Still, she neednt have run away.5） 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间：Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?She told him he ought not to have done it.6） 情态助动词之间是相互

6、排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词，但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用：You should have washed the wound.Well, you shouldnt be reading a novel.现将情态助动词的各种形式列表如下：情态助动词的意义和用法情态助动词从最普通的意义上来说，是修饰分句意义的一种方式，它可以反映说话者对其表述是否真实和可能的程度作出判断。但不同的情态助动词本身所包含的意义和用法又不同，下面逐个分析。1） can和could的用法1. 表示能力或客观可能性，还可以表示请求和允许。如：Can you finish this wor

7、k tonight?Man cannot live without air. Can I go now? Yes, you can.注意：could也可表示请求，预期委婉，主要用于疑问句，不可用于肯定句，答语应用can（即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如：Could I come to see you tomorrow?Yes, you can. （否定答语可用No, Im afraid not.）can表示能力时，还可用be able to代替。如：Ill not be able to come this afternoon.2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。（主要用在否定句、

8、疑问句或惊叹句中）Can this be true?How can you be so careless!This cannot be done by him.3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如：He cannot have been to that town.Can he have got the book?2） may和might的用法1. 表示许可。表示请求、允许时，might比many的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如：You may drive the ca

9、r. Might I use your pen? No, you mustnt.用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!3. 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。He may be very busy now.4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如：He may not have finished the work.3） must和have to的用法1. 表示必须、必要。如：You mu

10、st come in time.回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.)2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。This must be your pen.3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。He must have be

11、en to Shanghai.4. have to的含义与must相似，两者往往可以互换使用，但have to有各种形式，随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同： must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。如：The play is not interesting. I really must go now.I had to work when I was your age. must一般只表现在，have则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。如：You mustnt go. 你可不要去。You dont have to go. 你不必

12、去。 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如：Must I clean all the room?4） dare和need的用法1. need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如：You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must.注意：neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如：You neednt have waited for me.2. Dare作情态动词时，主要

13、用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如：How dare you say Im unfair.He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3. Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如：I dare to swim across this river.He does not dare (to) answer.Dont you dare (to) touch it!I

14、wondered he dare (to) say that.He needs to finish it this evening.5） shall和should的用法1. Shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。如：What shall we do this evening?2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如：Shall we begin our lesson?When shall he be able to leave the hospital?3. Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如：You sh

15、all fail if you dont work harder. （警告）He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）He shall be punished. （威胁）4. Should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。如：You should go to class right away.Should I open the window?Should的含义较多，用法较活，现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子： I should think it would be b

16、etter to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。 You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看，你是搞错了。 I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。从以上例句可以看出：情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由sho

17、uld加动词原形构成，主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如： Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她，请让她给我打个电话。 If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意，请通知我们。 Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间，我就来。此外，Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如： Why should you be

18、 so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚？ Where is Betty living? 贝蒂住在哪里？ How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢？ I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。5. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如：She should have finished it.I should have helped her, but I never could.You shoul

19、d have started earlier.6） will和would的用法1. 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。如：Would you pass me the book?2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如：I will never do that again.They asked if we would do that again.3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如：This will be the book you want.

20、He will have arrived by now.The guests would have arrived by that time.I thought you would have finished this by now.4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某中倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：The wound would not heal.During the vacation he would visit me every week.5. 表料想或猜想。如：It would be about ten when he le

21、ft home.What would she be doing there?I thought he would have told you all about it.7） ought to的用法1. Ought to表示应该。如：You ought to take care of him.2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别：He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家）He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定）This is where the oil must be. （比较直率）This is where the oil o

22、ught to be. （比较含蓄）3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如：You ought to have asked him (but you didnt).这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。注意：在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。如：Ought you smoke so much?You oughtnt smoke so much.8） used to，had better，would rather的用法1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如

23、：He told us he used to play football when he was young.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式：疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?Used you to go to the same school as your brother?否定句I usednt to go there.I didnt use to go there.Usednt 亦可拼作usent，但发音皆为ju:znt。否定疑问句 Usent you to be interested i

24、n the theatre?Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre?强调句 I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago.I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：She used to be very fat, didnt she? （正式）/ use(d)nt she? （口语）Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did.Used yo

25、u to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.)2. Had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式。如： We had better go now. Yes, we had (wed better / we had better).Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)I think Id better be going. （用于进行时态，表“最好立即”）You had better have done that. （用于完成时态，表未

26、完成动作）注：had best与had better同意，但较少用。You had better 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。3. Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式。如：Id rather not say anything.Would you rather work on a farm? Wouldnt you rather stay here? No, I would not. Id rather go there.由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。如：I would rather work on a farm than in a f

27、actory.I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.Id rather you didnt talk about this to anyone. （句中的d rather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词）高中英语定语从句句型总结所属：沪江英语 来源：英语网 评论：40 阅读：28813 收藏 194在线听写VOA、BBC、新概念等提升听力水平，注册参加吧！编辑点评：对于

28、定语从句大家一定不陌生。它不仅是高中英语学习的重要语法之一，也是历年高考必考的难点句型。它的难度主要是通过改变句子的正常语序或借助于其它语法项目来体现。为了方便同学们更好的掌握定语从句和提高应试能力， 现对定语从句的一些常见考点总结如下：本文相关应用 贡献文章录音 贡献翻译稿 下载本文音频 背单词 鼠标划词已启用 挑错 收藏 评论 打印一、疑问句中考查定语从句1. Is this the farm _ you visited last week？A. whereB. the oneC. on whichD. /【解析】答案是D。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从

29、句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。二、倒装句中考查定语从句2. We came to a place， _ stood a big tower.A. whichB. thatC. /D. where【解析】正确答案是D。为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。三、 拆分词组和固定搭配3. The second is connected with the use _ the body make

30、s of food.A. of whichB. whereC. to doD. that4. Why cant you realize the part _ they have played in our life？A. whichB. on whichC. whenD. where【解析】正确答案分别是D和A。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of， play a part （in）。四、添加插入语或状语5. The scientist has made another discovery

31、， _ I believe is of great importance.A. thatB. /C. whichD. why【解析】应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think （suppose， expect， believe， imagine）， in my opinion， to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。五、插入非谓语动词6. Is this the man _ you want to have _the radio for me？A. who；r

32、epairedB. that；repairedC. whom；repairingD. that；repair【解析】D项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。如：我们可以把几个句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子应是：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.高中英语定语从句汇总讲解 发表日期：2009年1月9日 作者：Zola Stone 【编辑录入：admin】 英语谚语欣赏1. He who knows nothing but

33、 pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成. 2. Its the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼. 概念：(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分

34、为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、but (文语, 置于否定词之后=that/whonot, 没有不, 在从句中作主语，宾语)常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John. I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom)

35、you are talking to is my brother. Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。. 几个关系代词的基本用法：that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult

36、 to read. (主语)2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?3. You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语）4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.6. Shes no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表语）7. Our homet

37、own is no longer the one (that) it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to be.which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）2. The book (wh

38、ich/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）3. The factory in which his father works is far from here.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表语）5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定语）6. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him.who,

39、whom, whose:who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语）H

40、es a man from whom we should learn. = Hes a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.比较：He is the student whom you think to be worthy of your praise.He is the student who you think is worth praising.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）Id like a room whose window faces south. （指物）=

41、Id like a room of which the window faces south. =Id like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed to come 关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.

42、） This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our inf

43、ormation age.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, l

44、ook after, take care of等)as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)如为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等结构中。如：I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.).-Why didnt you

45、mention that in face of the police just now?- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Dont do such things as you are not sure about. There is no such place as you dream of in all this world

46、.比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in.Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we

47、 all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as 作宾语)=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作主语）=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health .=Smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.He was a f

48、oreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子). 关系副词引导的定语从句:When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或tha

49、t 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语） Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be

50、exciting.I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc. This is the place where I was born. I live in the room where /in which he

51、used to live. 注意：先行词是地点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语）The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. I think you have got to the point where a change is

52、 needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what

53、/the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting.Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如：The reason why /

54、for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语） Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语）Ex.) He was late .Thats because he got up late.He got up late. Thats why he was late.(表语从句)(the reason) why/for

55、 which he was late. (定语从句)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that, in which,或how引导，that常可以省略。way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如:This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.比较: Please do the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上，非

56、限制性定语从句一般不用that.3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句

57、可译为一句（较短的一般译为的字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较: He has a sister, who is a musician.He has a sister who is a musician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when，where, why, etc.1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Toms fa

58、ther, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. . 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:that & which:在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.先行词

59、为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等, 1.We should do all that is useful to the people .2.Theres nothing that can be said about it .3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。1.The only thing that we could do w

60、as to wait.2.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.*This is the only o

61、ne of the best novels that was published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that shoul

62、d be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.被修饰词为数词时. 1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。1. Which is the book that you like best?2. Who