反垄断法律术语

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1、AAbuse of monopoly power 滥用垄断支配力Abuse theory 滥用理论Abusive conduct 滥用行为Acquired firm 被收购的公司,被收购方Acquiring firm 收购公司,收购方Acquisition of asset 资产的收购Act of state doctrine 国家行为理论Actual damage 实际损失Additional suit 附加诉讼Administrative adjudication 行政裁决Administrative process 行政诉讼程序Adverse competitive effect 反竞争

2、影响,反竞争效果Affirmative duty 积极的义务Aftermarket 下游市场Aggravating circumstance 从重惩罚情节Aggressive pricing 超高定价Agreement to divide market 分割市场的合同Agreement with mixed competitive consequence 带有混合竞争后果的合同Allocate market geographically 从地区方面分割市场Allocative efficiency 资源配备效率Amicus brief 为协助法庭而对案情所提出的意见书，法庭之友意见概要Anci

3、llary restraint/ partial restraint 附属的/部分的限制Annual sale 年销售额Anti-competitive effect 反竞争效果Anticompetitive stock acquisition 反竞争性的股份收购Anticompetitive 限制竞争的，反竞争的Anti-merger 合并控制Antitrust 反垄断，反托拉斯Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations 国际经营的反垄断执法指南Antitrust felony 反垄断重罪Antitrust im

4、munity 反垄断法的除外Antitrust litigation 反垄断诉讼Antitrust procedures and penalties act of 1974 反垄断程序和惩罚法Antitrust scrutiny 反垄断审查Assign customer 划分客户Assistant Attorney General 美国联邦司法部长助理Assured source of supply 稳定的供货渠道Attempt to monopolize 企图独占Attempted monopolization 企图独占Attenuating circumstance 从轻惩罚情节Attor

5、ney General 司法部部长Automatic adjustment mechanism 自动调节机制Average revenue平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本BBackward integration 上游合并（与供应商的合并）Bad faith 歹意Bar association 律师协会Barrier to entry 进入壁垒，进入障碍Beleaguered small business 处在困境中的小公司Below-cost pricing 低于成本的定价Benchmarking 制定基准点Bi

6、d 出价Bid-rigging 串通投标Bilateral cooperation agreement 双边合伙合同Blanket license arrangement 一揽子许可合同Blanket license 一揽子许可Block patent 封锁专利Bona fide 善意Bottleneck doctrine 瓶颈理论Bright-line test 可明确合用的原则Burden of proof 举证承当Bureau of competition 竞争局Business behavior交易行为Business pattern 经营方式Business reputation 商

7、业信誉Buyer-lever competition 买方竞争CCartel participant/ cartelist 卡特尔参与者 Cartel price 卡特尔价格Cartel 卡特尔Case-by-case evaluation 个案分析，个案评估Casual connection 因果关系Cause of action 诉因Celler-Kefauver Act 塞勒-克福弗反合并法Chain operation连锁经营Chain store 连锁店Characterization process 认定程序Charter of freedom 自由宪章Chicago school

8、 芝加哥学派Chief Justice 首席法官Circumstantial evidence 环境证据Class action 集团诉讼Classic conspiracy 典型的共谋行为Coercion 强制Collaboration 协作/联合Collateral offense 附带性的违法Collateral restraint 附带限制Collateral 附属于Collective action 集体行为，多方行为Collective conduct 集体行为Collective power 联合力量Collusion 共谋Collusion 共谋行为Commercial Cla

9、use宪法中的商业条款Committed entry 不自由的市场进入，市场进入有较高的门槛Competing bid 竞争性的出价Competition policy 竞争政策Competitive variable 竞争性变量Competitiveness 竞争力Compromise 和解Compulsory licensing 强制许可Concentration in the relevant market 有关市场的集中度Concentration 集中Concerted efforts by competitors 竞争者之间的协同行为Concerted horizontal ref

10、usal to deal横向联合抵制交易Concerted refusal to deal 联合抵制交易Conglomerate merger 混合合并Conscious parallelism 故意识的协调Consciously parallel pricing conduct 故意识的协调价格行为Consent order 批准令Consignment agreement 寄售合同Consignment arrangement 寄售合同(安排） Consolidation 联合Conspiracy to monopolize 通过共谋行为实现独占Conspiracy 共谋Conspirat

11、orial conduct 共谋行为Consumer welfare 消费者福利Continuum model 一体分析措施Contractor 承包商Contributory infringement 共同侵权Control natural monopoly 管制自然垄断Convicted antitrust defendant 被判决违背反垄断法的被告Copyright infringement suit 版权侵权诉讼Corporate entity 法人实体Corporate Leniency Policy 对公司的宽敞解决政策Corporate merger 公司合并Corrobora

12、ting evidence 佐证，确证的证据（也是一种附加的证据，这种证据使得提供的证据更为有利）Cost consumer 使消费者受到损失Cost justification 成本抗辩，成本辩护Cost saving 成本节省Cost-based school 以成本为基本的学派Coverage 专利的有效范畴Criminal indictment 刑事控告Criminal investigation 刑事调查Criminal prosecution刑事追诉/起诉/公诉Criminal sanction 刑事制裁Cross-elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性Cross-

13、examination 交叉盘问Cross-licensing agreement 互相许可合同 Cross-licensing 互相许可DDamage claim 损害补偿之诉Damage settlement 损害补偿和解Dealer-imposed price restraint 销售商强加的价格限制Declaratory judgment 宣布（式）判决，确认判决（法院只宣布确认当事人某项权利）Deconcentration分散Defense 辩护Degree of industry concentration 产业集中度Delineating the relevant market

14、界定有关市场Delivered price 交付价格Demand curve/schedule 需求曲线Demand elasticity 需求弹性Demand substitution需求替代Denying access 回绝进入Depression-era 经济大萧条时期Deregulation of industry 对产业的放松管制Dichotomy model 二分法Dictum 法官判决的附带意见Direct infringer 直接的侵权行为人Direct victim 直接受害人Directness of the injury 损害的直接性Discretion 自由裁量权Dis

15、criminatory allowance 歧视性的折让Dismiss 驳回（案件）Distribution channel 销售渠道Distribution cost 销售成本Distribution pattern 销售方式Diversified producer 多样化产品的制造商Divestiture decree 拆散的判决Divestiture or compulsory licensing of intellectual property 剥夺或者强制许可知识产权Doctrine of comity 礼让原则Dominant firm占市场支配地位的公司Dominant posi

16、tion 市场支配地位Downstream market 下游市场Drawing of the market boundary 界定市场范畴Due process 合法程序Duplicative recovery 双重补偿/追偿Duration of waiting period等待期间 Duration 持续期间Economy of scale 规模经济Effective competition 有效竞争Efficiency defense 效率抗辩Dlasticity of supply 供应弹性EEnd user 最后消费者End-use 终端使用Enforcement agency 执

17、行机构Enforcement guideline 执行指南Entrench dominance 加强市场支配地位Entry barrier 市场进入障碍/壁垒Entry condition进入市场的条件Entry fee 入会费，进入费Entry of the market 市场进入Equitable decree 衡平法上的判决Equitable relief 衡平法上的救济Equitable servitude on chattel 衡平法上的在动产上设定的地役权Essential facility 核心设施Bottleneck doctrine瓶颈理论Evade price contro

18、l 规避价格管制Evidentiary burden 举证责任Ex ante 事先Ex post 事后Excess capacity 过剩的生产能力Exchange assurance 互换承诺Exclude rival 排除竞争者Exclusionary act排她行为，排斥竞争行为Exclusionary conduct 排她行为Exclusionary purpose 排斥竞争的目的Exclusionary排她性的，排斥竞争性的Exclusive authority 专有权Exclusive dealing agreement 独家经销合同Exclusive dealing contra

19、ct 独家经销合同Exclusive dealing 排她性交易，独家交易Exclusive right 独占权Exclusive territorial arrangement 排她性的地区划分Exclusive territory 独占地区Exculpate 宣布无罪Exemption 豁免Exit of the market市场退出Explicit agreement / Express agreement 明示合同Express or tacit collusion 明示或默示的合谋 Extension of the waiting period 等待期的延长Extraterritor

20、ial reach 域外效力FFailing division defense 垂危部门抗辩Failing firm defense 垂危公司抗辩Federal merger guideline联邦合并指南Federal Trade Commission Act 联邦贸易委员会法Felony 重罪Field of use 应用范畴Finding 事实认定Fix price 固定价格Fix the price of patented goods on resale 固定专利产品的转售价格Fixed cost 固定成本Fixing of maximum resale price 固定最高转售价格F

21、oreign sovereign act 外国政府行为Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 外国主权豁免法Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvement Act 对外贸易反垄断改善法Forestalling 买断Forfeit asset 没收财产Forward integration 下游合并（与客户的合并）Fragmented industry 集中度很低的行业Franchise agreement 特许经营合同Franchised agent 有特许权的代理人Franchised agreement 特许经营合同Fraudulent p

22、rocurement of a patent 通过欺骗获得专利权Free-ride 搭便车Fringe supplier 潜在供货商Functional discount 功能折扣Future competition 潜在竞争GGame theory 博弈论Game-theoretic school 博弈论学派Generality 一般原则Geographic extension merger 地区扩大型合并Geographic market 地区市场Giant corporation 巨型公司Good faith 善意Good faith agency 善意的代理关系Grand jury 大

23、陪审团（12-25名陪审员）Group boycott 集体抵制/联合抵制Grouping buyer 集团化的买方Guideline 指南Guild customs 行会习惯HHart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act 哈特-斯科特-罗迪诺反垄断修订法Height of entry barrier 进入市场的障碍限度Herfindahl-Hirschman index 赫尔芬达-赫尔斯曼指数，赫氏指数Heterogeneous不同质的，异质的Huge barrier to entry and exit 进入和退出市场方面存在很大障碍Hobsons

24、choice 无选择余地Holder of a legal monopoly 合法垄断权人Holding company 控股公司Homogeneous同质的Horizontal alliance 横向联合Horizontal allocation of territory 横向地区分割Horizontal collaboration 横向联合Horizontal collusion横向合谋Horizontal market division 横向市场划分Horizontal merger guideline 横向合并指南Horizontal merger 横向合并Horizontal out

25、put restraint 横向产量限制Horizontal price-fixing arrangement 横向固定价格安排horizontal price-fixing conspiracy 横向固定价格的共谋Horizontal price-fixing 横向固定价格Horizontal restraint 横向限制Horizontal territorial division 横向地区划分House of Lords 上议院IIllegal per se 自身违法Illegal purpose 非法目的Illicit cooperation 不合法合伙Impair competiti

26、on 损害竞争Impairment of primary line competition 对第一级的损害Impediment to competition 阻碍竞争Imperative 命令，规则Implicit agreement 默示合同Implied contract 默示合同Impose a tie-in 强加附加合同Incompetence 无行为能力Individual license 个别许可Industrial concentration 产业集中Industrial organization economics 产业组织经济学Industrial Organization

27、Theory 产业组织理论Inference of monopoly power 垄断力量的干预Information exchange 信息互换Information sharing 信息分享Injunction 禁令Injunctive relief 禁令性救济Insurance coverage 保险范畴Intangible property rights 无形财产权Intellectual property rights 知识产权Intended victim 预期的受害人Intent to monopolize 垄断意图Interbrand competition 品牌之间的竞争in

28、terchangeability 可替代性Interfirm coordination 公司间的协调行为Interlocking director 连锁董事/共同董事Interlocking directorate 连锁董事Internal expansion 内部扩张Interstate commerce 州际贸易Intrabrand competition 品牌内的竞争/同一商标销售商之间的竞争Investment return投资回报Invitation to collude 引诱进行共同犯罪行为Invitation to withhold immunity 祈求撤销豁免Ipso fac

29、to 根据事实自身Issue of security 证券发行JJoint arrangement 联合安排Joint horizontal action横向联合行为Joint venture 合营公司Judicial construction 司法解释Judicial discretion 法官的自由裁量权Jurisdictional holes 管辖权漏洞Jurisdictional reach 管辖范畴Jurisdictional restriction 管辖权的限制Jury 陪审团Jury verdict 陪审团的裁决Justice Department 美国联邦司法部Justice

30、Departments Antitrust Division 联邦司法部的反垄断局KKnow-how 专有技术Knowing 明知LLaissez faize 自由放任（的经济政策）Legal viability 法律上的根据Legitimate end 合法的目的Less demanding liability test 非强制性责任原则Lessee 承租人Lessor 出租人Letters patent 专利许可证，专利特权许可证Leverage theory 杠杆理论Leveraging 杠杆作用Licensee 被许可人License-prescribed price 专利许可合同中规

31、定的价格Limitation period 时效期限Limited antitrust dispensation 有限的反垄断豁免Listed price 目录价格Litigant 诉讼（参与）人Litigation outcome 诉讼成果Local price-cutting 地方性价格折让Location clause 限定地区的条款Lock-in buyer 既有的买方MMake restitution 恢复原状Managerial compensation管理人员的报酬Managerial displacement 管理层的更换Mandated 强制性的Mandatory 强制性的M

32、arginal cost 边际成本Marginal revenue 边际收益Marginal utility 边际效用Market allocation agreement /covenant /scheme 分割市场的合同Market allocation 市场分割Market behavior市场行为Market characterized by interdependence 以竞争者之间的互相依赖为特性的市场Market concentration 市场集中Market control 市场支配力Market definition市场界定Market failure 市场失灵Marke

33、t performance 市场行为Market power measurement 市场支配力的测量market power市场支配力Market share 市场份额Market structure 市场构造Market trend 市场趋势Marketing arrangement 营销合同Marketing strategy 营销方略Market-rigging practice 操纵市场的做法Maximum price-fixing 固定最高价格Maximum resale price maintenance 维持最高转售价格Measure of cost 成本测量Measureme

34、nt and assignment of cost 成本的测定和分摊Measurement yardstick衡量原则Menace to competition 对竞争的威胁Mephistophelean pact 恶魔的合同，指对任何一方均无好处的合同Merger and acquisition 合并和收购Merger guideline 合并指南Mergers to Monopoly 垄断性兼并Microeconomics 微观经济学Middleman profit 中间人利润Minimum price clause 最低价格条款Minimum resale price 最低转售价格Min

35、imum Sherman Act fine 违背谢尔曼法的最低罚款额度Minimum threshold 最低原则Misallocation of resource 资源错误配备Misrepresentation 虚假陈述Misuse of private economic power 滥用私人经济势力Misuse of resource 资源的滥用Monetary relief 金钱救济Monopolist 独占者Monopolistic competition垄断竞争Monopolization 垄断化Monopoly power 垄断力Monopoly pricing 垄断性定价Mono

36、poly 垄断Monopsony 买主独家垄断/买方垄断Most favored nation clause 最惠国条款Motivation 动机Moving party 动议方，提出祈求的一方Multicount indictment 数罪并告Multi-factored reasonableness test 考虑多种因素的合理原则Multiple patent 多重专利权Mutually accommodating behavior 互相协调行为NNaked price fixing 赤裸裸的固定价格行为Naked restraint 赤裸裸的限制National Association

37、 of Attorney General （NAAG）全国检察长协会Natural monopoly 自然垄断Net revenue 净利润No rule school 无规则学派No-fault monopolization 无过错的垄断化Non-binding 无法律约束力的Non-binding guideline 没有法律约束力的指南Noncontractual restraint 非合同的限制Non-efficiency aim 非效率目的Nonexclusive license 非独占许可Nonexclusive 非独占性的Non-horizontal meger 非横向合并Non

38、patented product 非专利的产品Nonprice competition 非价格竞争Nonprice distribution restraint 非价格方面的分销限制Nonprice restriction 非价格限制Nonprice vertical restraints 非价格的纵向限制Nonstatutory exemption 非法定的豁免Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 1932年诺里斯-拉格尔迪阿法Notify 申报OOligopolistic interdependence 垄断寡头间的互相依赖Oligopolistic market st

39、ructure 寡头垄断的市场构造Oligopoly 寡头垄断 卖方垄断Open competition 公开竞争Operating cost 交易成本Opportunity cost 机会成本Outlaw 宣布为非法Output 产出Overt cartel 公开的卡特尔PPackage of service 一揽子服务Parallel behavior 协同的行为Parallel pricing 协同定价Parens patriae 政府监护Partial per se standard 不完全的自身违法原则Patented product 专利产品Patentee 专利权人Pecunia

40、ry gain 金钱收益Pecuniary loss 金钱损失Pecuniary reward 金钱报酬Per se illegality 自身违法Per se rule 自身违法规则Per se rule of nonliability 自身无责任的原则Perfect competition 完全竞争Perfectly contestable market 完善的竞争市场Performance test 行为原则Permissive test 任意性原则Personal jurisdiction 属人管辖权Pertinent information 有关的信息Plant specializa

41、tion 生产专业化Plea 辩解Plea agreement （经法庭批准，被告为避免受到较重的惩罚与控诉人达到的）认罪合同Plus factor 附加因素 Point-of-sale 销售点pool the patent 共享专利权Pooled patent 同源专利Positive trait 好处Post-acquisition收购之后的Post-acquisition market share 收购后的市场份额Post-merger market 兼并之后市场Post-merger market share 兼并后市场份额Potential competition doctrine

42、潜在竞争理论Potential entrant 潜在的市场进入者Precedent 判例Predation claim 波及掠夺性定价的祈求Predatory conduct 掠夺性行为Predatory price 掠夺性价格Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价Predatory tactics 掠夺性的经营方略Predictability 可预期性Preemption 优先权Preferential rate 优惠价Premerger notification 合并前的申报Prevail 胜诉Price and non-price restraint 价格限制与非价格限制Pric

43、e concession 价格折让Price discrimination 价格歧视Price fixing 固定价格Price offer 报价Price structure 价格构造Price uniformity 价格联盟Price verification 价格核查Price-fixing cartel 固定价格的卡特尔price-fixing license 固定价格的许可price-sensitive buyer 对价格敏感的购买者Price-setting arrangement 拟定价格的安排Price-shading firm 产品价格不明朗的公司Price-taker 价格

44、接受者Pricing agreement价格合同pricing behavior定价行为Prima facie 初步印象，初步证据，表面证据Prima facie case of illegality 初步推定违法的案件Prima facie violation 以初步证据可认定违法Primary line injury 第一级损害（对卖方的竞争者的损害）Primary line liability 第一级损害的责任Prison term 监禁期限Private antitrust action 私人反垄断诉讼Private attorney general 私人检察长（出庭为每个公民实行公共

45、权力的个人）Private monopoly 私人垄断Private treble damage claim 私人三倍损害补偿祈求Private treble damage action私人三倍损害补偿之诉Probation 缓刑Procompetitive consequence 支持竞争的后果product differentiation 产品辨别，产品差别Product extension merger 生产扩大型合并Product heterogeneity 产品的异质性Product homogeneity 产品的同质性 Product innovation产品革新Product m

46、arket 产品市场Production quota 生产配额Productive efficiency 生产效率Profit margin利润幅度Profit-maximization 利润最大化Profit-maximizing price可以实现最大利润的价格Profit-pooling agreement 分享利润的合同Proviso 但书Public interest 公共利益Public policy 公共政策Public price announcement 公开报价Public utility 公用事业Pure conglomerate transaction 纯混合合并QQu

47、ality control 质量控制Quasi-public monopoly 准国家垄断RRadical price cut 大幅度削价Reasonable and prudent person 理性人Reasonable interchangeability 合理的可替代性Reasonableness test 合理性原则Reciprocal dealing 互惠性交易Recoupment test 补偿原则Recover damage 追偿损害补偿，得到补偿Redeeming virtue 可弥补其局限性之处的功能Refusal to deal 回绝交易Regrating 囤积居奇Rei

48、mburse 补偿Relaxation of antimerger standard 反合并原则的松动Relevant geographic market 有关地理市场Relevant market 有关市场Relevant product market 有关产品市场Remand the case for further finding 将案件发回下级法院规定进一步的审查Remand to the trial court 将案件送回下级法院Remedy 救济Rent-seeking 寻租Resale margin 转售商品中的赚头Resale price maintenance 维持转售价格

49、Rescission of completed transaction撤销已完毕的交易Resource allocation 资源配备Resource misallocation资源的错误配备Restrict output限制产量Restrictive agreement/ covenant 限制竞争合同Restrictive distribution contract 限制销售合同Restrictive leasing 限制性的租赁Restrictive provision 限制性条款Retail market 零售市场Retail price 零售价格Retail price-fixing

50、 clause 固定零售价格的条款Revenue 收益Rival 竞争对手rivalry test 竞争行为原则Robinson-Patman Act 罗宾逊-帕特曼法Royalty 专利使用费RPM(Resale price maintenance)转售价格维持Rule of per se legality 自身合法的原则Rule of reason criteria 合理原则的原则Rule of reason 合理原则Rule of reason/a reasonableness test 合理性原则SScale economy 规模经济Scrutiny 审查Seal of approva

51、l 认证原则Secondary line injury 第二级损害（对买方的竞争者的损害）Selective price concession 选择性的价格优惠Selective price cut 选择性削价Self-correct market abuse 可通过市场自行纠正的滥用行为Self-interest 自身利益Seller concentration 卖方集中Separate entity 互相独立的实体Set aside 撤销Severe liability rule 严格责任原则sham conduct 欺骗性行为Sherman Act 谢尔曼法Spillover of co

52、st 成本的溢出Spoken assurance 口头承诺Stabilize price 固定价格Standard contract 原则合同Standardization 生产原则化Standing （起诉）资格State attorney general 州检察长Status quo 现状Statutory combination 法定的联合Statutory defense 法定的抗辩Stock ownership 股份所有权structural approach 市场构造原则Structural criteria/approach 构造原则Structural filter schoo

53、l 构造过滤学派Structural model 构造模式Structural rule 构造性规则，即根据市场构造认定合法性Structural School 构造主义Structural screen 市场构造的审查Structuralist school市场构造学派Structure of an industry产业构造Structure-conduct-performance model 构造-行为-绩效模型，按照市场构造、市场行为和市场运营状况认定市场与否具有竞争性的方式Structured rule of reason standard 构造性的合理原则 Subcontractor

54、 分包商Subdue rival 排挤竞争对手Submarket 亚市场/子市场Substantive merger standard 有关合并的实体原则Substantive provision 实体性的规范Substantive 实体性的Substitutable可替代的Substitute替代Summarily condemned 当即就可以认定违法Summary condemnation 当即宣布有罪Summary dismissal 当场驳回Summary procedure 简易程序Sunk cost 沉没成本Supply and demand elasticity 供应和需求弹性

55、Supply substitution 供应方面的可替代性Supracompetitive pricing 较竞争条件下更为有利的定价Supernormal returns 超额利润TTacit agreement 秘密合同Tacit collusion 心照不宣的协调Tacit coordination 秘密协调/默示协调Takeover 兼并Target firm 目的公司Territorial division 地区划分Territorial or customer restriction 地区或客户的限制Tertiary line injury 第三级损害（对买方的顾客的损害）Test

56、imony of a participant-turned-informer 由参与人变为揭发人而揭发的证据Threatened loss or damage 也许会引起的损失或损害Tied product 搭售的产品（逼迫购买的产品）Tie-in condition 附加条件Tie-ins搭售Toehold firm 有一定优势的微型公司Total cost 所有成本Trade association 贸易协会Trade restraint 贸易限制Transaction cost economics 交易成本经济学Transaction cost交易成本Transaction freque

57、ncy 交易频率transportation barrier 交通障碍Treble damage 三倍损害补偿Trial attorney 专门出庭办理诉讼案件的律师Trial court 初审法院Truncated or “quick look” version of the rule of reason简化了的或者迅速的合理原则Trust 托拉斯，即达到可以操纵一种行业的组合Tying arrangement 搭售合同/搭售安排Tying clause 搭售条款Tying market 搭售市场（被搭售产品所在的市场）Tying product 被搭售产品Tying 搭售UUnauthor

58、ized use 未经授权的使用，擅自使用Uncommitted entrant 可自由进入的公司Unfair practice 不合法行为 Uniform price cut 统一削价Unilateral conduct 单方行为Unilateral refusal to deal 单方回绝交易Universal service 基本服务Unlawful per se 自身违法Unreasonable restraints of trade/ Undue restraint 不合理的贸易限制Upstream market 上游市场VVerdict 陪审团裁决，正式判决Verification and exchange of price by direct rival 直接竞争者之间有关价格信息的核查与互换Vertical conspiracy 纵向合谋Vertical integration 纵向联合Vertical merger 纵向合并Vertical price-fixing 纵向限价，即固定转售价格Vertical relationship 纵向关系Vertical restraint 纵向限制Vertical territorial allocati