全国英语专业大学生学术论文写作教程

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1、Part 1Elements included in the graduation thesisCover (毕业论文封面)Acknowledgement（致谢）（可选）Abstract and key words(毕业论文英文摘要及关键词)摘要及关键词(毕业论文中文摘要及关键词)Contents (目录)Body (正文)References/works cited/bibliography(参考文献)Appendix (附录)（可选）1实用精品课件PPTQuality of graduation thesis Be precise and accurate definitions Be c

2、areful and clear in establishing links between ideas,evidence and judgments Take care to distinguish facts from opinions Be objective rather than emotional or rhetorical Be logical in sequence and structure Contain references to other work to show where evidence and ideas have come from At least 5,0

3、00 words2实用精品课件PPT Part 2 Finding a topicFinding a topicAssess your prior interest and knowledge.Have a quick overview of the courses you have already taken in previous semesters to see if there is anything that appeals to you particularly.Talk with as many teachers and students as you can to see wh

4、at suggestions they might have for refining your topic.“from zero to one”3实用精品课件PPTNarrowing the topic Creating a good titlebig or general topicsspecific,manageable topicsExamplesGeneral:The American Civil WarRestricted:Causes of the Victory of the NorthMore restricted:The Support Given to the Union

5、 Army by the People The topic chosen:Black Soldiers in the Union Army几个要点可以帮助你确定选题：选题应该有意义，有新意，观点正确、明确；选题应在个人能力可及范围之内；确定选题之前，对该选题所涉及的资料有充分的了解；通过对该选题论证和分析，能得出较客观公正的结论。4实用精品课件PPTField researchField research is the basic means of gathering information in fields such as sociology,anthropology,psychology

6、 and etc.It can be carried out in three ways:ObservingInterviewing Using questionnaires5实用精品课件PPTField research -Using questionnaires A list of questions designed to collect responses that can be analyzed for useful information Advantages：A much larger number of people;economic,efficient and anonymo

7、usDeveloping questionnaires Title:showing the focus of the studyIntroduction:stating the purpose of the questionnaire and how you intend to use the results;advice on answering the questions and the amount of time needed to complete it.Questions:open questions and closed questions6实用精品课件PPT You can i

8、nclude the results in the text of your paper or develop a table to make it easier for your readers to scan the results.In your report,you may want to include the following:I.Description of the study(context,purpose,subjects)II.Procedures of the study(designing the questionnaire,selecting the readers

9、,administering the questionnaire,summarizing the results)III.Interpretation of the results,summary and discussionPresenting the results of questionnaire7实用精品课件PPTKeeping track of your research Advice It helps you locate the sources while doing research and document the sources when you are writing t

10、he paper.What should be emphasized here is that you should keep records while doing the research instead of trying to reconstruct them afterwards.8实用精品课件PPTKeeping track of your research For Newspaper/Magazine/Journal ArticlesA u t h o r o f a r t i c l e;T i t l e o f a r t i c l e;T i t l e o f Ne

11、wspaper/Magazine/Journal ArticlesVolume number卷名;Issue number期号;Date of issue发行日期Inclusive page numbers(from page#to page#)文章首页号和尾页号;Library(and floor)where the Newspaper/Magazine/Journal is located9实用精品课件PPTExtract /Excerpt“extract”更强调一些有推理过程的摘录，提取精粹的意思多点更强调一些有推理过程的摘录，提取精粹的意思多点“excerpt”应该是直接摘录，引用的意

12、思多一点应该是直接摘录，引用的意思多一点Quotation引语Comment个人评述Paraphrase阐释Summary概要Keeping track of your research10实用精品课件PPTPart 3Outlining Structure of a paper Generally speaking,the structure of a paper consists of three parts:Introduction Body Conclusion11实用精品课件PPTOutlining Introduction It sometimes provides some ba

13、ckground information so that the reader can follow what you are going to discuss in the paper.It may also inform the reader of the methods you will use to deal with the subject.The introduction part has no fixed length.In a students paper,it usually contains one or two paragraphs,but it could be as

14、long as one or two pages,depending on how long and complicated the paper is.12实用精品课件PPTOutlining Body The body is the main part of a paper and contains all the ideas and the major and minor supporting details.In a longer piece of academic writing,such as a book,the body may comprise more than one ch

15、apter.13实用精品课件PPTOutliningConclusion The conclusion,usually consisting of one or several paragraphs,brings the paper to a logical and satisfactory end.It restates the thesis,summarizes the main ideas,suggests solutions to the questions discussed,or indicates the significance of your study.14实用精品课件PP

16、TOutlining In most cases,thesis statement is an important part of the introduction.For writing a longer academic paper,you are strongly advised to put your thesis statement in the introduction part and make it explicit.In addition,please keep in mind that your thesis statement can always be revised

17、and reformulated during drafting and revising when you think it is necessary.Formulating the thesis statement(中心论点或主题句)15实用精品课件PPTOutlining topic outline:phrases Outline sentence outline:sentenceTypes of outline16实用精品课件PPTPart 4 Contents of introduction第一层:Introducing the importance of the research

18、area and reviewing previous research第二层:Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous,raising a relevant question第三层:Specifying the purpose of your research17实用精品课件PPTSample introduction An introduction to a linguistic thesis on pragmatic metaphor18实用精品课件PPTThe word metaphor is from th

19、e ancient Greek verb metapherein,and means,“to carry over,transfer”.In rhetoric,metaphor is a trope in which one thing is spoken of as if it were some other thing.In natural language,metaphor is so ubiquitous that scholars,who study language and cognition,have come to recognize that no understanding

20、 of language is complete without an adequate account of metaphor.These metaphors provide expressions for experiences and concepts for which literal language seems insufficient,thereby increasing the range of articulation possible within the language.19实用精品课件PPTMetaphor has been studied in many disci

21、plines and from many perspectives since Aristotle.Generally speaking,metaphor has been studied mainly at the lexical level of the language.Since the 1980s,scholars have started to examine the phenomenon at the grammatical level,i.e.“grammatical metaphor”(Halliday,1994).Halliday has the comment:“Ther

22、e is a strong grammatical element in rhetorical transference;and once we have recognized this we find that there is also such a thing as grammatical metaphor,where the variation is essentially in the grammatical forms although often entailing some lexical variation as well”(1994:341-342).20实用精品课件PPT

23、 The continuation of metaphors through the ages,across cultures and pervasive existence at different levels of language indicates that the metaphorical use of language is not limited to the lexical or grammatical level and is a multi-level phenomenon in language communication.The present paper attem

24、pts to apply recent theories of linguistics,systemic functional linguistics in particular,to the analysis of metaphorical use of language at the pragmatical level,i.e.“pragmatic metaphor”.The paper will first define“pragmatic metaphor”and then examine two major kinds of pragmatic metaphor:dysphemist

25、ic metaphors and euphemistic metaphors.21实用精品课件PPT1.The definition of metaphor and its function in rhetoric,etc.2.The previous study of metaphor at different levels.3.The purpose of the present study and its focus.An analysis of components in the introduction22实用精品课件PPTSample 1The organization of an

26、 introduction23实用精品课件PPT 元认知策略是为了成功学习一门语言而元认知策略是为了成功学习一门语言而采用的管理步骤，包括采用的管理步骤，包括选择注意、计划与安选择注意、计划与安排、评价排、评价（Oxford 1990:20）。这种自我管）。这种自我管理策略对学习成绩的提高和自主学习的培养理策略对学习成绩的提高和自主学习的培养起着非常重要的作用。而对外语学习者进行起着非常重要的作用。而对外语学习者进行元认知策略培训被认为是提高策略使用水平、元认知策略培训被认为是提高策略使用水平、自 主 学 习 能 力 和 学 习 成 绩 的 有 效 途 径自 主 学 习 能 力 和 学 习 成

27、 绩 的 有 效 途 径（OMalley&Chamot 1990：184-86）。）。24实用精品课件PPT 在过去的二十年里，国内外对于元认知策略的在过去的二十年里，国内外对于元认知策略的研究日益增多，其中著名研究者有研究日益增多，其中著名研究者有Chamot(1987)，OMalley&Chamot(1990)，Oxford(1990)，Wenden(1991,1999)，Green&Oxford(1995)，Dreyer&Oxford(1996)，Park 1997)，文秋芳，文秋芳(1996)，文秋芳和王海啸，文秋芳和王海啸(1996)，李炯英，李炯英(2002)，王笃勤王笃勤(200

28、2)，刘彗君，刘彗君(2004)。这些研究结果不尽。这些研究结果不尽相同，但基本都认为学习成功者和不成功者之间相同，但基本都认为学习成功者和不成功者之间的元认知策略使用存在差异且该策略与学习成绩的元认知策略使用存在差异且该策略与学习成绩具有相关性。具有相关性。25实用精品课件PPT 尽管成就斐然，但与其他学习策略的研究相比尽管成就斐然，但与其他学习策略的研究相比较，元认知策略的研究仍处于较低的水平，而对较，元认知策略的研究仍处于较低的水平，而对外语学习者的元认知策略培训则更为少见，进行外语学习者的元认知策略培训则更为少见，进行过培训研究的主要有下列学者：过培训研究的主要有下列学者：OMalle

29、y&Chamot(1990)，Oxford(1990)，Wenden(1991)，Weaver&Cohen(1997)，Cohen(1998)，纪康丽，纪康丽(2002)，吕长弘，吕长弘(2001)，苏远连，苏远连(2003)，杨坚定，杨坚定(2003)，张彦君，张彦君(2004)。上述培训多为讲座或短期。上述培训多为讲座或短期集中训练，迄今为止还没有专门针对英语学习不集中训练，迄今为止还没有专门针对英语学习不成功者的为期较长的元认知策略培训。成功者的为期较长的元认知策略培训。26实用精品课件PPTThe Components of an Introduction1.A brief of MS

30、 and MS training2.A brief of the study on MS3.A brief of the research done on MS training4.Limitation of the previous training(The Chinese introduction)27实用精品课件PPTSample 2The organization of an introduction28实用精品课件PPT Jane Eyre is the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte.Published in 1847,the novel took

31、the general reading public by storm with its superficial-ly romantic love story combined with a tragic tale of the madwoman locked in the attic.From then on,it has received extensive comments.29实用精品课件PPT Nevertheless,the image of madwoman,Bertha Mason is neglected by most of the scholars for a long

32、time while the image of Jane,a self-respecting,decisive,young woman who struggles for independence and claims equal treatment and rights from the male-dominated society is the focus of the public comments and criticism.Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre is the madwoman being locked in the attic in Thornfield

33、.All we learn about her is from Rochesters account.She has been deprived of the right and opportunity to speak for and defend herself.30实用精品课件PPT However in recent years,under the impetus of the feminist movement and criticism,the image of madwoman in Jane Eyre has come to arouse more and more inter

34、est and atten-tion.Some critics hold that the image of madwoman serves only as accessories in pushing forward the plot;some see it as a proof that the novel Jane Eyre bears some characteristics of the Gothic Novel;some advise that this madwoman is the“animal”aspects of womanhood;some even put forwar

35、d that the madwoman is another suppressed Jane Eyre.The analysis of this madwoman never comes to an end.31实用精品课件PPT This paper will focus on this mysterious and pitiful madwoman aiming to show that she is deserted by the male-dominated world and serves as a social victim in the novel,and find the au

36、thors feminine voice implied in the novel.What is more,this paper will discuss the limitations of this madwoman.Although Bertha Masons miserable position deserves our sympathy,she is not a praised figure in the novel.She has her own limitations.And her own limitations,to some extent,cause her failur

37、e in struggling for self-recognition.So this paper not only focuses on Bertha Masons miserable position and desperate struggles but also on her limitations.32实用精品课件PPTThe Components of the Introduction1.a brief comment of the novel2.A comment on the character treated3.The previous research into the

38、character4.The purpose and focus of the study33实用精品课件PPTPart 5 Development of body 毕业论文常用的几种毕业论文常用的几种基本结构形式基本结构形式34实用精品课件PPT毕业论文常用的几种基本结构形式毕业论文常用的几种基本结构形式总提分述总提分述先分论后总论先分论后总论总提、分述、总论总提、分述、总论推进式推进式35实用精品课件PPT总提分述总提分述 第一层次第一层次第二层次第三层次第四层次先提出中心论点，然后分别从几个方面去论证，阐明先提出中心论点，然后分别从几个方面去论证，阐明中心论点中心论点 总提总提 分述分述

39、36实用精品课件PPT先分论后总论第四第四层次层次第一层次第二层次第三层次从几个方面比较分析，然后归纳起来得出结论37实用精品课件PPT总提、分述、总论总提、分述、总论 总提总提 分述分述 总论总论 第二层次第二层次 第一层次第一层次 第三层次第三层次 第五层次第五层次 第四层次第四层次 总提、分述、总论三者兼而有之总提、分述、总论三者兼而有之38实用精品课件PPT推进式推进式第五层次第五层次解决问题解决问题(得出结论得出结论)第四层次第四层次找出症结找出症结第三层次第三层次分析原因分析原因第二层次第二层次叙述现象叙述现象第一层次第一层次提出问题提出问题39实用精品课件PPTPart 6Wri

40、ting of conclusion 结语应是论文最后的总体结语，主要反映论文的目的、结语应是论文最后的总体结语，主要反映论文的目的、解决问题及最后的结论。解决问题及最后的结论。结语启迪新思想。给读者留有思考的余地，让读者动结语启迪新思想。给读者留有思考的余地，让读者动脑，寻找在现实生活中可运用论文观点的场合。脑，寻找在现实生活中可运用论文观点的场合。写出适合自己论文题目与内容的结语。写出适合自己论文题目与内容的结语。40实用精品课件PPTStrategies used in the writing of conclusion 综合要点得出结论法 解决问题提出建议法 重申论点预测未来法41实用

41、精品课件PPT Example 1 42实用精品课件PPT Pride and Prejudice successfully portrays a succession of women images,or rather their marriages.The first kind of marriage like Lydias was constructed on sex and impulse of feeling.It was not strange that Lydia who had no luck in her life should choose this kind of mar

42、riage for the 18th century was a time in favor of senses.The second kind of marriage like the one between Charlotte and Collins was based on a fortune.43实用精品课件PPT Because there was no life security for women in that society,they were not able to support themselves without a fortune.Thus women consid

43、ered marriage their only hope of security.The third kind of marriage was Darcy and Elizabeths marriage.They got married not only out of the sense,but also out of their deep affections.There was love,romance and happiness in their marriage.The same was true of the marriage between Jane and Bingley.44

44、实用精品课件PPT Through Lydia and Charlotte,Jane and Elizabeth,Jane Austin in the novel reveals her ideal on marriage.The social position and money are not the only standard to measure a successful marriage,love is also a very important element to be considered in an ideal marriage.It is true of the past,

45、and probably now and the future.45实用精品课件PPT Example 2 46实用精品课件PPT In teaching children English,interest is essential.In order to arouse and keep childrens interest in English,teachers must,according to childs psychological characteristics,use various methods and create a happy environment for childr

46、en to learn English and enjoy themselves at the same time.47实用精品课件PPT Teachers could create a pleasant,relaxed and even completing situation by asking students to use English at a specific time and place such as English day,story telling corner,poetry reading and spelling competition.These various a

47、ctivities in and out of class can help create some situations in which imagination,humor and enthusiasm are mixed to make an attractive lesson successfully and to arouse students interest in order to lead them to learn English better.48实用精品课件PPT Teachers could be very creative in teaching children E

48、nglish by making good use of both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation and converting childrens extrinsic motivation into the intrinsic one so as to promote their development in study.49实用精品课件PPT Example 350实用精品课件PPT From the ancient time to the present,the Chinese diet and the western diet

49、 have their own ways of development;as a result,they have developed their own food features and shown their different dietary cultures.The Chinese food stresses more on“seasoning”while the western food focuses more on scientific and nourishing composition.51实用精品课件PPT However,in recent years,with mor

50、e communication of international cultures,it follows that China and the west would learn from each other for a better future of nutritional and healthy system of food.From the comparison of the dietary cultures in many aspects,not only foreigners know more about the culture of China,but the Chinese

51、people are also acquainted with the social life of the west.As it goes on,the dietary culture communication will have the tendency of dietary harmonization.52实用精品课件PPTPart 7Drafting,revision and proofreading Drafting撰写初稿 若用英文些论文，写第一稿时不必拘泥于英语语法、拼写等语言问题，注意力应集中在表达思想上。提纲越详细，初稿越容易写。初稿中应将拟引用的材料全部写上，但是内容安排

52、可能随时需作更改，而更改有可能影响引用材料的位置，因此编号的工作留到后面去做。53实用精品课件PPT Revision修改初稿 写二稿时应再次检查论文结构。检查论文结构是否易于读者抓住要点；内容表达是否清晰连贯。写第二稿时应注意提高语言质量，改正语法错误，注意遣词造句。必要时可重写某些段落。写第二稿时，论文中引用哪些资料已经基本确定，此时可以编制文献参考资料目录。若论文的组织结构不再做任何改动，可谓引用材料分别顺次编号，并将引用材料的出处按照顺序排列，编制尾注。54实用精品课件PPT写第三稿时应再次检查语法、用词、拼写以及标点符号；检查引语编号是否有遗漏。至此论文基本就绪，只需最后润色、定稿。

53、55实用精品课件PPTPart 8Writing the abstractWriting the abstract56实用精品课件PPTWhat is an abstract?An abstract is a short description,or an accurate condensation,of the contents of a piece of writing.An abstract has similarity with a prcis,proposal,synopsis,or a summary.57实用精品课件PPTMajor types of abstracts1.Des

54、criptive2.Informative58实用精品课件PPTDescriptive abstracts usually describe what the paper is about,the topic,purpose,scope,and method of the paper.It helps the reader to decide if they will read the paper.But it usually does not offer information about details of results,conclusions or recommendations.5

55、9实用精品课件PPTInformative abstracts are usually longer than descriptive abstracts.They are usually written after the research or the paper has been finished.They not only describe the topic,purpose,scope and the method of the research or the paper,but also provide the information about results,conclusio

56、ns,or recommendations.60实用精品课件PPTIn theory,abstracts are classified into descriptive and informative.In practice,these two types of writing techniques can be used in one abstract.Such an abstract is called descriptive-informative abstract.61实用精品课件PPTMain components of an abstract1.Purpose or scope o

57、f the paper;2.Method of writing or method of the research discussed in the paper;3.Results,conclusions and/or recommendations.62实用精品课件PPT For a BA thesis,an abstract is usually 200-300 words.The abstract is numbered in Roman,not in Arabic numerals.Abstracts should contain no quotations or tables,use

58、 no acronyms and figures,and must be self-contained.The length of an abstract 63实用精品课件PPTKey words 关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容的单词或术语。一般每篇论文应选取35个词作为关键词，关键词间用分号分隔，并按Tab键空格。最后一个词后不打标点符号。以显著的字符排在摘要的下方。64实用精品课件PPTA sample abstract of pragmatic metaphor65实用精品课件PPT Metaphor is commonly known as the use

59、 of a word or phrase denoting one kind of idea or object in place of another word or phrase for the purpose of suggesting a likeness between the two.The present paper attempts to apply recent theories of linguistics,systemic functional linguistics in particular,to the analysis of metaphorical use of

60、 language at the pragmatical level,i.e.“pragmatic metaphor”.The paper will first gives a definition of “pragmatic metaphor”and then examine two major kinds of pragmatic metaphor:dysphemistic metaphors and euphemistic metaphors.66实用精品课件PPTDysphemistic metaphor means the use of good-sounding,positive

61、and polite language with an intention to express attitudes of disrespect towards the listener or audience in the communication.Euphemistic metaphor,on the contrary,refers to the use of aggressive,impolite and irregular language with good,friendly and even affectionate feelings from the speaker.67实用精

62、品课件PPTThe major argument developed in the analysis is that everyday language is thoroughly suffused with metaphors and that this metaphorical use of language exists at different levels of language,lexical,grammatical and pragmatic.They are all pragmatic strategies in communication.68实用精品课件PPTAn anal

63、ysis of the components in the abstract1.Definition of metaphor2.Purpose of the paper3.Focus of the research4.(Definitions of two terms)5.Findings or conclusion69实用精品课件PPTA sample abstract of a literature work70实用精品课件PPTSince the publication of Charlotte Brontes masterpiece Jane Eyre in 1847 it has r

64、eceived a great deal of criticism.In recent years,under the impetus of the feminist movement,Bertha Mason-the madwoman in the novel has become the center of many scholars attention.Writing the abstract71实用精品课件PPTBertha Mason in the novel is the madwoman being confined in the attic at Thornfield.Befo

65、re her marriage,she has been a beautiful noble lady.Different critics have different views on her madness.However this paper doesnt concentrate on what caused her madness or how her madness is defined by the men-centered society just as many scholars have been doing.This paper mainly focuses on Roch

66、esters treatment and attitude toward her wifes madness,Berthas struggle for self-recognition,and Bertha Masons own limitations in her character.72实用精品课件PPTThrough the analysis of this madwoman,this paper concludes that Bertha,like most other women of her time,is a victim.Her laugh is the utterance of a suffering spirit;her attack is a womans rebellious impulse;and her death is a symbol of the womens unwilling to submit to the man-centered world.But Bertha is not a praised figure.She has her own