研究生下补充课文翻译及习题.doc

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1、A Beautiful Mind1 John Forbes Nash, Jr. mathematical genius, inventor of a theory of rationed behavior, visionary of the thinking machinehad been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only

2、 May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over his unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag dolls, his finely molded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot

3、 immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey final

4、ly could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you message? How could you believe th

5、at you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you?”小约翰 福布斯 纳什，数学天才、理性行为理论创立者、预见会思考的机器出现的预言者，已经和他的同样是数学家的来访者一起坐了差不多半个小时.那是1959年春季一个工作日的傍晚时分，虽然才是5 月，天气却很热，令人不太舒服。纳什颓然坐在医院会客室一角的扶手椅上，身上随意穿着的那件尼龙衬衫，松松垮垮地盖在他没有系皮带的长裤上。他的魁梧身躯现在就像一个布娃娃一样缺乏活力，他的线条优美细致的五官没有任何表情。他一直目光呆滞地盯着哈佛

6、教授乔治 麦基左脚前方不远的地方，除了一次次重复着将垂在前额的略长的黑发拨开的动作，他几乎一动不动。麦基正襟危坐，被沉默压得透不过气来，并且非常清楚地意识到会客室的所有门都锁上了。麦基再也控制不住自己。他尽量使语气温和，但听上去仍有些愠怒。“你，一个数学家，”他开始说道，“一个致力于研究理性和逻辑证明的人，怎么能相信外星人正在给你发送消息呢？怎么能相信你被来自太空的外星人选中要来拯救世界呢？怎么能” 2 Nash looked up at last and fixed Mackey with an unblinking stare as cool and dispassionate as th

7、at of any bird or snake. “Because,” Nash said slowly in his soft, reasonable southern drawl, as if talking to himself, “the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that my mathematical ideas did. So I took them seriously.”纳什终于抬起头，用类似某种鸟类或者蛇一样冰冷而不动声色的目光，紧紧盯着麦基。“因为，”他慢慢地回答，带着温和适度

8、的南方人特有的慢条斯理的语气，好像自言自语一般，“我的有关超自然生物的想法出现在我的脑海里的方式，是和我的数学思想一样的，所以我会认真对待。” 3 The young genius from Bluefield, West Virginiahandsome, arrogant, and highly eccentricburst onto the mathematical scene in 1948. Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its d

9、ark anxieties about mankinds survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century”. Games of strategy, economic rivalry, computer architecture, the shape of the universe, the geometry of imaginary spa

10、ces, the mystery of prime numbersall engaged his wide-ranging imagination. His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions. 这个来自西弗吉尼亚州布卢菲尔德的年轻天才英俊、傲慢，而且非常古怪在1948 年闯入数学界。在接下来的十年，在那既以对人类理性抱有无上信念而著称，又以对人类生存怀有无尽忧虑而闻名的十年，纳什，用知名几何学家米克哈尔 格罗莫夫的话说，证明

11、了自己是“20 世纪后半叶最杰出的数学家”。策略博弈、经济竞争、计算机建筑学、宇宙的形状、虚构空间的几何学、素数的神秘，都是他广阔的想象力涉猎的领域。他的想法属于那种非常深奥而又完全出人意料的类型，无疑会推动科学思考进入新的方向。 4 Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark

12、. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue”. Nashs genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences

13、: It wasnt merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionist Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Rammanujan Nash s

14、aw the vision first; constructing the laborious proofs long afterward. But even after hed try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried to follow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950s, used to sa

15、y about him that “everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a path somewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak”.数学家保罗 哈莫斯写道，天才“分为两种：一种就像我们大家一样，只是更为出色；另一种则是那些明显具备超凡人类灵感的人。我们都能跑步，有些人还能在四分钟内跑

16、完一英里；但是我们大多数人所做的一切无论如何也无法与谱写出小调赋格曲相提并论”。纳什的天分就属于那种常与音乐和艺术而非与最古老的科学紧密相连的神奇异禀。这不仅仅是指他的头脑运转更加灵敏，记忆力更加出众，或是他更能集中精力。事实上，直觉的火花稍纵即逝，不能用常理解释。就像其他伟大的数学直觉大师格奥尔格 费里德里希 伯恩哈德 黎曼、朱尔斯 亨利 庞加莱、斯里尼瓦萨 拉马努金一样，纳什先看到一个结论，然后才开始构筑耗费心力的证明过程。不过，即便在他尝试解释某个令人震惊的结论之后，对于那些企图跟随他的逻辑的人而言，他所选择的真正途径却始终是一个谜。20 世纪50 年代就在麻省理工学院认识纳什的唐纳德

17、纽曼曾经这样描述他“其他人通常会在山上寻找攀登顶峰的道路。纳什却干脆爬上另外一座山，再反过来从那个遥远的山峰用探照灯照射这座山。” 5 No one was more obsessed with originality, more disdainful of authority, or more jealous of his independence. As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century scienceAlbert Einstein, John von Neumann, and No

18、rbert Wienerbut he joined no school, became no ones disciple, got along: largely without guides or followers. In almost everything he didfrom game theory to geometryhe thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. He almost always worked alone, in his head, usually

19、walking, often whistling Bach. Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly from studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for himself. Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. When he focused on some new puzzle,

20、he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as nave or wrong-headed. Even as a student, his indifference to others skepticism, doubt, and ridicule was awesome.没有人比纳什更对原创力着迷、更蔑视权威、更珍惜自己的独立性。早在青年时代，他的身边就不乏20世纪最伟大的科学权威，比如艾伯特爱因斯坦、约翰冯诺伊曼、诺伯特维纳，但是他没有加入任何一个学

21、派，不是任何人的门徒，基本上是在既没有引导者，也没有跟随者的状况下前进。在他所做的从博弈论到几何学等多个学科的几乎所有工作之中，他对广为接受的知识、公认的方式以及根深蒂固的规律都持怀疑态度。他差不多一直是独立工作。通常他一边散步，不时用口哨吹出巴赫的作品，一边进行思考。纳什掌握的数学知识，主要并非来源于学习其他数学家已经取得的成果，而是自己重新发现这些成果中蕴藏的真理。他迫切希望取得一鸣惊人的成就，因此随时准备捕捉真正重大的问题。当他全神贯注地思考某个新的难题时，会留意到那些精通这个领域的人（他从来不认为自己已经精通某个领域）最初认为是幼稚或错误从而不予考虑的角度。即便是在学生时代，他对旁人的

22、怀疑、疑虑和嘲笑的漠视就已经到了令人畏惧的地步。6 Nashs faith in rationality and the power of pure thought was extreme, even for a very young mathematician and even for the new age of computers, space travel, and nuclear weapons. Einstein once chided him for wishing to amend relativity theory without studying physics. His

23、heroes were solitary thinkers and supermen like Newton and Nietzsche. Computers and science fiction were his passions. He considered “thinking machines”, as he called them, superior in some ways to human beings. At one point, he became fascinated by the possibility that drugs could heighten physical

24、 and intellectual performance. He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational begins who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion. Compulsively rational, he wished to turn lifes decisionswhether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what jo

25、b to accept, whether to marryinto calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Even the small act of saying an automatic hello to Nash in a hallway could elicit a furious “Why are you saying hello to me?”纳什对理性以及纯粹思维的力量

26、抱有旁人难以理解的绝对信念，即使是对一个非常年轻的数学家，即使是在计算机、空间旅行和核武器的新时代，都是如此。爱因斯坦就曾经责备他居然想不学物理学就修正相对论。他的偶像是牛顿和尼采这样的孤独的思想者和超人。计算机和科幻小说使他着迷。他把计算机称做“会思考的机器”，认为它在某些地方比人类优越。他一度被药物可能提高体力和智力水平的主意所蛊惑。他也曾沉迷于由超理性生物组成的外星人能够教会自己将所有感情置之度外的想法。他具有一种强迫性的理性，希望将生活中的决定是搭乘第一部电梯还是等待下一部，到哪里存钱，接受什么样的工作，是否结婚都转化为利弊得失的计算，转化为完全脱离感情、习俗和传统的算法法则或数学规则

27、。即便是别人在走廊里随口和他打声招呼这样的小事情，也会引起他愤怒地发问：“你究竟为什么要向我打招呼？”7 His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof, “haughty”, “without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated”, and “queer”. Nash mingled rather than mixed with his peers. Preoccupied with his own privat

28、e reality, he seemed not to share their mundane concerns. His mannerslightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretivesuggested something “mysterious and unnatural”. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable

29、 eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain. A mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study remembers meeting Nash for the first time at a crowded student party at Princeton: I noticed him very de

30、finitely among a lot of other people who were there. He was sitting on the floor in the half-circle discussing something. He made me feel uneasy. He gave me a peculiar feeling. I had a feeling of certain strangeness. He was different in some way. I was not aware of the extent of his talent. I had no

31、 idea he would contribute as much as he really did.他的同辈人基本上认为他实在不可理喻。他们说他“孤僻”、“傲慢”、“无情”、“孤立”、“幽灵一般”、“隔绝”和“古怪”。他和同辈人只是混合在一起，却没有真正融合。他沉醉于自己的隐秘世界，根本不能理解别人操心的世俗事务。他的举止稍微有些冷淡，有些高高在上，还有一点秘而不宣的样子，暗示了某种神秘而非自然的东西。他一贯冷漠，但一时兴起也会喋喋不休地谈论外太空和地缘政治趋势，或做出孩子般的恶作剧，或者毫无征兆地勃然大怒。但是这些情感的迸发总是和他的沉默一样神秘莫测。“他和我们不一样”是人们常说的一句话。

32、一位在普林斯顿高等研究院工作的数学家这样描述他在普林斯顿拥挤的学生舞会上第一次遇见纳什的情景：我从那里的一大群人当中一下子就注意到他。当时他坐在地上，身边围了半个圆圈的学生，正在讨论什么问题。他使我感到不安，给我一种奇怪的感觉。我觉察到一种特别陌生的东西，他在某些地方与众不同。我并不了解他究竟有多大本事，也根本想不到后来他会作出那么大的贡献。8 But he did contribute, in a big way. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure. In 1958, Fortune si

33、ngled Nash for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics. Nashs insight into the dynamics of human rivalryhis theory of rationa

34、l conflict and cooperationwas to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendels ideas of genetic transmission, Darwins model of natural selection, and Newtons celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in thei

35、r day.但是他确实作出了贡献，而且非同凡响。而让人感到矛盾的是，他的许多想法本身并不晦涩。1958年，由于纳什在博弈论、代数几何学和非线性理论方面取得的成就，财富杂志推举他为同时活跃在纯粹数学和应用数学两个领域的新一代天才数学家中最杰出的人物。纳什对于人类竞争动态变化的洞察他的理性竞争与合作理论将会成为20世纪最具影响的思想理论之一。这一理论改变着新兴的经济学，其作用无异于孟德尔的基因遗传、达尔文的自然选择模式和牛顿的天体力学再造了当时的生物学和物理学。 9I. Vocabulary1. Another common use of the tag question is in small

36、talk when the speaker is trying to conversation: Sure is hot here, isnt it?A. illicit B. elicit C. solicit D. explicit2. Napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription service yet again, after running into serious problems in its talks with other firms. So here is Napsters : Still not re

37、ady.A. refrain B. renown C. restraint D. retention3. The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of the drug by the Food & Drug Administration is a long and process.A. hilarious B. notorious C. industrious D. laborious4. When I was a child, I always refused to write thank-you notes fo

38、r birthday presents from a faraway relative. My mother would me and say, Paul, you must learn to be polite.A. glide B. slide C. abide D. chide5. A(n) memory may be a good thing, but the ability to forget is the true token of greatness.A. attentive B. inattentive C. retentive D. irretentive6. Theres

39、still a great deal of on the weapons of mass destruction, which despite what President Bush and Prime Minister Blair say, have not yet been found.A. evidence B. skepticism C. knowledge D. consensus7. Even though exercise has many positive benefits, too much can be harmful. Teens who exercise are at

40、risk for both physical and psychological problems.A. comparativelyB. competitivelyC. compulsively D. comprehensively8. Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate. But others were , driving the young women crazy by complaining to them all the time.A. querulous B. fabulous C. pretentious D. conscie

41、ntious9. There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizens of many different nationalities and exchanging greetings in an international airport.A. singling B. dingling C. jingling D. mingling10. When Dallas police notified the hospital that President Kennedy had been shot, at first, the youn

42、g neurosurgeon thought it was a .A. blank B. flank C. prank D. frank1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. CII.thumb nose at obsess with single out burst onto on the lookout formore often than not get alongsuperior to obscure disregard 1. He picked up things that he thought people were thr

43、owing away and still had life. He was very upset that people were very quick to things of value.2. Looking for life elsewhere is a tough task. The good news is that the scientists are for extraterrestrials signs and scientific tools to search for extraterrestrial life are advancing rapidly.3. They a

44、re not so their studies that they avoid sports. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams.4. People remember only what is interesting and useful to them, what helps them make sense of the world, or helps them in it.5. My husband reacted with irritation because he

45、 felt the comments implied: Yours is not a real marriage. I am you because my wife and I have avoided your misfortune.6. Airlines are the plan to modernize Los Angeles International Airport because their financial problems would make it difficult for them to pay for the renovation.7. The Green Party

46、 of Pennsylvania (GPPA) has the political scene in 2001 with unprecedented energy and vigor and Green voter registration has more than quadrupled.8. Before he went to university, Prince William had gone off to the jungles of South America and worked on rather farms in England.9. , we tend to get str

47、essed and disturbed by lifes endless ups and downs. You have the choice to let it remain the same or change it to your advantage!10. Following the terrorist attacks, there have been reports of beatings and killings of Arabs. As an African American, I am outraged by the of Arab Americans and Muslims.

48、1. disregard 2. on the lookout for 3. obsessed with 4. get along 5. superior to 6. thumbing nose at 7. burst onto 8. Obscure 9. More often than not 10. singling out III. distinguish as to unlike case necessarystrike chronic result in fortunate collection John Nash has the same mental illness that af

49、fects more than two million Americans: schizophrenia(精神分裂症). He has experienced the same symptoms as others _1_ with the disease: illusions that messages are being sent to him through television or newspapers. What _2_ Nash from others is an uncommon amount of public attention. In 1994, Nash shared

50、the Nobel Prize with two other economists. The attention has _3_ a long overdue education for the public about the illness and its treatments. _4_ like Nashs help us know that people may have mental illness but still can contribute to society, says Roberto Gil. Gil added that Nashs recovery is not _

51、5_ a normal thing. Schizophrenia usually affects people in their late teens or early twenties, _6_ Nash who didnt slide into the illness until he was thirty. This gave him time to explore his theories and establish a social network that enabled him to survive later. Many patients who are diagnosed e

52、arlier in their lives are not as _7_. Much debate continues _8_ what exactly schizophrenia is and what causes it. One view suggests that it is an illness with many manifestations while another submits that it is a _9_ of illnesses often lumped together. According to the National Institute of Mental

53、Health, schizophrenia is “a _10_ and disabling brain disease that has no known single cause.1. Stricken 2. distinguishes 3. resulted in 4. Cases 5. necessarily6. Unlike 7. Fortunate 8. as to 9. collection 10. Chronic 3The Ideal of Service1 There is an implication of selfishness in the words material

54、ism and comforta suggestion of self-pampering at the expense of others. Yet, vulnerable as Americans are to criticism on other points, even their critics have not denied them generosity and a concern to help those who have not been so richly blessed with material goods. The Christian command，“Do unt

55、o others as you would have them do unto you, is frequently invoked. A disaster, whether at home or abroad, invariably brings forth a flood of voluntary contribution. The necessity for mutual aid in the first settlements and on the frontier may have passed, but the response is still there.“实利主义”和“舒适”

56、这样的字眼隐含着自私自利 在损害他人利益的基础上骄纵自己。然而，尽管美国人在其他方面易受垢病，即使他们的批评者也没有否认美国人在帮助贫困人民方面表现出的慷慨和关怀。“你希望别人如何待你，就应该如何待别人”，这条基督教训诫被频繁引用。只要有灾难发生，不管发生在国内还是国外，都会有很多人捐钱捐物。第一批殖民者之间和开拓新边疆时期人们的互助需求今天可能不再需要，但它的影响依然存在。 2 Magazines are full of stories like the one about Mike Katsanevas who had come to America from Greece in 1909

57、 at the age of nineteen. He fought in World War I, married, but lost his wife and baby. When his mother became ill in Greece he returned to help her, married there, and had nine children. The Second World War reduced him and his family to poverty. Mike fought the Nazi parachutists, was penned up in

58、a prison camp for three years. After the war, he returned home to find his family living skeletons.杂志上常登载下面这样的故事：迈克 卡特萨尼瓦斯1909 年19 岁时从希腊来到美国，他参加了第一次世界大战，结了婚，但妻子和孩子不幸死去。留在希腊的母亲生病后，他返回家乡照看她。他在希腊又一次结婚，育有9 个孩子。第二次世界大战使他的一家一贫如洗。迈克在二战中参加了抗击德国伞兵的战斗，并在战俘营中度过了3 年。战后返回家园时，他见到的家人都饿得瘦骨嶙峋。 3 An American citizen,

59、 he took advantage of the State Department offer to return him to the United States, along with three of the older children. But it was hard to save enough money to pay the passage for the rest of his family. Mike was now sixty-five. When his story got into the papers, the $2,600 needed to bring the

60、m over was quickly raised. The welfare director at the Naval Supply Depot where Mike worked helped with all the official red tape and located a modest home Mike could afford to buy. Painters donated their services, furniture stores gave furnishings, and the ladies of the Greek church supplied linens

61、 and kitchenware. And Mike got his family. “Only in America could such things happen,” he said.作为美国公民，他可以享受美国国务院制定的优惠政策，由政府出路费让他带着3 个大些的孩子返回美国，但是他一时筹不到家里其他成员的路费。当时迈克己经65 岁了。他的故事见报后，人们很快为他筹集到所需的2 600 美元。迈克所在的海军补给仓库的福利军官帮他办好一切相关手续，并为他找了一栋他能够买得起的价钱适中的房子。油漆匠义务帮他粉刷了房子；家具店送他家具、地毯、窗帘等；希腊教堂的女教友送他日用家居织品和厨房用具

62、。迈克一家因此能够团聚。他说：“只有在美国才会发生这样的事情。” 4 Service as an ideal has spread out into many branches of American life. More and more institutions of a community are expected to anticipate the needs of the citizen, and to make possible a healthier, happier, richer life. Meanwhile service as a commercial activity

63、 has leaped ahead. Since 1870 the experienced labor force engaged in production of services has risen from twenty-five percent to fifty-three percent. Whether you want a daily diaper service for the new infant, a carwash (many of them mechanized so as to be completed in ten or fifteen minutes) or a clipping for your poodle, you are sure to find it. The yellow pages in the back of every telephone book list hundreds of such offerings. 服务作为一种理想己经渗透到美国生活的各个方面。人们期望越来越多的社会公共机构预先考虑并满足公民的需求，使他们能够过上更健康、更幸福、更富裕的生活。同时，服务作为一种商业活动己经有了很大的发展。1870 年以来，从事服务行业的熟练工人从25 上升到53 。不论你要为新生儿找尿布服务商店，或洗车服