阅读教案2——篇章结构

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1、阅读理解考点突破(五)篇章结构题解题技巧及高分策略一. 篇章结构题解题技巧1. 按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构【命题趋向】对考试大纲中提出的理解文章的基本结构的要求，往往通过篇章结构题来考查。高考对这类题型的考查形式之一：对文章组织结构的理解。这类题是近两年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的命题新方式，并逐步推广到对其他文体结构的考查。分析这一类题我们看出：对文章组织结构的考查有两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的结构。（1）这类题经常用到的提问方式是：a. How is the passage organized? b. Which of the fo

2、llowing best shows the structure of the passage? （2）常见的段落结构如下：A B C D 图A表明：（Paragraph 1）是主题段（提出论题或论点），、段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图B、C、D所示的段落结构的意义。例：(2008.北京卷. E)The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable di

3、et We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically（身体上）. D

4、iet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stag

5、e and go straight for the scale（秤）instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels. On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we dont have to wor

6、k to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly har

7、m our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritiona

8、l, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous. Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be muc

9、h better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?解析：第一段最后一句出现了本文的中心论点（CP）：We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically, 第二段第一句Diet products significan

10、tly weaken us psychologically为论点一，On one level与第三段On another level分别引出次要点；第四段第一句but also lies in the physical harm that they cause为第二个论点；最后一段概括全文。所以答案为B。（3）应考策略a. 通读全文，把握文章的脉络；b. 寻找各段主题句；c. 理解段落层次之间的关系；d. 确定作者的写作方法，如：举例、比较、类比等。例：Entering the 21st century, man is now in an age of information and know

11、ledge. In such an age, interpersonal communication plays an increasingly important role and all people have to communicate with others. Why is interpersonal communication so important? First, it helps people understand each other better. Second, it helps people get more information and knowledge. Th

12、ird, without interpersonal communication, our life would become a desert of emotion and friendship. Last but not the least, communication between people makes our life lively, interesting and lovely. In a word, humans, as social animals, have to communicate with each other, the importance of which c

13、an never be overemphasized.1. What does the underlined part in the first paragraph mean? A. peoples inner feelings B. international contact C. communication between people D. sharing information with each other2. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?解析：1. 此题为词义猜测题，根据下文people hav

14、e to communicate with each other可知。2. 本文第一段提出中心论点interpersonal communication plays an increasingly important role，第二段陈述了人际间的交流重要的四个原因，分别有First, Second, Third, Last but not the least引出，第三段为结论。所以答案为A。2. 按写作方法（论证方法）理解文章的结构【命题趋向】要从论证方法上考查对议论文结构的理解必须掌握议论文常见的写作方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：一、Put forward a ques

15、tion Analyze the question Solve the question，这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；二、Argument/idea Evidence conclusion/ restating the idea，这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。对议论文、夹叙夹议类文章结构的理解，只要我们弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系，很容易理解其结构。 例：(2005.浙江卷.E)In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But

16、 none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto

17、 a truck. Each box contained twelve heavy bottles of apple juice. I once figured out that I was lifting an average of twelve tons of apple juice every night. I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that timetwo dollars

18、 an hour. Because of the low pay, I felt eager to get as much as possible. I usually worked twelve hours a night but did not take home much more than $ 100 a week. But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions. During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and

19、an unpaid half hour for lunch. Most of my time was spent outside loading trucks with those heavy boxes in near-zero-degree temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice, which made my feet feel like stone. And after the production line shut down at night and most people left, I had to s

20、pend two hours alone cleaning the floor. I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again.52How is the text organized?ATopicArgumentExplanat

21、ionBOpinionDiscussionDescription CMain ideaComparisonSupporting examplesDIntroductionSupporting examplesConclusion 解析：这道题考查考生对文章组织结构的理解，把握了文章的脉络，我们不难得出答案：D。应考策略：1、 弄清文章体裁； classification说明文的基本结构：definition-description example comparison议论文的基本结构：topic/opinion-arguments/supporting sentences examplefac

22、tstheorytime clues记叙文的基本结构：story presentation inverted time clues-ending2、 找出每段的主旨大意；3、 辨认段落之间的逻辑关系；4、 对提供的四个选项进行斟酌。例：（2010. 北京. A） She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night

23、 before. “Were moving house.” No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen. I called her Goldie. If

24、I had known what was going to happen I would have given her a more creative name. She was so unsettled during those first few days. She hardly ate anything and had such an air of sadness about her. There was nothing I could do to make her happy, it seemed. Heaven knows what had happened to her at he

25、r previous owners. But eventually at the end of the first week she calmed down. Always by my side, whether we were out on one of our long walks or sitting by the fire. Thats why it was such a shock when she pulled away from me one day when we were out for a walk. We were a long way from home, when s

26、he started barking and getting very restless. Eventually I couldnt hold her any longer and she raced off down the road towards a farmhouse in the distance as fast as she could. By the time I reached the farm I was very tired and upset with Goldie. But when I saw her licking（舔）the four puppies（幼犬）I s

27、tarted to feel sympathy towards them. “We didnt know what had happened to her,” said the woman at the door. “I took her for a walk one day, soon after the puppies were born, and she just disappeared.” “She must have tried to come back to them and got lost,” added a boy from behind her. I must admit

28、I do miss Goldie, but Ive got Nugget now, and she looks just like her mother. And Ive learnt a good lesson: not to judge people.59. The passage is organized in order of _. A. timeB. effectivenessC. importanceD. complexity解析：A。根据文章内容可知，本文是以时间为顺序来写作的-从Goldie流落到作者加中，到它重新回到原来的家中。故答案为A。二. 阅读理解高分策略1快速读题,正

29、确理解题干,定位关键词,带着问题读文章通过快速读题,确定题干中的关键词,即能够反映题干的中心信息或能体现题干最大特征的词,如时间、数字、专有名词、抽象名词、典型的形容词和副词以及中心动词等。把握题干中的关键词有助于有的放矢地阅读及确定正确答案。2运用正确的阅读策略,变速阅读文章,学会处理文中冗余信息在把握文章的中心时运用略读法(skimming),即仔细读文章的首尾段和中间段的首尾句；在寻找文中具体信息时可运用扫读法(scanning)。备考时,考生要学会变速阅读,即阅读时有所读有所不读。要慢读重点句、首尾段,特殊语言现象,含有题干关键词的句子,连续数行并列或同义,作为解释、说明、类比的例子或

30、细节。对于不涉及考题的句、段要快速阅读。3注意特殊语言现象,在含关键词的句子处标上记号特殊语言现象指文中表示因果、比较、转折、举例等关系的语言现象。阅读时应留意表示这些关系的标志词,如连接词、副词、代词、介词短语、关系词、插入语等,它们在上下文中具有让步、转折、指代、递进、对比、列举、承上启下等作用,正确理解并掌握这些词汇的作用,对做阅读理解题大有好处。4注意正确项和干扰项的特点,回读全文,确定答案正确项的特点有：(1)正话反说；(2)肯定句变成双重否定句；(3)同义词替换；(4)叙述角度转换,意思不变。干扰项的特点是：(1)绝对化,选项中出现绝对化的词汇,如only, all, any, e

31、very, absolute, always, never等,此时应格外小心；(2)偷换概念,如扩大或缩小范围,要特别关注名词前有无限定词；(3)片面化,以偏赅全,以细节代主题等；(4)串段现象,如某题目考第二段内容,但把别的段落的信息放在选项中；(5)无中生有,如加上最高级或唯一性、虚假比较、无关话题等。例（1）：First, employers should take responsibility for their retired employees. To make this possible, a percentage of profits should be set aside f

32、or this purpose Another way of solving the problem is to return the responsibility to the individual. This means each person must save during his working years to pay for his years of retirement In addition, the government could take responsibility for the care of the elderly. This could be financed

33、 through government taxes to increase the level of pensions1. According to the passage, how can the government help to improve the lives of retired people? A. Set aside some profits to help people with problems after they retire. B. Increase savings levels of people during their working years. C. In

34、crease the discounts for food and transport for the old. D. Make available pensions for those who have retired.解析：D。从上述节选的文段我们不难发现选项A是employers该做的，选项B是the individual 应做的，选项C属于无中生有，只有选项D符合题目的要求，是government应采取的措施。例（2）： In the first case, when we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. De

35、ep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect1. The author thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal to _. A. lyingB. stealingC. cheatingD. advertising解析：B。此题中的选项A和选项C就是属于我们生活中普遍接受的观点，认为在商店拿了东西却没有付款是“说谎

36、”或“欺骗”，但原文中却用了 “a type of thief”，所以答案应是B。5利用排除法或题目间的内在逻辑关系来判断题目答案有些题目不能从文中某句话直接找到答案,而是涉及全文的多个句子或段落,这时可使用排除法。有些题目尤其是主旨题,如果利用排除法也难以解决,则可利用题目之间的内在逻辑关系,即通过题目之间的关系来考虑。6合理猜测推敲处理文章中的生词考生在阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些生词。这时,要沉着冷静,细心思考。有些生词可从构词法角度分析判断词义,多数生词可根据上下文来猜测其意义。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完,通过对全篇短文的理解,就很有可能猜测出生词的词义；其次还可以根据含有生词句子的前后

37、句来猜测其真正含义。（1）略过生词对于阅读理解中的生词，如果是人名、地名、国家名、组织机构名等次要信息，我们大可不必过分重视。事实上，不知道这些单词的意思不一定会影响我们队整句或全文的理解，很多时候更不会影响我们后面的解题。如：On his right the gentleman wore a gauntlet of heavy leather.如果后面没有特别要求考查本句，那么我们暂时并不需要确切地知道gauntlet一词的含义，通过本句的语境知道它是戴在手上的用皮革制成的某种东西即可（防护手套）。（2）学会只猜测生词的大概意思，而不求其准确含义例：The Asian gibbon, lik

38、e other apes, especially adapts to life in trees.解析：在这句话中，考生只要猜出gibbon是apes（类人猿）的一种就行了，没必要知道其准确意思。 （3）利用语法结构 有些生词可以略过，但是有些却直接影响阅读，那么考生该如何处理呢？此时，考生可以分析句子的语法结构，特别是对一些难句、长句的分析，更应从语法结构入手。这里谈的仅仅是语法分析对于理解生词的作用。但凭语法分析，不可能确定一个词的准确意思，但它至少可以帮助考生判断一个词的词性。如根据定语从句（生词后起修饰限制或其补充说明作用的从句）推测其意思。例：Jack is now a floris

39、t, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.解析：由后面起补充作用的非限制性定语从句可推知florist是“花商”之意。（4）利用猜词法莱猜测词义A.根据标点符号：冒号、括号等都可表示对前文的解释或说明。例：New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep-everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.解析：根据破折号前面的具体描述，可猜测prosperity意为“繁荣”。 B.根据单词发音：有的英语词汇是通过音译

40、进入汉语词汇的，我们可以根据其读音来理解其意思。如aspirin（阿司匹林），nylon（尼龙），Olympic（奥林匹克运动会），sofa（长沙发），typhoon（台风）等。三. 实战演练：AThink about what you had for lunch: Was it a hamburger? A chicken sandwich? What about vegetables? Would it surprise you to learn that what you eat can affect the whole planet?Last week, scientists atte

41、nding the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Chicago presented new studies showing how food and its production affect the globe and its warming climate. For many years, scientists have warned that our planet is getting warmer. If things go on like this, then animals may s

42、tart to die off and life could get very difficult for everyone. The temperature is on the rise because for more than a century, human kind has been releasing large amounts of gases into the atmosphere, called “greenhouse gases.” One of these greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide （二氧化碳）What does this ha

43、ve to do with food? Much of the carbon dioxide that we put in the atmosphere every year comes from the process of making and eating food, the scientists reported in Chicago. The production of meat contributes a lot of that carbon dioxide. And much of meats contribution comes from beef, which is resp

44、onsible for releasing even more warming gases into the atmosphere. According to Ulf Sonesson of the Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology in Goteborg, Sweden, the process of making one half-pound all-beef hamburger adds the equivalent (等量) of about 19 times that hamburgers weight in carbon di

45、oxide.The message from the research is clear: We can greatly reduce the production of global-warming gases by eating less beef. Other kinds of meat like pork and chicken do less harm to the environment at least in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases released. All kinds of meat, the scientists re

46、ported, are harder on the planet than vegetables. To grow and eat a pound of potatoes, for example, sends less than one quarter-pound of carbon dioxide or equivalent warming gases into the air. So changing our diet to less meat and more vegetables may do the world some good.1. Whats the main idea of

47、 the passage?A. Global warming B. Healthy diet C. The effect of food on the planet D. Greenhouse gases2. What does the underlined word release mean in the second paragraph?A. letting out B. cutting down C. making up D. putting out3. How much carbon dioxide does making one half-pound all-beef hamburg

48、er equal to?A. 19 pounds B. 38 pounds C. 8.5 pounds D. 27.5 pounds4. Which of the following does the least harm to our planet? A. beef B. cabbage C. chicken D. pork5. How is the passage organized? A. Main-ideaDiscussionconclusion B. Topic-Argument-Supporting examples C. QuestionAnalysis-Solution D.

49、IntroductionExamples-ExplanationB Do you have a dream, something you always see yourself doing? Perhaps you see yourself as a lawyer, businessman, or even a scientist. Whatever it is, dont let it die. A dream is a wonderful thing. It can give you hope for your future and encourage you to try when al

50、l odds are against you. However, there are dream killers that want to kill your dream. People who dont want to see your dream fulfilled can destroy your dream. They may tell you that it is impossible for you, that you are not smart enough or that its never been done before. However, many times the b

51、iggest dream killer is you. Dont let fear, doubt or lack of finances prevent you from fulfilling your dream. Talk back to these killers, “I can and will fulfill my dream.” You may have to do this everyday. The more you instill（逐渐灌输）within your heart that you can do it, the more safely your dream wil

52、l be held within you. It is very important to take steps towards fulfilling your dream. For me, in order to fulfill my dream of one-day owning my own magazine, I needed to go back to school and finish my college degree. For you, it may be something different. You know deep inside what the voice of y

53、our dream calls for. Dont be afraid and just do it. Try not to let too much time go by. Time is another one of those dream killers. Think about the words of a song by Yolanda Adams, “Keep the dream alive, dont let it die, if something deep inside keeps inspiring you to try, dont stop. And never give

54、 up, dont ever give up on you. Sometimes, life can place a stumbling block in your way. But you gotta to keep the faith.” When you dream, dream big and never give up. Your dream is just yours. Never let anyone tell you that your dream cant happen-it can! Nurture（培养）your dream. Keep seeing yourself d

55、o whats never been done before. As you continue to feed your dream and protect it, not only will you keep it alive, but it will come true.1. What does the underlined words “all odds are against you” in Paragraph 2 mean? A. You are in a hopeless situation.B. You find everything seem strange. C. You a

56、re not feeling quite yourself.D. You have all your friends against you.2. To hold fast to your dream, you should _. A. seek some supportB. encourage yourself C. neglect difficultiesD. resist negative thinking3. What does the author dream of doing? A. Becoming a writer.B. Owing a college degree. C. P

57、ublishing his own magazineD. Getting his own book published.4. What do we learn from Paragraph 5? A. It takes time to fulfill our dream.B. The first step is to know our dream. C. It is important for us to take action.D. We should listen to the call of our heart.5. The words of Yolanda Adams song are

58、 cited in the text _. A. to support his main pointB. to make his writing interesting C. to show they share the same viewD. to mean Yolanda Adams is popularC(2009陕西,D)Brian arrived at the San Francisco airport two hours before the flight to Paris. He was wearing three shirts, a jacket, two pairs of s

59、ocks, a pair of shorts, and two pairs of jeans. He was carrying one small backpack, which was very full, but he didnt have any other luggage. Brian needed to meet a man named Tony before he checked in for his flight. He found Tony near the Air France counter. Tony gave him a roundtrip ticket and a s

60、mall package.“Give this package to Jean Paul at the airport in Paris. He will have a sign with your name on it. I think you can find him easily,”Tony said,“You dont have any luggage, right？”“Only this backpack,”Brian answered.“You said I could bring one carryon bag.”“Thats right. One carryon bag is

61、fine. Have a good trip.”“Thanks.”Is Brian a criminal (罪犯)？Not at all. He is an air courier. And he paid only $110 for the roundtrip ticket to Paris. Air couriers get cheap airline tickets because they take important packages and papers to foreign countries. Businesses sometimes need to get packages

62、and papers to people in foreign countries by the next day. Often, the only way they can do this is to use an air-courier company. It is not cheap for a business to send a package with an air courier, but it is quick.Every year about 80,000 people worldwide travel as air-couriers. The number of ticke

63、ts for the air-courier travel is growing by about 10 percent a year. However, air-courier travel isnt for everyone. But if you have very little money, you can be flexible (灵活的) about your travel plans, and dont mind wearing the same clothes for a week, it can be a great way to take a vacation!1. Why was Brian wearing so many clothes for his travel?A. Because they were the uniforms f