外研社必修八-module2原文

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date外研社必修八-module2原文TheRenaissance TheRenaissanceFormanypeople,theRenaissancemeans14thto16thcenturyItaly,andthedevelopmentsinartandarchitecture,musicandliteraturewhichtookplacethereatthatti

2、me.Butthereisoneworkwhich,perhapsmorethananyother,expressesthespiritoftheRenaissance:theMonaLisa.Itisbelievedtobethebestexampleofanewlifelikestyleofpaintingthatamazedpeoplewhenitwasfirstused.PaintedbyLeonardodaVinciintheyears15031506,theMonaLisaisamysteriousmasterpiece.PeoplewanttoknowwhoMonaLisais,

3、andwhysheissmiling.EvenifpeopledonotknowmuchabouttheRenaissance,theyhaveheardofthispainting.ButtheRenaissanceis,ofcourse,morethanjustMonaLisa.RenaissanceisaFrenchwordwhichmeans“rebirth”anditfirstappearedinEnglishinthe19thcentury.ThewordwasusedtodescribeaperiodinEuropeanhistorywhichbeganwiththearriva

4、lofthefirstEuropeansinAmerica,anageofexploration,andthebeginningofthemodernworld.ItwasasifEuropewaswakingupafterthelongsleepoftheMiddleAges.FromItaly,theideasoftheRenaissancerapidlyspreadnorthwardstoFrance,Germany,England,andtherestofEurope.TradewithotherpartsoftheworldmeantthatEuropewasgettingriche

5、r,too.This meantthatpeoplehadmoneytospendonthearts;anditbecameeasierforartiststofindpeoplewhocouldaffordtobuytheirworksoremploythem.LeonardoworkedforimportantpeoplesuchtheDukeofMilan,and,towardstheendofhislife,theKingofFrance.RenaissanceartistsfoundnewideasfortheirworkinclassicalGreeceandRome.Butthe

6、ylookedforward,too,byopeningnewfrontiersinthearts.Paintersdiscoveredhowtoperspectiveandtheeffectsoflight;composersputdifferentvoicestogetherandcreatepolyphony(“manyvoices);architectspreferreddesigningbuildingswithmorelightwhichcontrastedwiththeheavinessoftheGothiccathedralsoftheMiddleAges.Thesenseof

7、explorationwhichmotivatedtheartistswenthandinhandwithanewtypeofphilosophy.AftercenturiesofacceptingamedievalworldviewinwhichhumanlifewasconsideredoflittlevaluecomparedwiththegreatnessofGod,philosophersbeganaskingquestionslike“Whatisaperson?”or“WhyamIhere?”Forthefirsttime,theyputpeople,notreligion,at

8、thecentreoftheuniverse.TheRenaissancewasatimeofscientificinvention,too.Leonardo,aswellasbeingoneofthegreatestpainterstheworldhaseverknown,wasalsoaskilledinventor.Whereverhewent,hecarriedanotebookaroundwithhim,inwhichhewrotedownhisideas.Theyincludeddetaileddrawingsofthehumanbody,plansforengineerstobu

9、ildcanalsandbridges,andastonishingdrawingsofmachineswhichwerenottobebuiltuntilhundredsofyearslater,suchasaeroplanes,parachutes,submarinesandtanks.TowardstheendofhislifehewasemployedbytheKingof65Francetodoscientificresearch,andhedidnothavealotoftimeforpainting.Inshort,Leonardowasanextraordinarygenius

10、,anexampleofwhathasbeendescribedas“Renaissanceman”:someoneinterestedineverythingandwithmanydifferenttalents.ButevenifhisonlycontributiontohistoryhadbeentheMonaLisa,itwouldhavebeengeniusenoughforalltime.READINGANDWRITING(2)ThursdayWearrivedontheovernightferrytotheHookofHollandandtookatrainto Amsterda

11、mCentralStation.Itwasonlyashortride.Itsnoteasytofindyourwayaroundthetown.Alotoftheroadsfollowthecanals,whicharentstraightbutareshapedlikehorseshoes.Soyoucanwalkalongastreetforhalfanhourorsoandendupfiveminutesfromwhereyoustarted.However,mostpeopledontwalktherearethreemillionbikesintownandagoodbusandt

12、ramsystem.Thereareboats,too.Abouthalfofthemarefortourists,theothersarehouseboatswithpeoplelivingonthem.Wespentthewholedaywalking.Tomorrowweregoingtorentbikes.FridayWespenttodaylookingathouses.Thearchitectureisastonishing,quitedifferentfromotherEuropeancountrieswevebeento.Thehousesaretallandthin,andm

13、anyofthemhaveafantasticallyornateRenaissanceappearance.IntheMiddleAgesthehousesweremadeofwood.Then,attheendofthe15thcenturytherewasahugefireandaboutthreequartersofthetownwasdestroyed.Afterthat,housesweremadeofbrick.UnlikeotherplacesinEurope,wherehouseownersweretaxedonthesizeoftheirwindows,herethetax

14、esdependedonthewidthofthehousesotheykeptthemnarrow,butbuiltthemtall.Well,thatswhatClairesays,andshereaditintheguidebook.SaturdayWevisitedtheVanGoghMuseum,insteadofthemorefamousRijksmuseum.Itwasastonishing.1hadntreallylookedatanyofVanGoghspaintingsbefore.Heseemstohavere-inventedtheart.Itdoesntmatterw

15、hetherheisdoingaportraitoralandscapehesagenius.Inthelast70daysofhislifebeforeheshothimselfheproduced70paintings,andIreckontheyrealmostallmasterpieces.YetinallhislifeVanGoghonlyeversoldonepainting!Wemusthavespentthreehoursinthatmuseum.WhenwecameoutItoldClaireIthoughtVanGoghwasthegreatestpainterinhist

16、ory.SheremindedmethatwewereleavingforParistomorrow,whereweweregoingtoseethemostfamouspaintingintheworld. ThePuzzleoftheMonaLisaTheMonaLisaisthesubjectofmanystories,butthereisoneanecdotewhichremainsapuzzle.IsthepaintingintheLouvretheauthenticworkbyLeonardodaVinci.orjustacopy?Thestorybeganonedayin1911

17、whensomeonenoticedtheMonaLisawasmissing.Aspokesmansaid,“Theburglarlefttheantiqueframeandtheglassbehind.Hemusthavegonethroughthebasementtothemaincourtyard.Apasserbysawamanwithamoustache,carryingaparcelunderhisarm,dashoverthestreetcrossing,alongtothecrossroads.Hethenfleddownasideroad.Wereappealingtoan

18、yonewhosawthesuspecttocontactus.”SowhostoletheMonaLisa?Andwhy?NewsaboutthelossoftheMonaLisawascirculatedinalltheFrenchnewspapers,andtherewasawidespreadsearchfortheburglaralloverthecountry.Thepolicesaid,“Wedontthinktheburglarwasworkingalone.Wereseekingagangofcriminals.”Twoyearslater,amanwithamoustach

19、ewenttoandealerinFlorenceinItalyandmadeatentativeattempttoselltheMonaLisa.Theartdealercheckedit,agreeditwasauthentic.andthencalledthepolice.Whydidtheburglar,VincenzoPerugia,waitsolong?PerugiahadstolentheMonaLisaonbehalfofthechieforganiserofthecrime,EduardodeValfierno.ButPerugiamadeafundamentalmistak

20、e.HetrusteddeValfiernotopayhimforthepainting.ThedrawbackforPerugiawasthatdeValfiernodidntinfactneedthepainting,onlythenewsofthetheft.DeValfiernomadesixsuperbcopiesandsoldthem,claimingthateachonewastheauthenticstolenpainting.Ofcourse,thefactthatthereweresixsubstituteswasconfidential.Thesixbuyersdidnt

21、knowabouttheotherpaintings.Whatsmore,deValfiernodidntneedtopayhisdebttoPerugia.Aftertwoyears,Perugiagottiredofwaitingtobepaid,andtriedtosellthepainting.WhentherealMonaLisaturnedupinFlorence,DeValfiernosimplytoldhisbuyersthatitwasmerelyacopy.TheoutcomeofthestoryisthatPerugiagottheblameforthecrimeandw

22、enttoprison.DeValfiernoremainedatlibertyfortherestofhislife.Butthereisstillapuzzle.TherewereanumberofprecisecopiesoftheMonaLisapaintedbygiftedstudentsofLeonardodaVinci.PartofthepaintingsfascinationiswhethertheoneintheLouvrewasauthentic.evenbeforeitwasstolen.AndifPerugiastoleacopy.whohastheauthenticM

23、onaLisa? PrintingPrintingistheprocessofmakingmanycopiesofasingledocumentusingmovablecharactersorletters.InChina,printingwasknownasearlyasinthe7thcentury,duringtheTangDynasty;inEurope,itwasanimportantpartoftheRenaissance.PrintingansweredaneedbecausepeoplewerethirstyforKnowledge.Beforeprintingwasinven

24、ted,copiesofamanuscripthadtobemadebyhand,usuallyonanimalskins.Thiswasadifficulttaskthatcouldtakemanyyears,andwhichmadebooksveryexpensive.Printingmadeitpossibletoproducemorecopiesinafewweeksthancouldhavebeenproducedinalifetimewrittenoutbyhand.ItisbelievedthataGerman,JohannGutenberg,madethefirstprinti

25、ngpressinEurope.Headapteditfromthemachinesfarmersusedtosqueezeoilfromolives.Itusedpaper,whichwasmoresuitableforprinting(andcheaper)thananimalskins.Paper,likeprinting,hadbeeninventedmuchearlierinChinaandithadfounditswaytoEurope,viasoutheastAsiaandthenIndia.Bythe10thcenturyAD,paperwasbeingproducedinBa

26、ghdad.ThefirstpapermillinEuropewasbuiltattheendofthe12thcentury.ThefirstbookthatGutenbergproducedwasaBible.ButastheideasoftheRenaissancedeveloped,sodidthedemandfortheGreekandLatinclassics,whichhadbeenlargelyignoredforupto2,000years.Peoplealsowantedbooksintheirownlanguages.Theinventionofprintingmeant

27、thatthisdesirecouldbesatisfied.SoontherewereprintingpressesallovernorthernEurope.In1476WilliamCaxtonsetuphisownpressinLondon,andEnglandbecameoneofthemostimportantcentresoftheprintingindustry.Thisspreadofprintedbooksledtoarenewedpassionforartisticexpression.Withoutthedevelopmentoftheprintingpress,the

28、Renaissancemayneverhavehappened.Withoutinexpensiveprintingtomakebooksavailabletoalargesectionofsociety,thesonofJohnShakespeare,agovernmentofficialinruralEnglandinthemid-1500s,mayneverhavebeeninspiredtotakeupwritingasaprofession.WhatwesterncivilizationgainedfromGutenbergscontributionisimpossibletocal

29、culate.Printingistheprocessofmakingmanycopiesofasingledocumentusingmovablecharactersorletters.InChina,printingwasknownasearlyasinthe7thcentury,duringtheTangDynasty;inEurope,itwasanimportantpartoftheRenaissance.PrintingansweredaneedbecausepeoplewerethirstyforKnowledge.Beforeprintingwasinvented,copies

30、ofamanuscripthadtobemadebyhand,usuallyonanimalskins.Thiswasadifficulttaskthatcouldtakemanyyears,andwhichmadebooksveryexpensive.Printingmadeitpossibletoproducemorecopiesinafewweeksthancouldhavebeenproducedinalifetimewrittenoutbyhand.itisbelievedthataGerman,JohannGutenberg,madethefirstprintingpressinE

31、urope.Headapteditfromthemachinesfarmersusedtosqueezeoilfromolives.Itusedpaper,whichwasmoresuitableforprinting(andcheaper)thananimalskins.Paper,likeprinting,hadbeeninventedmuchearlierinChinaandithadfounditswaytoEurope,viasoutheastAsiaandthenIndia.Bythe10thcenturyAD,paperwasbeingproducedinBaghdad.Thef

32、irstpapermillinEuropewasbuiltattheendofthe12thcentury.ThefirstbookthatGutenbergproducedwasaBible.ButastheideasoftheRenaissancedeveloped,sodidthedemandfortheGreekandLatinclassics,whichhadbeenlargelyignoredforupto2,000years.Peoplealsowantedbooksintheirownlanguages.Theinventionofprintingmeantthatthisde

33、sirecouldbesatisfied.SoontherewereprintingpressesallovernorthernEurope.In1476WilliamCaxtonsetuphisownpressinLondon,andEnglandbecameoneofthemostimportantcentresoftheprintingindustry.Thisspreadofprintedbooksledtoarenewedpassionforartisticexpression.Withoutthedevelopmentoftheprintingpress,theRenaissanc

34、emayneverhavehappened.Withoutinexpensiveprintingtomakebooksavailabletoalargesectionofsociety,thesonofJohnShakespeare,agovernmentofficialinruralEnglandinthemid-1500s,mayneverhavebeeninspiredtotakeupwritingasaprofession.WhatwesterncivilizationgainedfromGutenbergscontributionisimpossibletocalculate.Ven

35、ice,EndangeredCityTherecanbefewmorebeautifulcitiesintheworldthanVenice;butastheworldssealevelsriseduetothewarmingoftheatmosphere,thereisalsoadangerthatitsastonishingarchitectureandpreciousworksofartmayonedayendupatthebottomoftheMediterranean.OneofthemostfamouspartsofVenice,visitedbymillionsoftourist

36、s,isStMarksSquare.150yearsagoitusedtofloodonceortwiceayear.Nowitfloodseveryweek.Theeffectonpeopleslives,andonthewonderfulRenaissancebuildings,isterrible.OneVenetiansaid:“Idontknowanyonewhosleepsonthegroundflooroftheirhouseanymore.Itsalwaystoowetandsometimesthewatercomesin.”Thecitysbattlewithwaterdat

37、esbackover1,500years.Itswealthhasalwaysdependedonitspositioninthemiddleofthesea,whichmeantthatitwaseasyforshipstostopthereandtrade.BythetimeoftheRenaissanceinthe15thcentury,itwasoneoftheworldsrichestcities,tradingwithboththeEastandtheWest.ButthecitysleadersalwaysdependedonskilledengineerstokeepVenic

38、efromsinkingunderthewaves.Thewonderfularchitectureissupportedbyhugesectionsoftreespusheddeepintotheearthunderthewater.Woodisdestroyedbyacombinationofairandwater;butundertheearththereisnoair,sothewoodhassurvivedoneandahalfthousandyears.ForcenturiestheVenetiansmadecarefulcalculationsabouthowtokeepthew

39、aterlevelfromgettingtoohigh.Butinthe20thcenturytheknowledgewasbasicallyforgotten.Peopledidnotrealisetheeffectthattakingwateroutofthegroundwouldhaveonthecity.Duringthe1950sfactoriestookwateroutoftheearth,makingitdrier;thentheweightofthebuildingssqueezedtheearthandtheentirecitystartedtosink.Bythetimet

40、hegovernmentfoundoutwhatwashappening,Venicehadsunk20centimetres.ThatproblemhasnowgoneawaybutthenewsaboutVeniceisstillverydisturbing.Acrosstheworld,theheightoftheseaisgoingupallthetime;andthewholeofthenortheastofItalyismovingdownwards,andtakingVenicewithit.Unlessthegovernmentcomesupwithananswersoon,t

41、hisRenaissancejewelcouldbelostforever.Venice,EndangeredCityTherecanbefewmorebeautifulcitiesintheworldthanVenice;butastheworldssealevelsriseduetothewarmingoftheatmosphere,thereisalsoadangerthatits astonishingarchitectureandpreciousworksofartmayonedayendupatthebottomoftheMediterranean.Oneofthemostfamo

42、uspartsofVenice,visitedbymillionsoftourists,isStMarksSquare.150yearsagoitusedtofloodonceortwiceayear.Nowitfloodseveryweek.Theeffectonpeopleslives,andonthewonderfulRenaissancebuildings,isterrible.OneVenetiansaid:“Idontknowanyonewhosleepsonthegroundflooroftheirhouseanymore.Itsalwaystoowetandsometimest

43、hewatercomesin.”Thecitysbattlewithwaterdatesbackover1,500years.Itswealthhasalwaysdependedonitspositioninthemiddleofthesea,whichmeantthatitwaseasyforshipstostopthereandtrade.BythetimeoftheRenaissanceinthe15thcentury,itwasoneoftheworldsrichestcities,tradingwithboththeEastandtheWest.Butthecitysleadersa

44、lwaysdependedonskilledengineerstokeepVenicefromsinkingunderthewaves.Thewonderfularchitectureissupportedbyhugesectionsoftreespusheddeepintotheearthunderthewater.Woodisdestroyedbyacombinationofairandwater;butundertheearththereisnoair,sothewoodhassurvivedoneandahalfthousandyears.ForcenturiestheVenetian

45、smadecarefulcalculationsabouthowtokeepthewaterlevelfromgettingtoohigh.Butinthe20thcenturytheknowledgewasbasicallyforgotten.Peopledidnotrealisetheeffectthattakingwateroutofthegroundwouldhaveonthecity.Duringthe1950sfactoriestookwateroutoftheearth,makingitdrier;thentheweightofthebuildingssqueezedtheear

46、thandtheentirecitystartedtosink.Bythetimethegovernmentfoundoutwhatwashappening,Venicehadsunk20centimetres.ThatproblemhasnowgoneawaybutthenewsaboutVeniceisstillverydisturbing.Acrosstheworld,theheightoftheseaisgoingupallthetime;andthewholeofthenortheastofItalyismovingdownwards,andtakingVenicewithit.Unlessthegovernmentcomesupwithananswersoon,thisRenaissancejewelcouldbelostforever.-