现在完成时用法——持续性用法

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1、现在完成时用法持续性用法现在完成时用法持续性用法持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for一段时间或“since过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。for +段时间since +点时间实例：1）Ive lived here since 1990自从1990年以来我就住在这里。 = Ive lived here since 13 years ago.= Ive lived here for 13 years. = It is 13 years since I began to

2、live here.2）I havent seen him for three years我三年没有看见他了。 = I havent seen him since three years ago. = It is 3 years since I saw him last time.3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。4）Shes been at this school since five years ago自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。注意：在这类句子的肯定句和

3、疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long1）他入团两年了。误：He has joined the League for two years正：He has been a League member for two years2）我买这辆自行车三年了。误：I have bought this bike for three years正：I have had this bike for three years2） 部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性

4、动词：短暂性动词延续性动词die be deadborrow keep buy/catch haveget up be up come be in finish be over leaver be away open be open close be closed begin be on become interested in be interested in一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。 现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过

5、去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。例：He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）巩固练习：I按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。1、He has already finished his homework（改为否定句） He _ finished his homework _2They have found the lost books already（改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答） _ they _ th

6、e lost books _？No，they_3Julia has not got home from school yet（改为肯定句） Julia _ _ _ home from school4You haveneverbeen to Shanghai before，_ _？（改为反意疑问句）5. Hes gone to Beijing, _ _?（改为反意疑问句）6Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999（改为同义句） Mr Wang _ _ English in this school since 19997. He h

7、asnt left home for 3 days.(同义句) He _has_ _not_ _been_ home for 3 days.8. They have lived here since 3 years ago. (对划线提问)II选择正确答案。( )1Who is Mary？ _？I saw you talking with her at the meeting ADont you meet her yet BDidnt you met her yet CHavent you met her yet DHadnt you met her yet( )2How do you lik

8、e Beijing，Mr Black？ Oh，I _ such a beautiful city Adont visit Bdidnt visit Chavent visited Dhadnt visited( )3The old people _ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week Adont feel Bhasnt felt Chavent felt D.didnt feel( ) 4We have lived here _ five years ago Awhen Bsince Cbefore Dafter11.1

9、1用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sin

10、g.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here.A. washave beenC. cameD. am coming(2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的

11、。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.二、现在完成时的基本用法1.动作开始于过去，结束于过去，但和现在的情况关系密切。例如：-Can I help you with your homework?-Thank you all the same. I have finished it already?从这里可以看出，“做作业”这个动作发生于过去，而且也结束于过去，但和现在关系密切。“Thank you all the same.”暗指无须帮忙。现在由

12、于做完了（finished）已不用帮忙。强调的是“做完”这个动作对现在的影响。2.动作发生于过去一直延续到现在。这个动作可能是多次发生，也可能是表示某种状态或习惯性动作。例如：I have lived here since 1979.He has worked in Beijing for 20 years.在这个用法中，有一点需要特别注意，即含有中止或短暂意义的词不能跟一段时间搭配。例如：我们如果想表达“他已离开此地两天了。不能说“He has left for two days.”而应说成“He has been away for two days.”像此类型的单词不多，大致有：begin

13、，end，come，go，leave，join，die等。三、现在完成时的标志词是否使用现在完成时不仅可以通过了解句子的汉语意思套用其基本用法，还可以通过观察时间标志词。和现在完成时态连用的时间状语主要有以下三种：1.句中出现just，never，ever，already，yet等词时句子一般使用现在完成时。例如：I have already had my lunch.He hasnt found the answer to the question yet.2.for一段时间或since点时间或引导时间状语从句（一般多为过去时）。例如：He has been a teacher for 20

14、 years.I have known him since we were little-boys.3.so far(到目前为止)，in the past/last表示一段时间的词语。例如：I havent seen him so far.He hasnt talked with me in the past/three days.现在完成时Present perfect by Mr. Fu肯定句式： We have just finished our homework She has gone home一般疑问句式： Have you read this story book yet？特殊疑

15、问句及反意疑问句结构如下： What have you done with my bike? Youve read this story book, havent you?注意：1）现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加yet。2）把现在完成时的一般疑问句译成汉语时，往往译成“过吗？”、“已经了吗？”等。3）其肯定回答用“Yes，have（has）”，否定回答用“No，havent（hasnt）”，有时用“No，not yet”或“No，never”。接触三：否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是“havent（hasnt）过去分词”。如： We havent studied Unit 2 yet Th

16、e train hasnt stopped yet注意：1）现在完成时的否定句句末往往加yet。2）否定句常译为“还没有”等。现在完成时巩固练习（一）I.用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. I_never_（speak）to a foreigner2. _Tom_（return）the library book？Yes，he has When_he_（return）it？ Half an hour agoII.按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。1. He has found nothing in the room（改为一般疑问句） _he found_in the room？2. I have alr

17、eady finished the work（改为否定句） I_finished the work_.3. She has gota notebook（对划线部分提问） _ _she got？4. Theyve never learned Japanese,_ _（改为反意疑问句）接触四：用法之一：现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如：Have you read that story？你读过那个故事吗？（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。）I have bought two apples我买了两个苹果。（“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现

18、在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。）I have already finished my homework我已经做完家庭作业了。He has just had his meal他刚吃过饭。Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？They havent started yet他们还没有动身。We have never heard of it我们从来没有听说过这件事。接触五：用法之二:表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。注：这一用法即现在完成进行时的用法因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be, stay, s

19、tudy, wait, keep, have等；使用的时间状语通常由for或since引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：for后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间，如for three years, for half an hour等。since作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980，也可以接“一段时间+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。since还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。如：We have known each other since we went to college.

20、非延续性动词不能直接和for或since连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词，如:comebe, come tobe in / at, go out be out, leavebe away, begin / startbe on, stop be over，buy have, borrow keep, openbe open, closebe closed, joinbe a member of, diebe dead, catch a coldhave a cold, get to knowknow, become a teacher be a teach

21、er, fall asleepbe asleep, fall ill be ill等。句型It is the first（second, third.) time that.的that从句中，谓语动词须用现在完成时，表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。如：It is the first time that I have been here.接触六：现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较：The plane has arrived .飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿。）The plane arrived a qu

22、arter of an hour ago.飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去。）接触七：have been in, have been to与have gone to的用法1. have(has) been in意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如： Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。 They have been in Canada for five years.他们到加拿大有五年了。2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里

23、了。可与just, ever, never等连用。如： Ive just been to the post office.我刚才去邮局了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou?你曾经去过杭州吗？ Mary has never been to the Great Wall.玛丽从未去过长城。3. have(has) been to后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。如： Ive been to Beijing three times.我去过北京三次。 They have been to that village several times.他们去过那个村庄好几次了。4. have(has) gone to意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如： Where is Tom?汤姆在哪里？ He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。http:/www.mep-