2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前模拟强化练习题61（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-湘潭大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Unlike philosophers who constructed theoretically ideal states, she built a theory based on（ ）; thus, although her constructs may have been inelegant, they were（ ） sound.问题1选项A.intuition. intellectuallyB.surmise . scientificallyC.experience. empiricallyD.conjectur

2、e . factually【答案】C【解析】名词和副词词义辨析。A选项的intuition “直觉”；intellectually “智力上，理智地”；B选项的surmise “猜测，猜想”；scientifically “合乎科学地，系统地”；C选项的experience “经验， 阅历”；empirically “以经验为主地”；D选项的conjecture “推测，猜想，揣摩”；factually “事实地，确实地”。根据句意 与那些构建理论上完美理想状态的哲学家不同，她以经验为依据建立 其理论，因此，尽管她的概念可能比较粗糙，但它们从经验主义的角度看却是切实可行的确定C选项正确。2.

3、单选题It shows how economic and social and, above all, political changes have played theirpart, so that, correctly（ ） , the postage stamp in which millions of people, young andold, find pleasure, knowledge and even profit, has always been a faithful mirror of the times.问题1选项A.interpretingB.being interp

4、retedC.to be interpretedD.interpreted【答案】D【解析】非谓语动词的用法。A选项interpreting动词的分词形式，表示主动；B选项being interpreted动词被动语态的分词形式；C选项to be interpreted动词被动语态的不定式，表示将来或打算；D选项interpreted动词的过去分词。句意：最重要的是，这说明了经济、社会、政治变化如何发挥作用，从而，正确理解应该是，分析句子可知空格前的内容与interpret之间为被动关系，且应该是过去发生，而不是正在发生或将要发生，D选项正确。3. 单选题Given the advantage

5、s of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. （1）, a true cashless society is probably not around the comer. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been（2）for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.

6、 For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very（3）of money itself,” only to （4）itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so（5）in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than

7、a payment system based on paper, several factors work（6）the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very（7）to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the（8）form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they（9）receip

8、ts, something that many consumers are unwilling to（10）. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float” - it takes several days（11）a check is cashed and funds are（12）from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meanti

9、me.（13）electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may（14）security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information（15）there. Because

10、 this is not an（16）occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and（17）funds by moving them from someone elses accounts into their own. The（18）of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to（19

11、）security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic（20）that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privac

12、y.问题1选项A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise问题2选项A.offB.backC.overD.around问题3选项A.powerB.conceptC.historyD.role问题4选项A.rewardB.resistC.resumeD.reverse问题5选项A.silentB.suddenC.slowD.steady问题6选项A.forB.againstC.withD.on问题7选项A.imaginativeB.expensiveC.sensitiveD.productive问题8选项A.similarB.originalC.tempor

13、aryD.dominant问题9选项A.collectB.provideC.copyD.print问题10选项A.give upB.take overC.bring backD.pass down问题11选项A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.when问题12选项A.keptB.borrowedC.releasedD.withdrawn问题13选项A.UnlessB.UntilC.BecauseD.Though问题14选项A.hideB.expressC.raiseD.ease问题15选项A.analyzedB.sharedC.storedD.displayed问题16选项A.un

14、safeB.unnaturalC.uncommonD.unclear问题17选项A.stealB.chooseC.benefitD.return问题18选项A.considerationB.preventionC.manipulationD.justification问题19选项A.cope withB.fight againstC.adapt toD.call for问题20选项A.chunkB.chipC.pathD.trail【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:B第8题:D第9题:B第10题:A第11题:A第12题:D第13题:C第14题:C第15

15、题:C第16题:C第17题:A第18题:B第19题:A第20题:D【解析】（1）逻辑关系。空格前“you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society你可能认为我们会快速进入一个无现金的社会”，而空格后 “a true cashless society is probably not around the comer一个真正的无现金社会可能不会即将来临”，所以空格前后两句句意发生转折，需要填写一个表示转折关系的连词， A选项 “然而；但是”正确。B选项moreover “而且；此外”，表递进；C选项therefor

16、e “因此； 所以”，表结果;D选项otherwise “否则；除此之外；在自他方面”，表对比，均不合逻辑，排除。（2）固定搭配。空格后 “For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment例如，商业周刊在1975年预测电子支付方式 ”可知空格前这里指代的是“对无现金社会的预测早己存在”，D选项的around构成固定搭配be around 表示“存在，出现”，正确。（3）词义辨析。A选项power “力量;政权；势力”；B选项concept “观念，概念”；C选项history “历史，历史

17、学，来历”；D选项role “角色，作用”。空格所在句子意思为例如，1975年商业周刊预测电子支付手段很快将“彻底改变货币本身的。”由文章在讲述“电子货币取代纸币”与空格前“revolutionize改革”的对应可知这里指代的是“改革货币本身的概念”， B选项正确。（4）词义辨析。A选项reward “奖励；奖赏”；B选项resist “抵抗；忍耐”；C选项resume “重新开始，继续”；D选项reverse “使倒退；调换”。空格前 “a true cashless society is probably not around the comer个真正的无现金社会可能不会即将来临”与“on

18、ly to 不料竟会表转折，所以D选项“使倒退”符合语境，正确。句意是例如，1975年的商业周刊曾预测，电子支付方式“很快就会彻底改变货币本身的概念”，但几年之后又发生了逆转。（5）词义辨析。A选项silent “沉默的;寂静的”；B选项sudden “突然的，意外的”；C选项slow “缓慢的；减速的;迟钝的”；D选项steady“稳定的;沉着的”。空格前 “a true cashless society is probably not around the comer 一个真正的无现金社会可能不会即将来临”，而空格后关键词“coming 来到”，所以的C选项“缓慢的”才符合语境，正确。（6

19、）逻辑关系。由空格前虽然电子支付方式可能比基于纸张的支付系统更有效率，其中“Although尽管”表示转折关系，说明句意发生了转折，所以空格句应该是“几个因素妨碍纸币系统的消失”，所以B选项构成的搭配work against “妨碍”符合语境，正确。A选项work for “为工作；受雇于”；C选项work with “与共事；对有效”；D选项work on “影响，对起作用；继续工作；从事于”均不符合语境，排除。（7）词义辨析。A选项imaginative “虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的”；B选项expensive “昂贵的;花钱的”；C选项sensitive “敏感的；灵敏的;易受伤害的

20、”;D选项productive “生产的；多产的；富有成效的”。由第六题的分析知这里在介绍妨碍纸币系统消 失的因素；所以“安装电脑等应该是昂贵的”，B选项正确。（8）词义辨析。A选项similar “相似的”；B选项original “最初的;独创的”；C选项temporary “暂时的，临时的”;D选项dominant“显性的；支配的，主要的”。由空格前“set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks 装配电脑、读卡器和通信网络” 的可知这里句意是“让电子货币成为主要的支付方式”，所以D选项正确。（9）词义辨

21、析。A选项collect “收集；回收；領取”；B选项provide “提供；规定；装备”；C选项copy“复制；抄袭”；D选项print “印刷；打印”。由空格前“paper checks纸质支票”与空格后receipts收据”的对应知这里句意是“其次，纸质支票的优势在于它能提供收据，” B选项正确。（10）词组题。A选项give up “放弃；交出”；B选项take over “接管；接收”；C选项bring back “拿回来；使恢复，使回忆起来”;D下次pass down “传下来;遗传”。空格前句意 “ 其次，纸质支票的优势在于它能提供收据，而很多消费者不愿去东西”，句中someth

22、ing指代“advantage优势”，所以这里是指代“放弃优势”，A选项正确。（11）逻辑关系。A选项before “在以前；在之前”；B选项after “在之后”;C选项since“自以来；自以后”;D选项when“当时；在时”。由空格前“第三，使用纸质支票给消费者几天的“浮动”时间-这需要几天时间”与空格后“a check is cashed个支票被兑现”可知“在之前”符合语境， A选项正确。（12）词义辨析。A选项kept-keep “保持；经营；遵守；饲养”，keep from“隐瞒；阻止；抑制”；B选项borrow-borrowed“借；借用”，borrow from “向 借”;C

23、选项release -released） “释放”，release from “从释放；解除”；D选项withdraw -withdrawn “撤退；收回；撤消；取出”，withdraw from “撤退，退出；取出”。由11题和空格前“a check is cashed一个支票被兑现”可知这里指代“金钱从支票开出者的账户上被取出”， D选项正确。（13）逻辑关系。A选项unless “除非”；B选项until “在以前；直到时”;C选项because “因为；由于”；D选项though “虽然；尽管”。空格后 “electronic payments are immediate 电子支付是立

24、即的”与“they eliminate the float for the consumer它们除去了针对消费者的浮款（即消费者可以等几天后才实际付款的情况）”之间存在因果关系，C选项正确。（14）逻辑关系。A选项hide “隐藏；隐瞒”；B选项express “表达；特快发送”；C选项raise “提高；筹集；养育；升起；引起”；D选项ease“减轻，缓和；使安心”。空格后“an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 一个未被授权的黑客能进入计算机数据库

25、去更改数据”可知这里指代“引起安全和隐私的担忧”， C选项正确。（15）动词过去分词充当后置定语语法。A选项analyze动词过去分词analyzed，“对 进行分析”;B选项share动词过去分词为shared，“分享；分担”;C选项store动词过去分词为stored，“贮藏；储存”，D选项display动词过去分词为 displayed，“显示；表现；陈列”。空格所在句句意我们经常听到媒体报道说一个未经授权的黑客已经能够访问一个计算机数据库并修改在那里信息。“there”指代的是“in the database在数据库”，所以空格指代的是“被储存在那里的信息”；C选项正确。（16）词义辨

26、析。A选项unsafe “危险的；不安稳的”；B选项unnatural “不自然的;反常的”;C选项uncommon “罕见的；不寻常的”；D选项unclear “不清楚的”。本句中的this指代的是上句中“黑客能够获取电脑数据库和更改储存信息”，且上文关键词 often与 本句空格所在的“not uncommon” 为同义替代。所以C选项正确。（17）词义辨析。A选项steal“偷窃；窃取”;B选项choose“选择，决定”；C选项benefit“有益于，对有益”；D选项return “返回；报答”。由空格后 “by moving them from someone else s accou

27、nts into their own通过将它们(即金钱)从其它人的账户移到他们自己的账户”可知空格这里指代的是“偷窃金钱”，A选项正确。（18）词义辨析。A选项consideration “考虑;关心”;B选项prevention “预防；阻止；妨碍”；C选项manipulation “操纵；篡改”；D选项justification “理由；辩护；认为有理”。由空格后“this type of fraud这种欺骗”的对应知空格指代“阻止这种欺骗不是容易的工作”，B选项正确。（19）词组辨析。A选项cope with “处理，应付”；B选项fight against “反对；与作斗争”；C选项a

28、dapt to “使适合，使适宜”;D选项call for “要求;提倡”。空格前“new field of computer science has developed to新领域的计算机科学己发展去”，空格后 “security issues安全问题”，所以空格处的含义是的“处理，应付”，A选项正确。（20）词义辨析。A选项chunk “大块;很多”；B选项chip “芯片;碎片;薄片”;C选项path “道路；小路;轨道”；D选项trail “痕迹；足迹；小径”。空格前另一个令人担忧的问题是，使用电子支付方式会留下电子支付的，空格后“contains a large amount of

29、personal data on buying habits包含大量有关购买习惯的个人数据”，所以空格指代的是“痕迹”，D选项正确。4. 单选题In their letter to the students representative assembly, the freshmen insisted on（ ）in the Student Union.问题1选项A.representingB.being representedC.having representedD.having been represented【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据句意在给学生代表大会的信中，新生坚持在学生会中设置

30、学生代表the freshmen应该是被动，用be represented而insist on后必须用动名词，所以用being represented， B选项正确。5. 单选题It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviol

31、et radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and th

32、e allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sou

33、ght. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linke

34、d to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth Centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scien

35、tists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle or even to confirm the cycl

36、es past existence.If consistant and reliable geological or archaeological and climatological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar

37、activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is tak

38、en to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives from would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not

39、sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time. Modem solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether pres

40、ent cyclical solar-activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.1.The author focuses primarily on（ ）.2.Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity is accurate?3.According to the passage, late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Chin

41、ese records are important for which of the following reasons?4.It can be inferred from the passage that the argument in favor of the first model would be strengthened if which of the following were found to be true?问题1选项A.presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and eva

42、luating geological evidence often cited to support themB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological researchC.discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicat

43、ing how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD.outline the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physicists问题2选项A.In both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a

44、 long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B.To both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C.To one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, wherea

45、s in the other model it is not.D.In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial phenomena, whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have observable effects on the Earth.问题3选项A.They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated were incorrect

46、.B.They suggest that the Maunder minimum might be valid only for Europe.C.They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the founder minimum.D.They establish that solar activity at the time of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present

47、pattern.问题4选项A.Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distain past occurred in cycles having very long periodicities.B.At the present time the global level of thunderstorm activity increases and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.C.In the last century the length

48、of the sunspot cycle has been known to vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 years.D.Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar-activity cycles displayed the same periodicities as do present-day solar-activity cycles.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。A 选项“指出有关太阳活动的两种相对的科学理论并对

49、 其各自的地质依据进行评价”， B选项 “简要概述近期科学在太阳物理学方面的发展并 且就他们对未来气候研究的影响做出评价”， C选项 “讨论将地球上的各种现象与太阳活动联系起来的困难性并指出问题的解决方法影响着我们对太阳物理活动的理解”，D选项“概述有关太阳物理的问题之所以一直没解决的原因并且对现代物理学家过度理论化 的方法进行指责”，根据文章大意可以推断出C选项符合题意。2.推理判断题。文章对太阳活动的两种模式的介绍主要集中在文章的第三段。根据第三段中的 “In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-su

50、staining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years.” “简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变”可知在第一种模式中，太阳活动的周期是与太阳大范围的磁场相关的并且太阳活动周期是可以长期维持基本不变的。根据第三段中的 “In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the Suns ma

51、gnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle would be expected to change over a long period of time.” “在这种模式中，与太阳磁场相关的太阳机制变化更快，因此，太阳活动周期的特点也会在很长一段时间后有所变化”可知在第二种模式中太阳活动的周期也是和太阳磁场相关的，但是太阳活动周期是会有所变化的。所以A选项在这两个模型中，周期性的太阳活动被认为是太阳的一个长期特征，在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化。和C选项在一

52、个模型中，太阳磁场被认为是导致太阳活动的一个因素，而在另一个模型中则不是。表错误，D选项文章中没有体现，所以B选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中的“The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it.” “太阳活动极小期的真实性还有待考证，特别是中国当时肉眼观

53、察到的太阳活动的记录又与其相矛盾”确定A选项他们认为,蒙德极小期的数据是建立不正确的。符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据第三段中 “In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years.” “简而言之，太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的，因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会

54、在几十亿年内维持基本不变”确定D 选项“数亿年前太阳活动的周期性特征和如今太阳活动的周期性相同”是对第一种模式的支持。6. 单选题（ ） that many animals seem to be highly sensitive to various signals associated with earthquakes, the basic question remains of how this behavior can be put to use in earthquake prediction.问题1选项A.ConsideringB.ProvidedC.GrantedD.Assumin

55、g【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析题。A选项的considering that “鉴于，就而论，考虑到”; B选项的provided that“如果，条件是，倘若”；C选项的granted that “ 即使，假定”; D选项的assuming that “假定”。 根据句意 即使许多动物似乎对于地震有关的各种信号具有高度的敏感性，根本问题仍然是如何能将此习性在预报地震中加以运用 确定C选项正确。7. 翻译题If you judge the progress of humanity by Homer Simpson, Paris Hilton, and Girls Gone Wild video

56、s, you might conclude that our evolution has stalled or even shifted into reverse. Not so, scientists say. Humans are evolving faster than ever before, picking up new genetic traits and talents that may help us survive a turbulent future.Much remodeling has gone on science the dawn of agriculture ab

57、out 10 millenniums ago. ”People who lived 10000 years ago were much more like Neanderthals than we are like those people: says John Hawks, a professor of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin. Weve changed.Hawks is among a growing number of scientists who are using whole-genome sequencing (全基因

58、组测试)and other modem technologies to zero in on just how weve changed .Their research is helping illuminate not only how humans became what we are but also where we might be headed. For instance, some scientists speculate that changes in human mating patterns may be contributing to the increase in au

59、tism. Others track how humans have morphed in response to changing circumstance, including enhanced abilities to metabolize sugar and fight disease.Some people are genetically more resistant to the HIV virus, for instance, and that trait should become more common in the future, as those people are m

60、ore likely to survive and have children who are resistant. Yet for some people, the makeover isnt big enough or fast enough. Some parents have started using DNA testing to choose the genetic makeup of their children, rejecting embryos with inherited flaws or embracing those with desired traits-such

61、as being the right sex.Until recently, anthropologist thought that human evolution had slowed down, but last December, Hawks reported that it had actually accelerated 100-fold in the past5000 to 10000 years. He figured that out by comparing chunks of DNA among 269 people from around the world. Over

62、time, DNA accumulates random mutations, just as the front of a white T-shirt tends to accumulate spots. The bigger the chunks of DNA without random spots, the most recently it had been mimed. Using this system, Hawks concluded that recent genetic changes account for about 7 percent of human genome.

63、Much of the increase, he says, has fueled by the growth of the worlds population, which has expanded by a factor of 1000 over the past 10000 years. Having more people increases the odds of mutations.At the same time, the human genome has been scrambling to adopt to a rapidly changing world-11000 years ago, nobody framed, nobody milked domesticated animal