考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考前自测提分卷69(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-四川师范大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题It is a pity for _ any disagreement in the family.问题1选项A.there to beB.there beingC.there beD.being【答案】A【解析】考查不定式用法。不定式结构做主语通常表示具体动作，间或也可表示抽象动作，这一点与-ing分词结构做主语恰恰相反。用作主语的不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可以在特定上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”或“for+ there to be”表示

2、。如：It is important for us to have a good grasp of English.Its a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family.（在这种结构中，there后面的不定式只能是to be）本题句意：家庭不和实在是很遗憾。因此A选项正确。2.单选题The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural

3、reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald

4、Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in th

5、at time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger. If, for instance, they are

6、 required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls ther

7、e but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously th

8、ought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isnt simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons

9、personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.1. What social scientists have long felt puzzled about i

10、s why _.2. In his research, Gerald Wilde finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards _.3. According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from _.4. By saying “.statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers” (Para. 2), the aut

11、hor means _.5. Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?问题1选项A.the mortality rate can not be predictedB.the death toll remained stable year after yearC.a quota for each type of death has not come into beingD.people lost their lives every year for this or that reason问题2选项A.have hel

12、ped solve the problem of so high death rateB.have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past centuryC.have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deathsD.have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths问题3选项A.our innate desire for riskB.our fast and reckless drivingC.ou

13、r ignorance of seat belt benefitsD.our instinctive interest in speeding问题4选项A.wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of viewB.deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing themC.deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing s

14、eat beltsD.wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents问题5选项A.Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others.B.Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care.C.Cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart.D.Looking on the bright side and

15、 developing a balanced level of risk.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists.No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year aft

16、er year.（死亡率的可预测性长期以来一直困扰着社会科学家没有人为每种死亡类型设定一个限额。他们只是年复一年地遵循着一种一成不变的模式。）”由此可知B选项“死亡人数年复一年保持稳定”说法正确。A选项“死亡率无法预测”，文章的意思为死亡人数年复一年保持稳定，所以社会科学家很难预测死亡率的变化，并不是说死亡率不可预测，所以A选项说法错误；C选项“还没有形成每种死亡类型的限额”和D选项“人们每年因为这个或那个原因而失去生命”虽然文中都有提到，但这些都是死亡人数保持稳定的原因，不是主要困扰社会科学家们的问题。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“He noticed that

17、 mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time.（他注意到，整个世纪以来，尽管在这段时间里发生了所有的技术进步和安全标准提高，西方世界的暴力和意外死亡

18、死亡率一直保持着奇怪的稳定。）”，由此可知技术进步和安全标准的提高并未降低各种原因的死亡人数，所以D选项“没有达到降低死亡人数的效果”说法正确。A选项“帮助解决了高死亡率的问题”、B选项“在过去的一个世纪中对死亡率的解释很奇怪”以及C选项“减少了暴力和意外死亡的死亡率”都不符合文章事实，因此D选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will ge

19、t around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger.It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.（根据这一理论，人们本能地生活在一定程度的风险中。当某物变得更安全时，人们会以某种方式绕过该措施，重新确认原来的危险水平这样看来，我们对危险有一种天生的需求。）”，由此可知A选项“我们天生的冒险欲望”说法正确。B选项“我们的快速和鲁莽驾驶”；C选项“我们对安全带好处的无知”；D选项“我们对超速的本能兴趣”文章虽然都有提到，但那些都并不是

20、体内风险平衡理论主要阐述的导致交通事故的根本原因，因此A选项正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers.（例如，如果他们被要求系上安全带，他们会感到更安全，

21、因此会开车更快一点，更鲁莽一点，从而从统计学上抵消了安全带带来的好处。）”，由此可知从统计学的角度说，开快车开鲁莽车导致的死亡人数的增加抵消了系保险带引起的死亡人数减少的好处，所以C选项“其他原因造成的死亡抵消了系安全带的好处”符合题意。A选项“从统计的角度来看，系安全带没有任何好处”和B选项“系安全带和不系安全带造成的死亡是一样的”以及D选项“系上安全带不一定能减少交通事故的死亡人数”都不是作者想要表达的意思。因此C选项正确。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段“people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far mo

22、re often than people with a sunny disposition.（性格多疑的人比性格开朗的人更容易过早死亡）”可知A选项“对他人表现出足够的信任而不是怀疑”说法错误，文章提到的是要保持性格开朗，C选项“培养乐观的性格，永不气馁”正确；根据最后一段“it isnt simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care.（这不仅仅是坚持某些预防措施的问题：吃正确的食物，不吸烟，小心驾驶。）”可知B选项“吃低脂肪的

23、食物，小心驾驶”说法错误，正确的食物不等于低脂肪的食物；根据文章最后一句话“Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.（往好的方面看，它似乎可以延长你的寿命。）”可知D选项“看到光明的一面，发展一个平衡的风险水平”说法错误，后半句文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。3.单选题The accountant _ thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to be its best fundraiser.问题1选项A.donatedB.val

24、idatedC.embezzledD.certify【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项donate“捐赠，捐献”；B选项validate“证实，验证；确认；使生效”；C选项embezzle“盗用；挪用；贪污”；D选项certify“证明；保证”。句意：那个会计盗用善款几千美元，却表现出自己是最佳的捐助者。根据句中的while可知，前后两句关系为转折，后半句提到“最佳捐赠者”，那么前半句句意应该与之相反。因此C选项正确。4.单选题It was the training that he had as a young man _ made him such a good engineer.问题1

25、选项A.whatB.whichC.thatD.who【答案】C【解析】考查宾语从句和强调句型。该句的第一个that引导的是宾语从句，做he had的宾语，因此空格处应填that从而构成强调句型。陈述句的强调句型为It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。该句强调部分是物，因此用that。句意：正是他年轻时所受的训练使他成为如此优秀的工程师。因此C选项正确。5.单选题Fitness helps _ signs of depression, such as indecision and lack of zest for

26、 daily activities.问题1选项A.alleviateB.diagnoseC.assessD.manipulate【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项alleviate“减轻，缓和”；B选项diagnose“诊断；断定；判断”；C选项assess“评定；估价；对征税”；D选项manipulate“操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改”。句意：健康有助于缓解抑郁迹象，如优柔寡断和对日常活动缺乏热情。因此A选项正确。6.单选题“What do they eat in Hawaii?”“_ eat rice rather than potatoes.”问题1选项A.Most of peopl

27、eB.Most of the peopleC.The most of peopleD.The most people【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。从4个选项看，所希望表达的意思是“大多数人”，填在句中的空白处，意为“大多数人喜欢吃米饭而不是土豆”。但从一问一答来看，这里“大多数人”是针对问句中的they而言的，是特指的“他们”中的大多数，只有Most of the people从结构上表达了这个意思。A选项的结构错误在于如果泛指，只能用Most people。C选项和D选项的结构错误在于，如果most只是用于指数量，它是一个不定量的限定词，不能放在定冠词的后面共同修饰名词；如果most用于指

28、程度，它前面可带定冠词共同修饰形容词，构成形容词最高级the most + adj.。因此B选项正确。7.单选题The usual distinctions between “basic research”, “applied research”, and “development”, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy fo

29、r government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. One cannot distinguish in any meaningful way “basic” from “applied research” by observing what a

30、scientist is doing.“Applied research” should not be used to mean “purposeful and demonstrably useful basic research,” and one should be wary of the use of the term in government statistics. In corporate research laboratories, such as the TJ. Watson Research Laboratories of IBM, all of the work is re

31、ferred to simply as “research.” There is no need to attempt a distinction between “basic” and “applied” research. All of the companys research investments are motivated by corporate interests. All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is s

32、o “pure” that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.We should reserve the words “applied research” for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the c

33、osts. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words “problem-solving research” instead.Narrow problem-solving and development are activities initiated by someone who wishes to apply research methods purposefully to exploit an identified opportunity or solve a proble

34、m. They involve the application of technical resources to achieve an identified goal for a specified beneficiary, usually the investor in the work. It is a reasonable assumption that those who engage in such activities expect to benefit from them, and to benefit by a sufficient margin over the cost

35、to accommodate the technical risk that is ever-present in research. The investor in problem-solving may be a government agency, but is more likely to be a private firm. In most cases that firm would be expected to be able to appropriate sufficient benefits to need no government subsidy to take those

36、 risks. Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an

37、important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science.1. According to the author, the distinction between Basic and applied researches in government documents is _.2. A disturbing result of the definitions of nature of research in government statistics is that _.3. It is implied in the s

38、econd paragraph that basic research is characterized by _.4. The “applied research” as the author understands it is best defined in terms of _.5. The passage is mainly concerned with defining the role of _.问题1选项A.theoretically unjustifiableB.obscure and misleadingC.scientific but insufficientD.meani

39、ngful though confusing问题2选项A.the role of government in funding research activities is poorly definedB.scientists are not sure whether what they are doing is meaningfulC.the goals of both basic and applied researches are not rationally setD.research in corporate settings is not purposeful or demonstr

40、ably useful问题3选项A.less creativityB.higher motivationC.lack of immediate valueD.insufficient investment问题4选项A.the goal it serves and the problem it solvesB.the party that sponsors and benefits from itC.the cost and risks involved in such researchD.both A and B问题5选项A.applied research in the creation o

41、f new technologyB.basic research in the creation of new technologyC.private firms in refunding problem-solving researchD.government in the creation of new technology【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The usual distinctions between basic research, applied research, and development

42、, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for gov

43、ernment in the national scientific and technical enterprise.（对基础研究和应用研究与发展这些词语的基本区分，在国家科学基金会记录的正式的政府数据中已经沿用多年，不幸的是，在讨论政府对技术活动的投资政策时，这些区分显得很不足。的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由此可知“基础研究”和“应用研究”的区别定义不够清楚，且会引起误导，所以B选项“模糊和误导性的”符合题意。A选项“理论上不合理的”；C选项“科学但不充分的”；D选项“有意义但令人困惑的”。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位

44、到文章第一段“Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. （的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由此可知政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确是导致不安结果的原因，所以A选项“政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确”符合题意。B选项“科学家不确定他们正在做的事情是否有意义”；C选项“基础研究和

45、应用研究的目标设置不合理”；D选项“在公司背景下的研究是没有目的的，也没有明显的用处”。因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章二段“All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so pure that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.（所有的研究都有一个目的。所有这些都是在高度创造性的条件下进行的。哪项研究都不是那么纯粹

46、，以至于研究的投资者不指望它有任何价值。）”，由此可推测，基础研究（即所谓的纯科学研究）不在于满足某些人的功利需求，也不在于满足一个短期的价值预期，所以C选项“缺乏直接价值”符合题意。A选项“更少的创造力”；B选项“更高的动机”；D选项“投资不足”。因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“We should reserve the words applied research for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific probl

47、em for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words problem-solving research instead.（我们应该把应用研究这个词保留在那些狭义的定义上，即应用研究指在有限时间内利用有限资源为某个特定使用者完成某个特定任务，作为受益者的使用者获得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。为了在这次讨论中明确应用研究的观点，我使

48、用了以解决问题为目的的研究这个词。）”，作者称之为“以解决问题为目的的研究”这个定义，以及下一段对这个定义的进一步解释，强调了研究的目的性，当然也强调了解决问题，因此A选项“它服务的目标和它解决的问题”表达的意思是正确的。同时，这个定义也强调了受益者（=投资者），因此B选项“赞助并从中受益的一方”也是正确的。C选项“这种研究涉及的成本和风险”没有提及，所以D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。第一段前两句实际上表达了本文的主旨。分析“应用研究”的定义也是为了澄清概念，说明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Public investment in the creation of new techn

49、ology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand

50、for science. 对新技术创新进行公共投资（区别于上面提到的私人和公司投资，所谓公共的根据上下文实际上指政府的）是一个关键环节，将社会目标和为追求这些社会目标所做的科学研究联系在一起。因此，对技术的追求是对科学的追求的一个重要也许是最重要的源泉。”最后一句实际上又强调了应用研究和基础研究的关系。可见，本文的主要意图是如何解决政府在“应用研究”和“基础研究”中的作用，所以D选项“政府在创造新技术上的支持”符合题意。A选项“新技术创造中的应用研究”；B选项“创造新技术的基础研究”；C选项“私营企业资助问题解决研究”。因此D选项正确。8.填空题【答案】1.waswere2.speakings

51、poken3.去掉the4.wereare5.theythere6.去掉are7.onin8.inon9.eastEast10.was (of) great【解析】1.考查there be句型的用法。There be句型的构成形式一般为“There is/are+某物/人+某地/时”，表示某地/时有某物/人。There be句型是英语中常用句型，意思是“有”，表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。当动词be后所接的名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词时，be 应该取单数is；当其后所接的名词是复数的可数名词时，be用复数are。该句中动词be后面接的名词是languages，为复数，be动词也应用

52、复数形式。句意：在这片大陆上有200到250种不同的语言。因此本题应把was改为were。2.考查非谓语动词做后置定语。后置定语即定语放在名词后面，成为后置定语。由于该句已有谓语动词be动词，speaking应作为非谓语动词来修饰languages。动词的非谓语形式，一般包括动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。doing表示正在进行的动作，并且/或者是名词的主动语态，单个-ing作定语后置，表示强调动作，-ing短语作定语一般后置，-ing作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在说话时该动作正在进行，否则要用从句作定语。done表示已经完成的动作，并且/或者是名词的被动语态。该句

53、中的languages和speak是被动关系，即语言被说，所以应用过去分词。句意：在这片大陆上有200到250种不同的语言。因此本题应把speaking改为spoken。3.考查over的固定用法。over +数字，表示数目，数量，时间，年龄等超过所以over后面接数字表示“超过”意思时不用加the。句意：其中一些语言今天仍然存在：大约20种语言仍然存在，但超过150种现在已经消失了。因此本题应把the去掉。4.考查时态一致。英语时态一致也叫时态呼应。指在复合句中某些从句谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词的时态的影响，因此，须保持主从两部分从句中的时态一致。该句的主句部分谓语动词为一般现在时“d

54、o not know”，根据时态一致原则，从句部分的谓语动词也应用一般现在时。句意：我们现在还不知道整个大陆使用的所有语言的名称。因此本题应把were改为are。5.考查句意。句意：我们现在不知道整个大陆使用的所有语言的名称，但有一些生活在这个国家的各种各样的风景和气候中的语言群体。如果不把they改为there，就会出现指代不明的现象。因此本题应把they改为were。6.考查句子结构。英语句子中只能有一个谓语动词，be lived in不是固定短语搭配，不能用来当谓语，所以应删去be动词和lived in中的一个，而该句子想表达的意思是：生活在这个国家的各种各样的风景和气候中的语言群体，所

55、以不能删去lived in。因此本题应删去are。27.【试题答案】onin【试题解析】考查固定搭配。in the desert“在沙漠；在沙漠里；在沙漠中”。句意：阿勒特人生活在沙漠地区。因此本题应把on改为in。8.考查固定搭配。on the plain“在平原上”。句意：Thurrawai人、Dhurga人和Dyiringa人生活在东南部肥沃的Illawarra平原上。因此本题应把in改为on。9.考查专有名词。South East“东南；东南方的”为专有名词，首字母应大写。句意：Thurrawai人、Dhurga人和Dyiringa人生活在东南部肥沃的Illawarra平原上。因此本题

56、应把east改为East。10.考查固定搭配。be of great significance“有重大意义的；意义重大”。句意：成为一个特定语言群体的成员具有重大的社会和文化意义。因此本题应在was后面加上of。9.单选题Undoubtedly the flood could have been _ if the local government had invested more money in greening the environment.问题1选项A.put offB.turned offC.kept offD.written off【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项put o

57、ff“推迟；扔掉；阻止”；B选项turn off“关掉，关闭；拐弯，使转变方向；使失去兴趣”；C选项keep off“让开；不接近”；D选项write off“注销；取消；勾销；报废”。句意：毫无疑问，如果当地政府在绿化环境方面投入更多的资金，洪水本可以被阻断。因此B选项正确。10.单选题We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always _ enough.问题1选项A.inexplicableB.healthyC.soundD.straight【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项inexplicable“费解的；无法说明的；不能解释的”；B选项healthy“健康的，健全的；有益于健康的”；C选项sound“合理的；无损的；有能力的；充足的；彻底的；熟睡的；资金充实的；严厉的；健全的”；D选项straight“直的；连续的；笔直的；正直的；整齐的；异性恋的”。句意：我们可以靠威廉去完成这个任务，因为他的决策总是合理的。因此C选项正确。