2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题47（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The brick-and-mortar museum that exists in the real world is unlikely to become obsolete, but “visiting” museums in cyberspace is now a common pastime.问题1选项A.hobbyB.fashionC.modeD.pattern【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. hobby 业余爱好（活动） B. fashion （衣服、发式等的）流行款式，时兴式样C. mode 风格，

2、样式 D. pattern 模式【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】pastime的意思为“消遣，休闲活动”，指的是在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动，只有hobby与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】现实世界中的实体博物馆不太可能过时，但现在在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动。2. 填空题Economists are now realizing the full extent which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information

3、technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational A B Ccorporations take full advantage of it. D【答案】A which改为to which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】A部分到句尾是定语从句，从句原本为the communications revolution has affected the world economy to the full extent，其中to the ful

4、l extent的意思为“充分地，最大程度地”，【句意】经济学家们现在认识到通讯革命很大程度地影响着世界经济。信息技术使贸易得以跨越地域和工业边界扩展，并且跨国公司已经充分利用信息技术。3. 单选题The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, “High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.” He described the inad

5、equacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established.My topic is not standards nor its decline. What the speaker was really saying is that he is no long

6、er young; he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult.My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English

7、 became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiencies. But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack.The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improv

8、es, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generations of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults the language of the young always seems inadequat

9、e.Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to todays young people, it naturally follows that todays English teachers cannot be doing their jobs. Otherwise, young people would not commi

10、t offenses against the language.1. The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that _.2. In the authors opinion, the speaker _.3. It can be concluded from the passage that _.4. The authors attitude towards the speakers remarks is _.问题1选项A.the language of the younger generation is usuall

11、y inferior to that of the older generationB.the students had a poor command of English because they didnt work hard enoughC.the was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen yearsD.English teachers should be held responsible for the students poor command of Engli

12、sh问题2选项A.gave a correct judgment of the English level of the studentsB.had exaggerated the language problems of the studentsC.was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobsD.could think and speak intelligently问题3选项A.it is justifiable to include English as a school subjectB.the a

13、uthor disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 levelC.English language teaching is by no means an easy jobD.language improvement needs time and effort问题4选项A.neutralB.positiveC.criticalD.compromising【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The speaker the author mentioned in th

14、e passage believed that _. 作者在文中提到的演讲者认为_。A. the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generation A. 年轻一代的语言通常不如老一代的语言B. the students had a poor command of English because they didnt work hard enough B. 这些学生的英语水平很低，因为他们不够努力C. the was an excellent language teache

15、r because he had been teaching English for sixteen years C. 他是一位优秀的语言老师，因为他已经教了16年英语了D. English teachers should be held responsible for the students poor command of English D. 英语教师应该对学生英语不好负责【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词The speaker定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“演讲者（The speaker）是一所社区大学的教师”，结合该段第二句“他说，高中英语老师没有做好他们的工

16、作（High school English teachers are not doing their jobs）。”，可知他认为学生英语不好是高中老师的责任，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“年轻一代的语言通常不如老一代的语言”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“这些学生的英语水平很低，因为他们不够努力”：演讲者认为其原因在于老师没教好，而不是学生不努力，属于偷换概念；C选项“他是一位优秀的语言老师，因为他已经教了16年英语了”：对应第二段最后一句“他已经教书十六年了（teaching for sixteen years），能像成年人一样思考和说话（think and speak lik

17、e a mature adult）。”，能像成年人一样思考和说话不等同于是一位优秀的语言老师，演讲者没有这样的意思，属于偷换概念。第2题:【选项释义】In the authors opinion, the speaker _. 在作者看来，演讲者_。A. gave a correct judgment of the English level of the students A. 对学生的英语水平做出了正确的判断B. had exaggerated the language problems of the students B. 夸大了学生的语言问题C. was right in saying

18、 that English teachers were not doing their jobs C. 说英语老师没有做好他们的工作是对的D. could think and speak intelligently D. 能聪明地思考和说话【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词authors opinion定位到第三段第一、二句，该处讲到“我的观点是（My point is that），一代人对下一代人的频繁抱怨（frequent complaint）不可避免（inevitable）。寻找不满（look for dissatisfaction）也是出于人的天性（human

19、 nature）。”，可知作者认为上一代人找理由抱怨下一代人的语言能力是出于天性，而不是因为这些学生的英语水平真的很低，夸大了学生的语言问题，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“对学生的英语水平做出了正确的判断”：作者认为没有正确、客观地评价，反而夸大了学生的语言问题，属于反向干扰；C选项“说英语老师没有做好他们的工作是对的”：对应该段第三、四句“在19世纪末英语成为一门学科（English became a school subject）之前，很难找到语言缺陷的指责对象。但从那以后（But since then），英语教师一直受到攻击（have been under constant at

20、tack）。”，可知作者认为对英语老师的批评不公正、不客观，并非正确，属于反向干扰；D选项“能聪明地思考和说话”：对应第二段最后一句“说话者真正想说（speaker was really saying）的是他能像成年人一样思考和说话。”，可知这是演讲者自己认为的，而不是作者认为的，属于张冠李戴。第3题:【选项释义】It can be concluded from the passage that _. 从文章中可以得出结论：_。A. it is justifiable to include English as a school subject A. 把英语作为一门学科很合理B. the au

21、thor disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 level B. 作者不同意演讲者对九年级英语水平标准的看法C. English language teaching is by no means an easy job C. 英语教学绝不是一件容易的工作D. language improvement needs time and effort D. 提高语言需要时间和努力【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第四段第三句，该处讲到“他们没有意识到自己的能力已经发展了这么多年（abil

22、ity has developed through the years），并且认为新一代的年轻人在这方面肯定是没有希望了（hopeless in this respect）。”，可知语言能力的提高需要长时间的努力，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“把英语作为一门学科很合理”：文中没有探讨英语作为一门学科的问题，属于无中生有；B选项“作者不同意演讲者对九年级英语水平的看法”：对应第一段最后一句“我无法确定（unable to determine）这个9年级的水平是如何判定的。”，可知作者对此的态度是不确定，而非不同意，属于偷换概念；C选项“英语教学绝不是一件容易的工作”：文中没有提到英语教学

23、的要求和难度，属于无中生有。第4题:【选项释义】The authors attitude towards the speakers remarks is _. 作者对演讲者言论的态度是_。A. neutral A. 中立的B. positive B. 肯定的C. critical C. 批判的D. compromising D. 有失体面的，不宜泄露的【答案】C【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】此题定位到第一段最后一句“我无法确定（unable to determine）这个9年级的水平是如何判定的。”，以及第三段“我的观点是（My point is that），一代人对下一代人的频繁抱怨不可

24、避免。寻找不满也是出于人的天性但（But）从那以后，英语教师一直受到攻击（constant attack）。”，可知作者并不赞同演讲者对于学生语言水平的判定，并且反对演讲者对英语老师所做工作的否定，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“中立的”：作者有明确的观点，并没有保持中立，属于反向干扰；B选项“肯定的”：作者明确地反对，属于反向干扰；D选项“有失体面的”：作者并没有认为演讲者的言论是错误的，所以不能公开，属于无中生有。4. 填空题It could perhaps be said that the attraction or _ some of us occasionally have t

25、owards those with wealth may have partially evolved from this dynamic. (admire)【答案】admiration【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据or，可知横线处和attraction都是名词，admiration意思为“赞赏，羡慕”，指的是对富人的羡慕，符合语境。【句意】或许可以这样说，我们当中的部分人偶尔对富人的向往或羡慕，可能在一定程度上就是从这种相互作用的方式演变而来的。5. 单选题The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of

26、management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization.Consider the

27、 novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T. Coca-Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what hes seen at

28、big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases,

29、it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales (障眼物) have droppe

30、d from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New York-based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get aheadthat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promo

31、tion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.1. Accordi

32、ng to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”.2. To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _.3. The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _.4. The best title for th

33、is passage would be _.问题1选项A.criticisms that shape everyones experienceB.the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC.the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization问题2选项A.perform

34、 well your tasks given by your superiorsB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.work as a consultant to your superiorsD.let your superiors know how good you are问题3选项A.know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB.want to give people the impression that they

35、work under false beliefsC.dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD.believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color问题4选项A.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB.The Importance of Being VisibleC.Job Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Success

36、【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”. 根据文章，“以前认为最好不要说的事情”（第一段）可能指的是“_”。A. criticisms that shape everyones experience A. 形成每个人的经验的批判B. the opinions which contradict the established beliefs B. 与

37、既定信念相矛盾的观点C. the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eye C. 有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向D. the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization D. 在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词judged to be best left unsaid定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“她们似乎就越想谈论

38、以前认为最好不要说的事情（things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）”，结合该段第二句“新人倾向于用全新的眼光（fresh eye）来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量进行批判性分析（critical analyses）。”，可知这里不能说的是和新观点相反的，并且之前在大环境中普遍赞同的观点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“形成每个人的经验的批判”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量（forces that shape everyones experience）进行批判性分析（cri

39、tical analyses）”，这里指的不是批判塑造经验，而是批判形成经验的力量，属于偷换概念；C选项“有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“新人倾向于用全新的眼光来看待公司的事务（tend to see office matters with a fresh eye）”，这里描述的是这件事本身，而不是说要推动这件事，属于偷换概念；D选项“在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法”：文中没有提到这些会产生新的管理方式，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】To achieve success in your career, the most important fac

40、tor, according to the passage, is to _. 根据这篇文章，想要在你的职业生涯中取得成功，最重要的因素是_。A. perform well your tasks given by your superiors A. 出色完成上级交代的任务B. project a favorable image to the people around you B. 在周围人面前树立良好形象C. work as a consultant to your superiors C. 做你上司的顾问D. let your superiors know how good you are

41、 D. 让你上司知道你有多优秀【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词the most important factor定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“长期职业成功的不同要素（different elements）如下：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%，而曝光率高达60%（exposure, a full 60%）。”，结合该段第六句“晋升往往取决于（advancement more often depends on）有多少人了解（how many people know）你和你的工作，以及他们的职位高低”，可知在事业成功上，让上司知道自己的优秀最重要，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排

42、除】A选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”：对应第二段第一句“业绩仅占10%（performance counts a mere 10%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；B选项“在周围人面前树立良好形象”：对应第二段第一句“形象占30%（image, 30%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；C选项“做你上司的顾问”：对应第三段第三句“帮助企业处理这些问题的管理顾问（management consultant）卡列尔贾米森”，这里只是提到此人及其职业，和取得职业生涯的成功无关，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】The reason why women and blacks play

43、 down their visibility is that they _. 女性和黑人减少自己曝光率的原因是他们_。A. know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotion A. 知道权威人士会向下视察，给他们升职B. want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefs B. 想给人一种他们抱着错误信念工作的印象C. dont want people to think that their promotions

44、were due to sex or color C. 不希望人们认为他们晋升是由于性别或肤色D. believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color D. 认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词play down their visibility定位到第三段第五句，该处讲到“大多数女性和黑人害怕人们认为（so frightened that people will think）他们是因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此他们减少了自己的曝光率（that they play down

45、their visibility）。”，可知其原因是不希望别人认为他们只因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”：对应第三段第四句，该处讲到“他们认为（They think）权威人士会向下视察，给你升职（someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion）。”，这是在解释前一句提到的错误信念，而非减少曝光率的主要原因，属于张冠李戴；B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工作的印象”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“列尔贾米森说（says Kaleel Jamison），女性和黑

46、人抱着错误的信念工作。”，这句话是别人对他们的评价，而非他们自己想要这样做，属于偷换概念；D选项“认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升”：他们不希望别人认为自己因性别或肤色而晋升，自己也不认为这样的事情会发生，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】The best title for this passage would be _. 这篇文章最好的标题是_。A. Role of Women and Minorities in Management A. 女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用B. The Importance of Being Visible B. 被看见的重要性C. Job Performance

47、 and Advancement C. 工作表现与晋升D. Sex and Career Success D. 性别与事业成功【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出女性、少数族裔（women and minorities）和新人对于公司原有观点的冲击（talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）；第二段点出自己和自己工作被上级看到（exposure, a full 60%）是在职场中成功最重要的因素；第三段建议女性和黑人让自己成为焦点（find their way into the spotlight）。综上

48、所述，这篇文章层层递进，最终要表达的是在职场中，成为焦点、被看到很重要，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：文中没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用，属于无中生有；C选项“工作表现与晋升”和D选项“性别与事业成功”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。6. 填空题In the 8th century gigaku fell into disfavor because its frivolous (愚蠢的) character _ the Japanese rulers of the period. (please)【答案】displeased

49、【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】because引导原因状语从句，横线处为谓语动词。根据时间8th century，可知句子时态为一般过去时。这里指的是伎乐愚蠢可笑的特点让统治者_，因此伎乐不受欢迎，displease的意思为“使恼怒，使生气，使不悦”，符合语境，其过去式为displeased。【句意】在8世纪，伎乐因其愚蠢可笑的特点，当时的日本统治者听了不悦，因此不受欢迎。7. 填空题The origin of contemporary sociological references to social structure can be traced to Emile Durkheim,

50、who argued that parts of society are interdependent and that this interdependency imposes structure for the behavior of institutions A B C Dand their members.【答案】D for改为on【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】impose sth. on sb./sth.意思为“把强加于”，此题正确用法为impose structure on the behavior。【句意】当代社会学对社会结构可以追溯到埃米尔迪尔凯姆，他认为社会的各个部

51、分相互依赖的，这种相互依赖将结构强加在机构及其成员的行为。8. 填空题Severe government cuts _ reduce social and health programmes that are vital for the poor. (vary)【答案】invariably【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】横线处修饰动词reduce，政府资金的削减会使社会和卫生项目减少，invariably意思为“始终如一地，一贯地”，符合语境。【句意】政府资金的削减必然会使社会和卫生项目减少，而这些项目对穷人来说至关重要。9. 单选题To say that the child learns

52、 by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than

53、 “Monkey see, monkey do.”Look at it from the childs point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to g

54、et the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house ac

55、hieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the

56、child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.In finding trial responses,

57、 the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person

58、 may most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situation, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models bec

59、ause imitating them leads to success.1. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is _.2. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to _.3. Children tend to imitate their models _.4. “An identifying figure” (Para. 5) refers to a person _.问题1选项A.the need to

60、find an authorityB.the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC.the need for more affection from his parentsD.the desire to meet the standards of his social group问题2选项A.behave properlyB.attain his goal as soon as possibleC.show his affection for his parentsD.talk quietly问题3选项A.who do not criticize themB.who bring them unexpected rewardsC.whom they want to be likeD.whose social status is high问题4选项A.who serves as a model for othersB.who is always successfulC.who can be depended uponD.who has been rewarded for his success【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】For a child the first elemen