考研考博-考博英语-宁波大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷12（附带答案详解）

《考研考博-考博英语-宁波大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷12（附带答案详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研考博-考博英语-宁波大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷12（附带答案详解）（25页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-宁波大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷（附带答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题This week we will be celebrating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, one of Britains most extraordinary scientists. His theory of evolution, one of the greatest discoveries of all time, gives us a way of un

2、derstanding the connectedness of all life and the uniqueness of human life within it. Together with other branches of scientific exploration, evolution begins to unfold and illuminate the interplay of forces that make our universe such an extraordinary dynamic reality. In this sense, science is itse

3、lf a journey of learning and exploration. This I find exciting and humbling.Towards the end of his life Darwin wrote: “It seems to me absurd to doubt that a man may be an ardent Theist and an evolutionist.” The science opens me not only to puzzles and to questions about the world I live in; it leads

4、 me to marvel at its complexity. Here, I find science is a good friend to my faith. It also calls me to a journey of learning and understanding. One of the things that mars our culture is the fracture between faith and science. It impoverishes our inquiry into the realities that make up our life and

5、 world. This is a false opposition.If we see the two as fundamentally opposedscience endangering and undermining faith, or faith obstructing knowledgethen distortions are produced on both sides. For example, some Christians argue for “Young Earth Creationism” or Intelligent Design as an alternative

6、to evolutionary theory. Creationism is the belief that the biblical stories of Creation as described in the Book of Genesis are literally true.Is genuine Christianity obliged to adopt any of these positions? No, it is not. Belief in creation is not equivalent to any one of them. It is a mistake to t

7、reat the theology of creation in the Book of Genesis as a scientific textbook. It does unfold a profound and valid truth about the world in which we live, its order and purpose. The Book of Genesis speaks about the relationship between God and creation and especially about the place of humanity in t

8、hat relationship. That wonderful narrative of creation offers us a first vision of an “ecology of holiness” in which every material and living thing has a place and its creativity is consecrated in goodness by God. The account of creation in Genesis is pointing us beyond the question “how?” to the q

9、uestion “why?” Ultimately, science as well as faith must come to that most fundamental of all questions: the question of meaning and purpose.31. According to the author, Darwins theory of evolution shows that _.32. Which of the following would Darwin most probably agree to?33. The author finds scien

10、ce “humbling” because it _.34. The author believes that The Book of Genesis is true in that it _.35. In the authors opinion, the relationship between science and faith is _.问题1选项A.life are all interrelatedB.human life are most dynamicC.animal life are most uniqueD.life comes from an interplay of for

11、ces问题2选项A.A believer in God cannot be a follower of his theory.B.A man can believe in God and science at the same time.C.Faith can be blind while science cannot be.D.Science is surely more rational than religion.问题3选项A.creates a strong faith for mankindB.opens up a new world of life for himC.helps h

12、im realize the richness of lifeD.solves many questions about the world问题4选项A.proves true the discoveries in scienceB.answers the question of how mankind is createdC.discloses the origin of human beingsD.explains where humanity is in relation to God问题5选项A.supplementaryB.opposing to each otherC.interd

13、ependentD.mutually exclusive【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】31.【选项释义】31. According to the author, Darwins theory of evolution shows that _. 31. 根据作者的说法，达尔文的进化论表明_。A. life are all interrelated A. 生命是相互关联的B. human life are most dynamic B. 人的生命是最有活力的C. animal life are most unique C. 动物的生命是最独特的D. life

14、comes from an interplay of forces D. 生命源于各种力量的相互作用【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第一段倒数第三句“他的进化论是有史以来最伟大的发现之一，它为我们提供了一种理解所有生命之间的联系（the connectedness of all life）以及其中人类生命的独特性的方法（the uniqueness of human life）”，从中可知，达尔文的进化论表明了生命之间是相互联系的，以及人类生命具有独特性。因此，A项符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项没有提到，属于无中生有；C选项与原文不符，进化论表明的是人类生命独特性，而不是动物生命，该项属

15、于曲解原文；D选项定位第一段倒数第二句“与其他科学探索的分支一起，进化论开始展开、并阐明了（illuminate）使我们的宇宙成为如此非凡的动态现实的力量的相互作用（the interplay of forces）”，可知，各种力量的相互作用使得宇宙成为非凡的动态现实，并不是形成生命，该项出处错位。32.【选项释义】32. Which of the following would Darwin most probably agree to? 32. 达尔文最可能同意下列哪一种观点？A. A believer in God cannot be a follower of his theory.

16、A. 一个相信上帝的人不能成为他理论的追随者。B. A man can believe in God and science at the same time. B. 一个人可以同时相信上帝和科学。C. Faith can be blind while science cannot be. C. 信仰可以是盲目的，而科学不能。D. Science is surely more rational than religion. D. 科学肯定比宗教更理性。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“在他生命的最后，达尔文写道：在我看来，怀疑一个人既可能是虔诚的有神论者，也可能是进化论者，这

17、是荒谬的（absurd）”，可知达尔文认为怀疑一个人既是有神论者又是进化论者是荒谬的，从而推断，一个人可以同时既相信神的存在又相信进化论。B选项符合题意，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；C、D没有提到，属于无中生有。33.【选项释义】33. The author finds science “humbling” because it _. 33. 作者认为科学“令人羞愧”，因为它_。A. creates a strong faith for mankind A. 为人类创造了坚强的信念B. opens up a new world of life for him B.

18、 为他打开了一个新的生活世界C. helps him realize the richness of life C. 帮助他认识到生活的丰富D. solves many questions about the world D. 解决了许多关于世界的问题【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据humbling定位至第一段最后一句“这让我感到兴奋和惭愧（This I find exciting and humbling.）”，其中this指的是上一句提到的内容“从这个意义上说，科学本身就是一个学习和探索的旅程（a journey of learning and exploration）”，理解可知，

19、科学本身是一个学习探索的过程，这个事实令我觉得惭愧（humbling）；那么科学令人惭愧是因为科学可以帮助人们探索生活中更多的事物，C项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A、D选项没提到，属于无中生有；B选项过度推理，属于曲解原文。34.【选项释义】34. The author believes that The Book of Genesis is true in that it _. 34. 作者认为创世纪是正确的，因为它_。A. proves true the discoveries in science A. 证明了科学上的发现是正确的B. answers the question of how

20、 mankind is created B. 回答了人类是如何被创造出来的问题C. discloses the origin of human beings C. 揭示了人类的起源D. explains where humanity is in relation to God D. 解释了人类与上帝的关系【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据The Book of Genesis定位到文章最后一段，第六句提到“创世纪讲到了上帝和创造物之间的关系尤其是人类在这种关系中的地位”，由后一句中的wonderful narrative of creation（奇妙的创造叙述），其中wonderful一词

21、表明作者对创世纪的肯定，可推断，作者认为创世纪是正确的是因为它讲到了上帝和人类的关系。故该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C选项没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项定位最后一段倒数第二句“创世纪中关于创造的叙述，将我们从如何创造的问题引向为什么创造问题 ”可知，创世纪回答的是“为什么创造”的问题，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。35.【选项释义】35. In the authors opinion, the relationship between science and faith is _. 35. 作者认为，科学和信仰的关系是_。A. supplementary A. 互补的B. opposi

22、ng to each other B. 对立的C. interdependent C. 相互依存的D. mutually exclusive D. 相互排斥的【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段倒数第四句“在这里，我发现科学是我信仰的好朋友”，以及第三段第一句“如果我们认为这两者是根本对立的，科学危害和破坏信仰，或者信仰阻碍知识，那么双方都会产生扭曲”，从中可知，作者认为科学和信仰是一对好朋友，认为这两者对立的观点是不正确的；所以可以推断，作者认为科学和信仰是相互依存的，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项在文中没有具体体现，曲解原文；B、D选项与原文相反，反向干扰。2.单选题The men

23、tal health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment wh

24、ich might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionall

25、y, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.These

26、conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, a

27、nd newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vails Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate Americas priso

28、ns, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisonsthe hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rig

29、hts. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy” and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked the

30、ir role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to

31、 shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures.Judicial intervention has had some definite positive effect, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review me

32、chanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental health administrators t

33、o whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.21. The main purpose of the passage is to _.22. The autho

34、rs attitude toward people who are patients in state institutions can best be described as _.23. It can be inferred from the passage that, if the Civil Rights movement hadnt prompted an investigation of prison conditions, _.24. The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as _.25. According

35、to the passage, mental hospital conditions were radically changed because of _.问题1选项A.provide an historical perspective on problems of mental health careB.increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally illC.shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylumsD.describe the invention of new t

36、reatments for mental illness问题2选项A.inflexible and insensitiveB.detached and neutralC.understanding and sympatheticD.enthusiastic and supportive问题3选项A.states would never have established asylums for the mentally illB.new treatments for major mental illness would have likely remained untestedC.the Civ

37、il Rights movement in America would have been politically ineffectiveD.conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny问题4选项A.overly emotionalB.cleverly deceptiveC.cautiously optimisticD.fiercely independent问题5选项A.as groups of young angry men in the 1900sB.active young lawyers in

38、the 1960sC.innocent insane patients protestD.powerful court interventions【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】21.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章的主要目的是”。文章第一段先是用Dorothea Dix的事例引出美国心理健康运动启蒙时期的发展，然后第二段谈到了二战以后精神疾病新的治疗方法的进步，随后阐述了20世纪60年代以后美国精神卫生保健发展的缓慢，以及精神病人失去了权利，最后讨论到在司法的干预下，精神卫生保健得到了一些积极的效果，但是还需要一些确保病人有良好护理

39、的标准和审查机制。综上所述，我们可知，整篇文章都是以历史的角度来阐述美国的精神卫生健康，所以A项“提供精神卫生保健问题的历史视角”符合题意。B项“提高公众对精神病人困境的认识”、C项“用精神病院的生动描述使读者震惊”和D项“描述精神疾病新疗法的发明”都只是文章的一部分，属于以偏概全。因此，该题选择A项正确。22.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者对州医疗机构患者的态度可以用来描述”。定位第一段最后一句Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of pati

40、ents were all but forgotten.（精神病院变成了令人恐惧和压抑的地方，病人的权利几乎被遗忘），第二段第七句The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy” and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranqui

41、lizers.（与此形成对比的是，精神病罪犯医院里挤满了被认为是“疯子”的人，他们经常被严格地限制身体，并使用大剂量的镇定剂，乖乖地待在自己的地方），以及第二段倒数第二句And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions（在许多州，他们被关押在可怕的机构中），由frightening and depressing，obediently和horrendous这些词可以看出，作者对州医疗机构的患者是同情的态度，所以C项“理解和同情”正确。A项“僵硬和麻木”、B项“超然和中立”和D项“热情和支持”都是曲解原文。因此，

42、该题选择C项正确。23.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断，如果民权运动没有引发对监狱条件的调查，”。定位到第二段第五句At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which is proportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the priso

43、nsthe hospitals for the criminally insane.（当时，民权运动带领律师调查了美国的监狱，那里的黑人比例相当高，他们跟着囚犯进入了唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构：精神病罪犯医院），这里讲到了民权运动带领律师对美国监狱进行调查，他们进入了比监狱还糟糕的精神病罪犯医院，接着就讲到律师所看到的精神病罪犯的状况，然后最后一句提到And in many states they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice which, once exposed Wes bound to shock the p

44、ublic and, particularly, the judicial conscience.（在许多州，他们被关押在可怕的机构中，这种不公正一旦暴露出来，势必会震惊公众，尤其是司法良知），综合可推断，民权运动没有引发对监狱的调查是由于精神病罪犯医院的状况使其逃过了司法审查，D项“精神病院的状况可能逃脱了司法审查” 符合题意。定位到第一段第三句By the mid-1800s, 2 states had established asylums（到19世纪中期，已经有两个州建立了收容所）可知，A项“各州永远不会为精神病患者建立收容所”表述与原文不符，属于曲解原文。B项“主要精神疾病的新治疗方

45、法可能还没有经过测试”和C项“美国的民权运动在政治上是无效的”没有提到，属于无中生有。因此，该题选择D项正确。24.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“最后一段的基调可以用来描述”。定位到最后一段首句Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care.（

46、司法干预确实产生了一些积极的效果，但人们越来越意识到，法院无法提供确保良好病人护理的标准和审查机制），由positive可知，这一段的态度是比较乐观的，后面用了but转折，可推知，最后一段基调是比较谨慎乐观的，所以C项“谨慎乐观”正确。A项“过于情绪化”、B项“巧妙地欺骗”和D项“完全独立”都不符合，属于曲解原文。因此，该题选择C项正确。25.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，由于，精神病院的情况发生了根本性的变化”。定位第二段中的At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate

47、Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane.（当时，民权运动促使律师们调查了美国监狱，那里的黑人人口不成比例，他们跟着囚犯进入了唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构精神病犯罪医院），以及The young cadre of public inter

48、est lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong.（年轻的公益律师干部喜欢他们在精神病院的角色。律师们发现这个群体既被动又容易争取。毕竟，这些人不像罪犯，他们什么都没做错。），可知，60年代早期，公民权利运动促使律师调查美国的监狱，后来又促

49、使他们调查精神病院；在这些运动中，关注公众利益的年轻律师们对精神病院很感兴趣，他们发现了一些令人震惊的现象。由此可知，精神病院状况的改变是由于积极的年轻律师所起的作用，B项“20世纪60年代活跃的年轻律师”正确。A项“20世纪的一群愤怒的年轻人”是监狱的犯人，和精神病院无关，属于出处错位。C项“无辜的精神病患者的抗议”属于反向干扰，文中只提到监狱的年轻人要求自己的权利，而精神病患者则是被注射镇定剂，乖乖待在那里。D项“强有力的法庭干预”属于曲解原文，最后一段第一段提到的是judicial intervention（司法干预），并不是court intervention（法庭干预）。因此，该题选

50、择B项正确。3.单选题Concern for the environment in the US extends back into the nineteenth century, when nature lovers and sports enthusiasts first sought protection for areas of exceptional natural beauty or significance. But it was not until the late 1960s that environmental concerns entered the mainstream

51、 of American political debate. By then many Americans had come to the conclusion that more development was not necessarily desirable, especially if it meant more polluted air, dying lakes and rivers, and a landscape strewn with unsightly waste, and crowded with sprawling construction projects. In Ma

52、y of 1970, several environmental groups staged the first Earth Day celebration, designed to heighten public awareness of environmental problems. The success of that initial effort led to it becoming a regular annual event.During the 1950s and 1960s, industrial and vehicle pollution levels had become

53、 a serious threat to public health, so the environmental movement of this period focused heavily on restoring and ensuring the cleanliness of basic air and water supplies. Rapidly expanding development pressures were also spurring efforts to preserve unique lands and threatened wildlife habitats, an

54、d to protect the endangered species supported by them before they vanished into extinction. It is generally accepted that the environmental protection movement was so successful because of its grass roots support; groups of activists in hundreds of towns that took the initiative in cleaning up their

55、 own communities. During the 1970s, this local activism reinforced support for the passage of key laws at the national level, such as the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, and National Environmental Policy Act, which together have constituted the foundation for environmental; s

56、tandards in the US ever since.In addition to this national legislation, the year after the first Earth Day, by executive order, President Nixon established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); an organization dedicated to restoring and protecting the environment. The EPA spearheaded many conte

57、mporary efforts to protect the environment, but it was not working alone. It was allied with a wide variety of distinctly different and separate organizations ranging from a small number of well-funded high-profile national and international organizations to many thousands of smaller special interes

58、t groups and even individuals working at the local level. Thanks to the additional help of environmentally conscious political figures in the mold of Teddy Roosevelt, who nearly a century before established the first national parks in the USA, the movement gained momentum. The EPA has now become one

59、 of the governments largest and most influential regulatory agencies. Through its own efforts and in cooperation with other organizations, it has earned a large measure of credit for protecting and restoring the quality of the environment in the United States.Although one might assume that the cause

60、 of environmental protection would engender universal support, it does have its detractors. One criticism that has been leveled against the movement is the claim that its predictions about the dire consequences of environmental damage have often been in error. Environmentalists counter this assertio

61、n by pointing out that their warnings have often brought about changes on the part of the public, the government and private industry, and that these changes prevented the predictions from being realized. However, just as it is often very difficult to gauge the impact of human activity on something

62、as complex as the environment, it is equally difficult to determine which side is right in this debate. Because environmental issues cover such a wide range of concerns, this is a question that must be considered on a case by case basis. These voices of dissent have demonstrated to environmentalists

63、 the need to apply quantitative methods in assessing the extent of the destruction they have witnessed, or the degree to which their work has been manifested in actual improvement of the environment.31. On which of the following does the passage mainly focus?32. The word spurring in Paragraph 2 is c

64、losest in meaning to _.33. According to Paragraph 2, why was the environmental protection movement so widely successful?34. The word spearheaded in Paragraph 3 can be best replaced by _.35. According to Paragraph 4, what was a common criticism of the environmental protection?问题1选项A.Earth Days impact on the environmental mo